
Class, 



Rook . f b 



er 



PRESENTED i!Y 



^^e 



7^& * 



ii' on iiiniv c e » 




THE 



*s 



REPRESENTING THE 






FABULOUS HISTORIES 



OF THE 



HEATHEN GODS 

AND 

MOST ILLUSTRIOUS HEROES j 

IN A PLAIN AND FAMILIAR METHOD, BY WAY OF DIALOGUE* 

BY ANDREW TOOKE, A. M. 

ILLUSTRATED BY TWENTY EIGHT PLATES. 
THE THIRTY FIRST EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED* 



LONDON: 

PRINTED FOR J. JOHNSON, H. L GARDNER, R. BALDWIN;, 

F, AND d. RIVINGTON, J. SCATCHERD, W BENT, 

G. AND J. ROBINSON, G. WILKIE, C LAW, 

LONGMAN AND REES, AND POTE 

AND WILLIAMS, 

1803. 



CONTENTS. 

INTRODUCTION ; *- - Page i 

PART I. The Celeftial or Heavenly Gods - 10 

The Celeftial Goddefles - -78 

PART II. The Terreftrial or Earthly Gods - 1 24 

The Terreftrial Goddefles - 150 

The Gods of the Wood , and Rural Gods 1 6 

The Goddefles of the Woods - 187 

The Nymphs - "* - - J99 

The Inferior Rural Deities - 204 

PART III. The Marine Gods, or Gods of the Sea 207. 
The Monfters of the Sea - - 21^. 

PART IV. The Infernal Deities - - 219 

The Fates - 230 

The Furies - * - - 231 

The judges of Hell - - 234 
The mo I famous of the Condemned in Hell 235 

The Mor.ftersof Heil - - 270 

The Eljiun \ ields - - 275 

PART V. The Subordinate and Mifcellaneous Deities 277 

PART VI. The Adfcriptitious Gods, Demi-gods, and 

Heroes - 294 

APPENDIX. The Virtues and Vices which have been 
deified - . - «j 341 



£M. Brown, Prlater, St, Joha's-fyuarc] 
Grift. 



TO THE READER, 



IT is confeffed* that there are already many books pub* 
lijhed on the prfent fub/ecJ, two, cr three of which are in 
our own tongue ; and th'Je. without doubt, uill, by jc?ne 
men, be thought enough. But pre this can be the opinion 
but of a fw, and ih fe unexperienced people*, it has been 
judged more proper to regard tee advice of many grave per- 
fons of known jkill in the art of teaching i ivho % though they 
tnujl acknowledge that Goodwin, in bis Antiquities, has 
done very well in the whole, yet cannot tut own .thai he 
has been too Jhort in this point : that Roile aijo, thou h 
he deferves commendation for his Mythology, is ye r very 

- +ediou<, and as thuih too large ^ and that Galtruchiu^,. as 
j^'Afligny has tr inflated ana dijhtd him out to us, -is fo >on- 
fufed and anlefs in his method, as well as unfortunate in his 
corrections, that it in nowije anjwers the fu poje it Was 
deftgmd for \ and hereupon this wot k was recommended to 
be tranfated, bevg firjl well approved b) Laened gemh??un^ 
as is abovemeitioned, for its eafy method, and ag^ee* tie 
plainnefs. Befdes, it having been wrtit.n by fo learned a 
perfon, and that for the ufe cf jo g> eat a pii^ce^ and fo 
univerfally received in our neighbour nations, as t: have jcld 

Jeverai imprejjions in afoort time, there was no roc?/: to doubt 
of its being zvell received here. As for the quotations out of 
the Latin poets, it was ccnfidered a while, wh iher they 
fhould t e tranflated or not-, tut it was, at tafi, juagd proper 
to print them in Englijh, either from thfe vjho already ren- 
dered them well, or, where they cculd not be had, to give a 
nezv tranflaaon of them, that jo nothing of the whole uo^i 
might be out of the reach of the young jcholars under jland- 
* n ij f or whofe benefit chiefly this verfion was intended. In 
this imprejjion^ care has been taken, not only to move the cita- 
tions to the ends of the pages, feclions^ or chapters, zuhich 
iefore lying in the body of the difc.Qurje> and making part 



TO THE READER. 

of it, the fenfe was greatly interrupted, the connexion dif- 
titrbed, and thereby a confufion often created in the under- 
standings offome of th of e younger jcholars, into whofe hands 
it vjas put, by juch an undue and improper mixture of 
Engli/h and Latin, of profe and verfe ; but further, to 
make it ft ill more plain and familiar, and thereby better 
fuiied to their capacity, and ? ore proper for their ufe, fuch 
ambiguous exprejjions and obfcure phrajes have been removed, 
and fuch perplexed periods rectified, as had been found either 
to caufe mijunderjiandtng of the authors meaning, or to lead 
the Jcholar into barbae fm, in rendering any part of it into 
Latin, when juch tranjlations have been imp fed as a tafk. 
And tyfHy, a complete and fignificant Index, inftead of a 
verbal one before, has been added to this imprejfion^ whereby 
anything material in the whole book may be teadily found 
- out ; the hfejulnefs of tvhich need not be mentioned here, 
fince the ivant of it, in all former editions, has been much 
complained of by mofl of thofe many majters who have made 
ufe hereof in their fchoois, 

T ^ ' Andrew Tooke. 

June- 30, 1 713. 



%* In this thirfy-firft edition, th° citations are all placed 
at the bottom of the pages, and feveral errors and ocmffions 
rectified, by referring to the difF rent authors. The text 
alio has undergone a revifal, and received fome material 
emendations. 



THE 

FABULOUS HISTORIES 

OF THE 

•HEATHEN GGDS. . 



INTRODUCTION. 



CHAPTER L 

THE APPROACH TO .THE PANTHEON *. THE 
OPvIGINAL OF IDOLATRY. * 

Palszophilus* 

WHAT fort of building is that before us, of fo un- 
ufual a figure ? I think it is round, unlefs the diftance 
deceives my fight. 

Myftagogus. You are not deceived. It is a place well 
deferving to be vifited in this, the queen of cities. Let 
us go and view it, before we go to any other place. 

P. What is its name? 

M. The Fabulous Pantheon. That is, the Temple, of 
all the Godsy which the fuperftitious folly of men have 

* The Pantheon, at Rome, was built by M, Agrippa, fon-in-lavr 
to Auguftus Cxfar, and (according to the fignification of its name)* 
dedicated to the honour of all the Gods, every of v/hofe images were 
placed in feveral' niches round t the fame. The building with fome 
diminution continues to this day, only pope Boniface iv reconfecrated 
it to the worfhip of the Virgin Mary, and ail the Saints male arui 
female, It is now called the Church of S, Maria Rotonda, 

B 



( 2 ) 

feigned, either through a grofs ignorance of the (rue 
and only God, or through a deteftable contempt of 
him. 

P. What was the occafion of the feigning of many 
Gods ? 

M. Many caufes of this may be affigned, but a thefe 
four were the principal ones, upon which, as upon (o 
many pillars, the whole frame of this fabric depends. 

1. The firft caufe of Idolatry was the extreme folly b and 
vainglory of men^ who have denied to Him? who is the 
jnexhaufted fountain of all good, the honours, which 
they have attributed to muddy fir earns : Diggings c as the 
holy prophet complains, to themfelves broken and dirty 
cijlerns, and neglecling and fo faking the mofl pure fountain 
of living. waters. It ordinarily happened after this man- 
ner. d If any one did excel in ftature of body, if he was 
end-ued with greatnefs of mind, or noted for clearnefs of 
e wit, he firft gained to himfelf the admiration of the ig- 
norant vulgar; this admiration was by degrees turned 
into a profound refpecl, till at length they paid him 
greater honour than men ought to receive, and afcribed 
the mail into the number of the Gods: while the more 
prudent were either carried away by the torrent of the 
vulgar opinion, or were enable, or at leaft afraid, to 
refill it, 

2. The fordid flattery offubjecls toward their princes was 
afecond caufe of Idolatry. For, to gratify riieir vanity, 
to flatter their pride, and to footh them in their felf- con- 
ceit, they erecled altars, and fet the images of their 
princes on them ; to which they offered incenfe, in like 
manner as to the Gods $ f and many times alfo, while 
they were yet living, 

3. A third, caufe of Idolatry was an g immoderate love of 
immortality in many •, who ftudied to attain to it, byway- 
s' Vid. Eufeb. Laftant. Clem. Atiguft. Plat. Cic. *> Sap. xiv. 14. 

c Jerem. ii. 13. d Diodor. 1. 17. Plut. in Lyfand. e Val. Max; 
1. 8. c. ult, Cic. de Rep. apud Aug. de Civ. Dei. 3. f Athen. 1. 6. 
deipnofoph. c. 6. de Demetrio Poliorcete, Suetcin. in Julio, c. 76 & 
$4. g Pontan. 1. 1. c. de Saturn. 



( 3 ) 

kig effigies of themfelves behind them ; imagining that 
their names would ftill be preferved from the power 
of death and time, fo long as they lived in brafs, or, as 
it were, breathed in living ftatues of marble, after their 
funerals. 

4. h A prepofierous defre of perpetuating the memories of 
excellent and ufeful men to future ages, was the four ih cauje 
of Idolatry i For, to make the memory of fuch men 
eternal, and their names immortal* they made them Gods, 
or rather called them fo, 

P. But who was the firft contriver and aflcrtor of 
falfe Gods ? 

M. k Ninus the firft king of the Affyriajis was, as it 
is reported ; who to render the name of his father Belus, 
or Nimrod, immortal, worshipped him with divine ho* 
jiour after his death. 

P. When, and in what manner, do they fay that 
happened ■? 

M. I will tell you. After Ninus had conquered many 
nations far and near, and built the city, called after his 
name, Nineveh ; in a public affembly of the Babylonians 
he extolled his father Belus, the founder of the empine 
and city of Babylon, beyond all meafure, as his manner 
was ; reprefenting him, not only worthy of perpe- 
tual honour among all pofterity, but alfo of an immor- 
tality among the Gods above. Then he exhibited a 
ftatue of him, curioufly and neatly made, to which be 
commanded them to pay the fame reverence that they 
would have given to Belus alive: he alfo appointed it to 
be a common fan&uary to the miferablc, and ordained, 
That if at any time an offender fhould fly to this ftatue, it 
fhould not be lawful to force him away thence to punifh- 
ment. This privilege eafily procured fo great a vene- 
ration to the dead prince, that he was thought more 
than a man, and therefore was created a God, and calleJ 
'Jupiter, or as others write, Saturn of Babylon - y where 

h Thucydrl. 7. Plutarch. Apopht. Lscon. 4. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 1. 
t Sap. 14, 15. i Vid, Annal. Salian, anno 2000. k Hier. * 
Ezcch, & in Ofeam a 

B 2 



( 4 ) 

a mod magnificent temple was ere£ted to him by his 
fori, and dedicated with variety of facrifices, in the two 
thoufandth year of the world, which was the laft year 
but one of the life of Noah. And from this, as from a 
peftilential head, the facrilegious plague of idols palled, 
by a kind of contagion, into other nations, and difperfed 
itfelf every where about. 

P. What ! Did all other nations of the world wor- 
MpBelusf 

M» All, indeed, did not worfhip Belus ; but, after 
this beginning of Idolatry, feveral nations formed to 
themfelves feveral Gods ; receiving into that number not 
only mortal and dead men, but brutes alfo.; and, which 
is a greater wonder, even the moft mean and pitiful in- 
animate things. For it is evident, from the authority 
of innumerable writers, that the Africans worshipped 
the heavens, as a God ; the Per/tans adored fire, water, 
and the winds ^ the Lybians^ the fun and moon; the 
Thebans, Iheep and weefels ; the Babylonians of Mem- 
phis, a whale ; the inhabitants of Mendes, a goat ; the 
Thejfalians^ ftorks ; the Syrophcenicians* doves ; the 
Egyptians, dogs, cats, crocodiles, and hawks; nay, 
leeks, onions, and garlic. Which molt fenfelefs folly 
1 "Juvenal wittily expofes. 

P. But certainly the ancient inhabitants and moft 
wife citizens of Rome did not fo fottiflily receive thofe 
Images of vain Gods, as thofe barbarous nations did, to 
whom they were fuperitfr, not only in arms and huma- 
nity, but in wit and judgment. 

M. You are miftaken, fir; for they exceeded even 
thofe barbarians in this fort of folly, 

P. Say you f o ? 

M. Indeed. For they reckoned among their Gods, 
and adored not only beafts and things void of all fenfe ; 
but, which is a far greater madnefs, they worfhipped 

^ fanflas gentes 9 quibus htsc nafcuntur in bortis 

Numina Juv. 1, V< 

Religious nations fure, and blefs'd abodes, 
Where ev'ry orchard is overrun with Gods. 



r - 



. ( 5 1 

dfo murderers, adulterers, thieves, drunkards, rob be 
and fuch-like pefts of mankind. 

P. How many, and what kind of Gods did the Ro- 
mans wo r Slip ? 

AL It is fcarce poffibie to recount them: when, be- 
fide their own country Gods and family Gods, all ftrange 
Gods that came to the city were made free of it. 
Whence it came to pafs, in time, that when they faw 
their precincts too narrow to contain fo many, neceffity 
forced them to fend their Gods into colonies, as they 
did their men. But thefe things, which I curforily tell 
you, you will fee more conveniently and pleafantly by 
and by, with -your own eyes, when you come into this 
Pantheon with me \ where we are now at the door* 
Let us enter. 

CHAPTER IL 

THE ENTRANCE INTO THE PANTHEON, A DISTRI- 
BUTION OF THE GODS INTO SEVERAL. CLASSES. 

P a GOOD Heavens ! What a crowd of dead Deities 
is here, if all thefe are Deities, whofe figures I fee 
painted and defcribed upon the walls ? 

M, This is the fmalleft part of them. For the very 
walls of the city, although it be fo large, much lefs 
the walls of this temple, cannot contain even their titles. 

P. Were all thefe Gods of the fame order and dig- 
nity ? 

M. By no means, But as the Roman People were 
didributed into three' ranks ; namely, of m fenators or 
noblemen j knights or gentlemen, plebeians or citizens ; as 
alio into n noble, new-raifed, and ignoble (of which the 
n?vj~raifedwere thofe, who did not receive their nobility 
from their anceftors, but obtained it themfelves by their 
own virtue) ; fo the Roman Gods were divided, as it 
were, into three cJaiTes. 

m Patrlciij equitss, et plebeii. P Nobiles, wm, cl ignobiles. Ctc, 
to Muraen. 



( 6 ) 

The ' firji clafs is of ° Superior Gods, for the people 
paid to them a higher degree of worfhip ; becaufe they 
imagined that thefe Gods were more eminently em- 
ployed in the government of this world. Thefe were 
called alfo vSelett, becaufe they had always had the title 
of Celefiial Gods, and were famous and eminent above 
others, of extraordinary authority and renown. Twelve 
of thefe were ftyled q Confentes ; becaufe, in affairs of 
great importance, Jupiter admitted them into his coun- 
cil. Tiie images of thefe were fixed in the Forum at 
Rome : fix of them were males, and &x females ; com- 
monly, without other additions, called the Twelve Gods ; 
and whole names Ennius comprifes in r a diftich. 

Thefe Twelve Gods were Relieved to prefide over the 
twelve months ; to each of them -vas allotted a month \ 
January to Juno, February to Neptune, March to Mi- 
nerva ^ April to Venus, May to Apollo, June to Mercury , 
yuly to Jupiter, Augiift to Ceres, September to Vulcan, 
October to Mars, November to Diana, December to Vejla* 
s They likewife prefided over the twelve celeftial figns. 
And if to thefe twelve Dii Confentes you add the eight 
following, Janus, Saturnus, Genius, Sol, Pluto, Bacchus, 
Tellus, and Luna, you will have twenty, that is, all the 
Select Gods. 

The fee one! clafs contains the Gods of lower rank 
and dignity, who were ftyled Dii Minorum Gentium ; 
becaufe they fhine with a lefs degree of glory, and have 
been placed among the Gods, as l Cicero fays, by their 
own merits. Whence they are called alfo ,; Adfcriptitii 

•Dii Majorum Gentium. P Selecli. q Confentes, quafi con- 
feritientes. Senec. 1. a. Quaeft. Nat. Lucian. dial, de Deorum concil. 
Piaut. in Epidico. 

* juno, V eft a, -Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus^ Mars, 
Mercurius, Neptunus, Jupiter, Vulcanus, Apol'o. _ 

Dempfter paralip. ad c. $. 
In pofteriore hoc verfu alii legunt Jovis, non Jupiter; et melius 
meo judicio ; dim enim Jovis in nominative dicebatur \ ehVV nietri 
gratia, ultima litera. Rofm. Antiq. 1. *. * Manilii Aftion. L a, 
f3 De Nat. Deor. 2. u Var, apud Auguft. 



i f 4 

fculariij w Pii'atitiii and x Indtgeic; : becaufe nov^ 
they wanted nothing; or becaufe, being traniiated from 
this earth into heaven, they convened trith the Gods; 
or. being fixed, as it were, to certain places, committed- 
peculiarly to their cane, they dwelt in them, to perform 
the duty entrufted to them y . Thus Mnsai was made a 
God, by his mother Vcnns^ In the manner defcribed by^ 
Ovid z . 

~The Gods of the third and lower chit's are fomctime** 
called a Minuti^ Vefci^ and Mifcellanei^ bur more ufually 
b SemoneS) whofe merits were not fufrlcie*n to gain them 
a place among the celejV.al Gods ; yet their virtues were 
fiich, that the people thought them fuperior to rn 
men. They were called c Paieliarii, from certain fmali 
d diflies, in which the ancients ottered to the Gods their 
facrifices, of which e Ovid makes mention. 

To thefe we ought to adjoin the Gods called f No- 
venfileSy which the Sablnes brought to Rome by the com- 
mand -of king Tatius ; and which were- fo named, as 
fome fay, becaufe they were % lateft of all reckoned a- 

^ Lucia n dial, dd Deer, concil. x TndJgetes quqJ rullius rei in- 
digerent, quod in Diis agereht, vel qudd in lis (:c. iocis) deguein, 
Seiv. in /En. 12. y Liv. ]. 1. 

t Lujlratumgemtrix dvuino corpus cdore 

Unxit, et ambrofid cum dulci neclare ?nixta 

CcntigH os, fecit que Deum % quern turba Quirlm 

Nuncu-pat IndigetefH) temploque* arifque recspit* Met. 34, 

His mother then his body purify'd, 

Anoints with facred detours, and h : s lips 

In ne&ar mingled with ambrofia d ps 5 

So deify'd 5 whom Bdiges Koine culls, 

Hononrd with altar?, (brines, and feftival*. 
a Hor. Caim. 3. b Semones vulgo dfcebantur quatj femJ-homt- 
n*?, anuqui enim bomtnemdictbant hemonem. An. Gutber. dejur. 
Man. 1. i. c. 4. U^\\ 1. 2. arte ka. 2. i3. c Pi,ut. in C 
A Fulgent. Placid, ad Cjiaicid. 

*-Fert mijfos Vefitz pur a pate!' a cibos. Fait. 6. 

To Vej\cC% deity, w)th humble meff, 

In cleanly diih feiv'd up ;hey now adircf^. 
f Liv. 1. 8. Varro de lingul Lat. S Qupj ncvifilmi crar.ii:ra 
inter Peos numerati fmt. 






( 8 ) 

mong the Gods ; or becaufe they were h prefidents oyer 
the changes, by which the things of this world fubfift. 
Circius believes them to have been the ftrange Gods of 
conquered nations ; whereof the numbers were fo vaft, 
that it was thought fit to call them all in general > No- 
venfdes, left they fliould forget any of them. And laftly, 
to this clafs alfo we rnuft refer thofe Gods and God- 
defles by whofe help and means, as k Cicero fays, men 
are advanced to heaven, and obtain a place among the 
Gods; of which fort are the principal Virtues, as we 
Shall particularly (how in its proper place. 



CHAPTER III. 

A VIEW OF THE PANTHEON. A MORE COMMODIOUS 
DIVISION OF THE GODS. 

P. I CAST my eyes very curioufly every where 
about trie, and yet I do not fee the three clafTes of the 
Gods, which you have juft now defer ibed. 

,M. Becaufe there is made here another and more 
convenient divifion of them ; which we will follow alfo, 
if you please, in our difcourie. 

P. How can I deny myfelf that moft ufeful pleafure, 
which I (hail reap from your cenverfation ? 

M. You fee that the three clafles, which I mentioned 
to you, are here divided into fix, and painted upon the 
jfeyeral parts of the Pantheon, i. You fee the Celeftjal 
Gods and Goddefles upon an arch.. 2. The Terre/irial, 
upon the wall on the right hand. 3. The Marine and 
River Gods upon the wall on the left. 4. The Infernal^ 
upon the lower compartment by the pavement. 5. The 
Minuii or Semones, and Mijcellanei before you. 6. The 
Jdfcriptitii and Indigetes behind you. Our difcourfe 
ihall likewife confift of fix parts; in each of which I 

fc Novitatum prxTides, quod omnia novitate conftent aut redinfe- 
grentnr. Apud Gyr. fynt. 1 1. l Arnob. 3. adv. Gentes. k De 
Nat. Deor. z. 



( 9 ) 

fhall lay before you whatever I have found moil remark- 
able among the here authors upon this fubject, if you 
can bear with my talkativenefs. 

P. Sir, you jeft when you call it talkativenefs. Can 
any difcourfe be more pleafant to me ? 

M. Then, fince it pleaies you, let us fit down toge- 
ther awhile ; and, as the place is free from all company, 
we will take a deliberate view of the whole army of 
Gods, and infpec! them one after another ; beginning, 
as is fit, v/ith the Celejiial^ and fo with Jove t according 
to the direction of the ] poet. 

1 Ab Joke prmcipium Mufa : Jowls omnia plena*, 

Virg.-Ecl. j* 
From the great Father of the Gods above 
My Mufe begins ; for all is full of Jove, 



B5 



( io ) 

PART I. 

OF THE CELESTIAL DEITIES. 



CHAPTER I. 

SECT. I. JUPITER. HIS IMAGE. 

THE Gods, commonly called Cdejiial, are thefe that 
follow : "Jupiter, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, .and Bacchus. 
The ccleftial Godd?Jfes are Juno, Vejia, Minerva or Pal- 
las, Venus, Luna, and Bdlona. We will begin with 
Jitpiter, the king of them all. 

P. Where is Jupiter? 

M* Look up to the arch. You may eafily know him 
by his habit. He is a the father and king of Gods and 
men, whom you fee fitting in a throne of ivory and 
gold, under a rich canopy, with a beard, holding thun- 
der in his right hand, which he brandifhes againft the 
Giants at his feet, whom he formerly conquered. His 
fceptre, they fay, is made of cyprefs, which is a fytn- 
bol of the eternity of his empire, becaufe that wood is 
free from corruption b . On his fceptre*Tits an eagle, 
either becaufe he was brought up by it c , or heretofore 
an eagle refting upon his head, portended his reign ; 
or becaufe in his wars with the giants d , an eagle brought 
him his thunder, and thence received the title of Jupi- 
ter's armour-bearer e . He wears golden fhoes, and an 

a Divum pater atq^e hominum rex. Virg. JEn. i. Paufan. in 
Eliac. Lucian.Vie Sacrif. b &^\ fcaert. J. 8. <? M$m ap. 
Nat. Cum. «* Serv. in M\\. x. e Jo-vis armiger. V.rg. i£n. 5. 



T/a/e 2 



J*sr</<> /O 




( M ) 

embroidered 

figures of animals. This cloak Dionyfius 'the tyrant, as 
is laid, took from him in Sicily, and giving him a wool- 
Jen cloak inftead of it, faid, f That would be more conve- 
nient for him in all feafcns$ Jince it ivas warmer in tbs 
winter*) end much lighter in the Jitmmer, Yet let it not 
ieem a wonder to you, if by chance you fhould fee him 
in another place, in another drefs : for he is wont to be 
decked in feveral fa Qi ions, according to the various 
names he aflame?, and according to the diverfity of the 
people among whom he is worfhipped. Particularly, 
you will fmile when you fee him among the g Laazde- 
monuins without ears ; w r her£as the Cretans are fo liberal 
to him in this particular, that they give him four. So 
nruch for the figure o\ Jupiter. For, if it were my 
defign to fpeak of his ftatue, I fhould repeat here what 
h Vtrrius fays, that his face upon holydays ought to be 
painted with vermillion ; as the ftatues of the reft of the 
Gods allb ufed to be fmeared with ointments, and 
adorned with garlands, according to an obfervation of 
1 Plautus. ; 

P. Was the power of darting thunder and lightning 
in the hands of "Jupiter only I 

IvL The .learned k Hetrurians teach us, that this 
power was committed to nine Gods ; but to which of 
them it does not plainly appear* Some, befide Jupiter \ 
mention Vulcan and Minerva ; whence the phrafe, Mi- 
nervales manubics, fignifies thunder (as the books of thofe 
ancient Hetrufci called ftrokes of thunder rnanubias) be- 
caufe the noxious conftellation of Minerva is trie caufe 
of tempefts in the vernal equinox. ] Others fay, that 
thunder was alfo attributed to Juno, to Mars, and to 
the fouth wind, and they reckon up feveral kinds of 
thunders ; fulmina ra peremptalia, pejlifera, popularia^ 
perversa, renovativa, ojlentatoria, clar a, familiar ia, bruta^ 

' Cic* de Nat. Deor. 3. % Plaut. de Ofir. Be Ifid. h Ao. 

Guther. de jur, Man. Plin. I. 33. c. 7. * In Aiinar. k Flin. 

1. 2. c. 51. Serv. in JEn. 1.2. 1 Serv. in /En, 8, p Plu% 
1. a. c. 4.3, 51, 5^, AmiMi Marcel, i. 2, 



( 12 } 

cdttjiliarifij* But the Romans commonly took notice 'of 
no more than two; the * diurnal thunder, which they 
attributed 'to Jupiter \ and the ° nocturnal, which they 
attributed to Summanus, or Pluto* Nov/ let us go on 
to Jupiter $ birth. 

sect. 2. jupiter's descent and education 

P. Who were Jupiter's parents ? 

M. One ariiwer will not fully fatisfy this one quef- 
tion, fince there is not one Jupiter, but many, who are 
fprung from different families, p Thofe who were (kil- 
led in the Heathen Theology, reckon up three Jupiters; 
of which the fir ft and fecond were born in Arcadia. 
The rather of the one was /Ether ; from whom Profer- 
fine and Liber are faid to be born. The father of the 
other was Ccelus ; he is faid to have begot Minerva. 
The third was a Cretan, the fon of Saturn, whofe tomb 
is yet extant in the ifle of Crete. q But Varro reckoned 
up three hundred "j ' upiters ; r and others reckon almoft 
an innumerable company of them ; for there was hardly 
any nation that did not worfhip a Jupiter of their own, 
and fuppofe him to be born among themfelves. But of 
all thefe, the moft famous Jupiter, according to the ge- 
neral opinion, is he, whofe mother was Ops, and whofe 
father was Saturn ; to whom therefore all that the 
poets fabuioufly writ about the other Jupiters, is ufually 
afcribed. 

P. Where, and by whom, was this Jupiter educated ? 

M. He was educated where he was born, that is, 
upon the mountain Ida in Crete ; but by whom, the va- 
riety of opinions is wonderful. s Some affirm, that he 
was educated by the Curetes and Corybantes ; fome fay,' 
by the Nymphs ; and fome, by Amalthcea, the daughter 
of Meliffus, king of Crete. Others, on the contrary, 

ther. tie jur. Man. 1. i. c. 3. " p Cic. de Nat. Deor. 3. <2 A- 

pnd Aug- de Civ. Dt\. r Eufeb, Caef. t. %, praep. Evang* 

• Vid, Nat, Cora, in Jove. 



( 13 ) 

have .recorded, that the bees fed him with honey : others, 
that a goat gave him milk. Not a few fay, that he was 
nourifhed by doves ; fome, by an eagle ; many, by a 
bear. And further, it is the opinion of feme, concern- 
ing the aforefaid Amalihcsa, that fhe was not the daugh- 
ter of MeliJJus, as we now mentioned ; but the very 
goat which fuckled "Jupiter, whofe r horn,- it is faid, he 
gave afterward to his nurfes, with this admirable privi- 
lege, that whoever poiTeiied it, fhould immediately ob- 
tain every thing that he deilred. They add behdes, that 
after this goat was dead, Jupiter took her fkin and made 
a fhield of it; with which he fingly combated the* 
Giants; whence that -fhield was called JEgis\ff0m a 
Greek word that fignines a Jhe-goat 9 which at la-ffi he 
reftored to life again, and, giving her a new fkin, placed 
her among the celeftial coniteiiations. 

SECT. 3. EXPLOITS OF JUPITER. 

P. When Jupiter v/as grown a man, what did he 
perform worthy of memory ? 

M. He overcame, in war, the Titans and the Giants, 
of whom we fhall fay more when we fpeak of Saturn., 
He alfo delivered his fdthsr Saturn from imprifonment ; 
but afterward depofed him from the throne, and bamfhed 
him, becaufe he formed a confpiracy againft him ; and 
then divided the paternal inheritance with his two bro- 
thers, Neptune and Pluto ; as more largely will be fhown 
in its proper place, when we fpeak of each of the a a- 
part. In fine, he fo aflifted and obliged all mankind by 
the great favours which he did, that he not only thence 
obtained the name of w Jupiter, but he was advanced 
alfo unto divine honours,- and was efteemed ihe common 
father both of Gods and men. Among fame of his moil 
illuftrious anions, we ought to remember the ftory of 
Lycaon. For, when Jupiter had heard a report con- 

t Ccrnu Amalthseae. « 'A77Q t*V **$£* w Jupiter, quafi 

juvans Pater, Cic, de Nat. Deor. 2, 



( 14 ) 

cerning the wiekednefs and great impiety of men, it is 
faid that he defcended from heaven to the earth, to know 
the real truth of it ; and, that being come into the houfe 
of Lycaoriy king of Ar cadi 'a-, where he declared hirnfelf 
to be a God, while others were preparing Sacrifices for 
him, Lycaon derided him : nor did he flop here, but 
added an abominable wickednefs to his contempt; for, 
being defirous to try whether Jupiter wzs a God, as he 
pretended, he kills one of his domeftic iervants, roafls 
and boils the flefh of him, and lets it on the table as a 
banquet for Jupiter ; who, abhorring the wretch's bar- 
barity, x fired the palace with lightning, and turned 
'Lycaon into a wolf. 

P. Are there no exploits of his ? 

Af. Yes, indeed ; 7 but they are very lewd and dif- 
honorable : I am almoft afhamed to mention them. For, 
was there any kind of lewdnefs of which he was not 
guilty ? or any mark of infamy that is not branded upon 
his name ? I will only mention a few a&ions of this fort 
among many. 

i. In the fhape of a crow z he ruined his fifter Jiwo 9 
who was horn at the fame birth with him, deluding her 
with promifes of marriage : and how many women does 
that pretence delude even now i 

2. He violated the chafiity of Danae 9 the daughter of 
AcriJiuS) king of the Ar gives 9 though her father had fhut 
her up in a tower ; becaufe the oracle had foretold, that 
he fhould be (lain by his grand fon. For, changing hirn- 
felf into a a jhower of geld ^ he flid down through the roof 
and tiles of the place into the lady's lap. And, indeed, 
what place is there fo fortified and guarded, into which 
love cannot find paffage ? Is there any heart fo very 
hard and ftubborn, that money cannot foften it ? What 
way is not fafe, what paflage is not open, what under- 
taking is impoflible b to a God, who turns hirnfelf into 
money to make a purchafe ? 

x Ovid. Met. i. y Apollon. Argon. 4. z Doroth. 2. 

Metam. a Ovid. Met. 4. *> Coaverfo in prctium Deo. Hon 
Carm. 3. 



( 15 ) 

3« He- corrupted c Lcda, the wife of TpidaYm> k 

of Laccnia? in the fimilitude of a fivan : thus a fair out- 
ilde oftentimes veils the fouled temper, and is a beauti- 
ful cover to a moft deformed mind. 

4. He abufed d Auiiopt, the wife of Lyras? king of 
Thebes? in the likenefs of zjaiyr. 

5. He denied e Alcmena? the wife of Am^hyirion? in 
her hu (band's abfence, in the likenefs of Apiphylrim 
himfelf. 

6. He inflamed * Mgina? the daughter ofMfophui^ 
king of Bceoiia'i with love, in the fimilitude of fire (a 
lively representation of his crime) and robbed her of her 
chaftity. 

7. He defloured g Clytoris^ a virgin oiTheffalia^ a great 
beauty, by turning himfelf into — What ? O ridiculous ! 
into an anL And many times, indeed, it happens, that 
great miichiefs arife from very (mail beginnings. 

8. He debauched h Cali/Io? the daughter of hycaon % 
king of Arcadia? counterfeiting, which is very flxange,- 
the modefty and countenance of Diana. And ye* he did 
not protect her from the difgraee that afterward fol- 
lowed. For as (he began to grow big, and v/aflied her- 
felf in the fountain w T ith Diana, and the other nymphs* 
her fault was difcovered, and herfelf iha me fully turned 
away by Diana firft, then changed by Juno into a bear. 
But, why do I fay (hamefully ? when her difgraee was 
taken away by Jupiter^ who advanced this bear into hea- 
ven, and made it a conftellation ; which by the Latins 
is called TJrfa Maj,r? and by the Greeks^ Hcacc. 

9. He fent an i eagle to fnatch away the pretty boy 
Ganymede, ; the fon of Tros? as he hunted upon the moun- 
tain Ida. Or rather he himfelf, being changed into an 
eagle? took him into his claws, and carried him up to 
heaven. He offered the fame violence to *, the 
daughter of Cceus? a young lady of the greateft modefty, 

c Arat. in Phaenom. d Ovid. Met. 6. e Idmi : . 

f Idem ibid. g Arnob. ap, Gvr. h Bocart. de Qtn, Dec 
iVirg, JEn. 5, Ovid, Met, 10, 



( i6 ) 

to whom he k appeared in the fhape of an eagle, and when 
he had ravifhed her, he carried her away in his talons. 

ic, 'He undid l Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king 
of Phoenicia, in the form of a beautiful white bull, and 
carried her into Crete with him. See how many feveral 
beafts man refembies, who has once put off his modefty ! 
And by hpw many various fables this one truth is re- 
prefented, that the very Gods by practice of impure luft 
become brutes. The bull, in reality, was the fhip up- 
on which a bull was painted, in which Europa was car- 
ried away. In like manner the horje Pegafus^ which was 
painted upon Bellerophon's fhip, and the ram, which was 
painted on that of Phryxus and Helte, created ample' 
matter of fiction for the poets. But to return to our 
fable : Agenor immediately ordered m his fon Cadmus to 
travel, and fearch every where for. his filter Europa^ 
which he did, but could nowhere find her. Cadmus 
dared not to return without her, becaufe, n by a fentence 
not lefs unjuft to him than kind to his fifter, his father 
had banifhed him for ever unlefs he found her. Where- 
fore he built the city of Thebes, not far from the mountain 
Parnajfus : and as it happened that his companions who 
were with him, were devoured by a certain ferpent, 
while they went abroad to fetch water ; he, to avenge 
their death, flew that ferpent ; whofe teeth he took out, 
and, by the advice oi Minerva, fowed them in the 
ground; and fuddenly fprouted up a harveft of armed 
foldiers, who, quarrelling among themfelves, with the 
fame fpeed that they grew up, mowed one another down 
again, excepting five only, by whom that country was 
peopled afterward. At length Cadmus and his wife 
Hermione, or Hermonia, after much experience, and ma- 

* Fulgent. Plan. 1 Ovid. Met. 6. m Ovid. Met. 3. 

n Cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam 
Imperat, et poenam, fi non nnjenerit, aadit 
Exilium, faclo plus et feeler a? us eodem. Ovid. Met. 3* 

Bids Cadmus trace and find the ravim'd fair," 
Or hope no more to breathe Phoenician air. 
Both juft and wicked in the fame defign $ 
The care was pious \ but too gieat the fine. 



( '7 ) 

ny proofs of the inconflancy of fortune, were changed 
into ferpents. He is faid to have ° inventt-d fixteen of 
the letters of the Greek alphabet ; a y (3, y, £, s, », *, a, jx, 
h o, vt, £>, <r, r, v> which, in the time of the judges of 
Ifrael, he brought out of Phoenicia into Greece : two 
hundred and fifty years after this, Palamedes added four 
more letters, namely, |, 9, o, y, in the time of the fiege 
of Troy ; although fome affirm that Epicharmus invented 
the letters and % : and fix hundred and fifty years after 
the fiege of Troy, Simonides invented the othe,r four let- 
ters, namely, v, co, £. 4>. Cadmus is alfo faid to have 
taught the manner of writing in profe ; and that he was 
the firft among the Greeks who confecrated ftatues to 
the honour of the Gods. 

Now the bijlorical meaning of the fable perhaps is 
this : p Cadmus was in truth king of Si don, by nation a 
Kadmonite, as his name intimates ; of the number of 
thofe mentioned by ^Mofes. Thefe Kadmoniies were the 
fame with the r Hivites, who pofleffed the mountain 
Hermon, and were thence atfo called Hermonai : and fo 
it- came to pafs, that the wife of Cadmus had the name 
of Hermonia, or Hermione, from the fame mountain. 
And why is it faid, that Cadmus' companions were con- 
verted into ferpents, uniefs becaufe the word hev&us in, 
the Syr-iac language fignifies a ferpent. Moreover, 
another word of a double fignification in the fame lan- 
guage occafioned the fable, that armed foldiers fprouted 
forth from the teeth of the ferpent : for, s the fame word 
fignifies both ferpents teeth, and brazen f pears, with which 
1 Cadmus firft armed his foldiers in Greeee, being indeed 
the inventor of brafs ; infomuch that the ore, of which 
brafs is made, is from him even now called cadmia. As 
to the five foldiers, which are faid to furvive all the reft 
of their brethren, who fprouted up out of the teeth of 
the ferpent, the fame Syriac word fignifie? "five, and 
alfo a man ready for battle, according as it js differently 
pronounced. 

PI. 1. 5. c. 29. Cdtt. 39. 24; P Bochart. 2. p, Geogr. c. 19. 
<1 Gen. xv. 19. r idem cum Hevse:s. Bochart. ibid* s Hy- 

g*n. c. 2. 4. t Piin. 1. 34.. c. x. 10. u Bochartus ut fupra. 



( I* ) 



SECT. 4, NAMES OF JUPITER* 

P. How many names has Jupiter? 

M. They can ha' r (fly be numbered'; fo many were" 
the names which he obtained, either from the places 
where he lived and was worfhipped, or from the things 
that he did. The moil remarkable I will here fet down 
alphabetically. 

The Greeks called' him w Amnion, or Hammon, which 
name (\gn\Rcs fandy. He obtained this name fir ft in Ly- 
bia, where he was worshipped under the figure of a ram 5 
becaufe when Bacchus was athirft in the fabulous deferts 
of Arabia^ and implored the affiftance of Jupiter, Jupi- 
ter appeared in the form of a ram, opened a fountain 
with his foot, and difcovered it to him. But others 
give this reafon, becaufe Jupiter in war wore a helmet, 
whofe creft was a ram's head. 

The Babylonians and Jjjyrians, whom he governed, 
called him * Be/us* who was the impious author of ido~ 
latry ; 2nd becaufe of the uncertainty of his defcent, 
they believed that he had neither father nor mother • and 
therefore he was thought the firft of ail Gods. In 
different places and languages he was afterward called 
Be el, Baal, Beelphegor,. Beelzebub, and Belzemen. 

Jupiter was called y Capitolinus, from the Capitoline 
hill, upon the too of which he had the firft' temple that 
ever was built in Rome \ this Tarquin the Eider firft 
vowed to build, Tar own the Proud built, and Horatius^ 
the conful, dedicated. He was alfo called Tarpeius, 
from the Tarpeian rock, on which this temple was built. 
He was like wife ftyled z Optimus Maximus^ from his 
power and willingnefs to profit all men, 

« : Arer~Tm: s \«^.:e ab Arena, Plut. in Ofir. V. Curt. 1. 4. 
* Berof. I. 4. .Eudh, 1. 1. praep. Evang. Hier. i.inOfeam^ 
YQ Capitoline, quern, propter heneficia, populus Rcmanus Opti- 
Riuip) propter vim, Maximum appeiiavit. Cic. de Nat. Deor. i». 
*Plin. Liv. Plut 9 .Tacit..i9. 



( '9 ) 

He was alio called n Cujlcs. There is in Nero's coins 
an image of him fitting on his throne, which bears in its 
right hand thunder, and in its left a fpear, with this 
infcription, Jupiter Cvjhs. 

Anciently in fome forms of oaths he was commonly 
called b Diefpiter, the father of light ; as we (hall further 
remark preiently under the word Lapis \ and to the fame 
purpofe he was by the c Cretans called directly Dies. 

The title of Dodonaus was given him from the city 
Dodsna in Chaonia^ which was fo called from Dockno, a 
nymph of the fea. Near to this city there was a grove 
facred to Jupiter, which was planted with oaks, and 
famous ; becaufe it was the molt ancient oracle of all 
Greece. Two doves delivered refponfes there to thofe 
who confulted it : or, as others ufed to fay, d the leaves 
of the oaks themfeives became vocal, and gave forth 
oracles. 

He was named e Elicius, becaufe the prayers of men 
may bring him down from heaven. 

The name Fereirius is given him, becaufe f he fmires 
his enemies ; or becaufe he is the s giver of peace ; for 
when peace was made, the fcepter by which the embaf- 
fadors (wore, and the flint ftone on which they con- 
firmed their agreement, were fetched out of his temple : 
or laftly, becaufe, after they had overcome their ene- 
mies, they h carried the grand fpoils (fpolia cpima) to 
his temple, Romulus firit preferred fuch fpoils to Jupiter? 
after he had flain Acron, king of C&nina ; and Cornelius 

a Apul. de mundo. Senec. 2. qu. nat. b Qltafi diei pater. 
Var. de lingua Latin a. c Macrob. in Saturn, ap. Bochart. in Geogr. 
d Alex, ah Alex. c. 2. e Quod ccelo precibus eliciatur, fie Ovid. 

Eliciunt co>!o te Jupiter \ unde Minor es 

Nunc quoque te celebrant, Eliciumque -vocani. Fait* *, 

Jove can't refill the juft man's cries, 

They biing him down e'en frcm the fkies j 

Hence he's Eltcius calTd. 
* A feriendo, quod hoftes feriat. g Vel a ferenda pace. FelL 

h Vel a ferendis ipoliis opimis in ejus Templura. Piut. la Ron;. 
Dion. 2. 



C *o ) 

Julius offered the fame fpoils, after he had conquered 
^olumnius, king of Hetruria ; and thirdly, M. Marcel- 
lus, when he had vanquished Viridomarus, king of the 
Gajth, as we read in l Virgil. Thofe fpoils were called 
opima, which one general took from the other in battle. 

Fulminato^ 3 or k Ctraunius, in Greek Ka^xvHo^ is Ju- 
piter's title, from hurling thunder, which is thought to 
be his proper office, if we believe the J poet. 

In Lycia they worfhipped him tinder the name of 
m Gragus> Tqd^oq [Grapfzos~] and Genitor. 

In Mgium, about the feacoaft, he is faid to have had 
a temple, with the name of ° Homogynus. 

At Pranejie he was called Imperator. ° There was 
a moft famous ftatue of him at that place, afterward 
t ran Hated to Rome. 

He was called Latialis, p becaufe he was worfhipped 
in Latlurn, a country of Italy * y whence the q Latin fefH- 
vals are denominated, to which all thofe cities of Italy 
reforted, who defired to be partakers of the folemnity ; 
and brought to Jupiter feveral oblations : particularly, a 
bull was facrificed at that time, in the common name of 
them all, of which every one took a part 

The name Lapis, or, as others write, Lapideus, was 
given him by the Romans, who believed that an oath 
r made in the name of Jupiter Lapis was the moft fo- 
lemn of all oaths. And it 'is derived either from the 
{tone which was prefented to Saturn by his wife Ops y 
who faid it was Jupiter, in w T hich fenfe s Bufebim fays, 

i Tertiaque arma Patrifufpendet capta Quirino, 
And the third fpoils (hail grace Feretrian jove. 

JEn. 6. Serv. ibid. 
k Hon. Carm. 3. 

I — _«_ Q q U \ res ho?ninumque Deumque 
JEternis regis imperils ', et julmine terres > Virg. JEn. 1. 

O king of Gods and men, whole awful hand 
Duperies thunder on the feas and land 5 
Difpenfing all with abfolute command. 
m Lycophron. n Virg JEn. 1 & 4. ° Paufan. et Hefych. 

Liv. 6. P Cic pro Milone, 86. Dion. !. 4. 1* Latmas Feris?. 

r Juramentum per Jovem Lapidem omnium fanitifiimum, Cic. 7* 
ep. 1 a, s In Chron. 






( ai ) 

that Lapis reigned in Crete ; or from the flmt-flone, 
which/ in making bargains, the fwearer held in his 
hand, and fa id, x If knowingly I deceive, fo let Diefprter, 
faving the city and the capitol, cafi me avjay from all that 
is good, as I cafi away this flone \ upon which he threw 
the (lone away. The Romans had another form, not 
unlike to this, of making bargains ; and it will not be 
amifs to mention it here : u If with evil intention I at 
any time deceive ; upon that day, O Jupiter, fo fir ike thou 
we, as I jhall this day /hike this fivlne ; and fo much the 
more fir ike thou, as thou art the more able andfkilful to do 
it : he then ftruck down the fwine. 

In the language of the people of Campania, he is called 
Lucetius, from lux ; and among the Latins w Diefpiter, 
from dies. Which names. were given to Jupiter, * be- 
caufe he cheers and comforts us with the light of the day, as 
much as with life itfelf : or, becaufe he w r as believed to 
be the father of light Y . 

The people of Elis ufed to celebrate him by the title 
of z Martius, 

He was . Ifo called a Mufcarius, becaufe he drove a- 
way the flies : for when the religious exercifes of Her- 
cules were interrupted by a multitude of flies, he imme- 
diately offered a facrifice to Jupiter, which being finifli- 
ed, all the flies flew away. 

He was ftyled b Nicepkorus, that is, carrying victory: 
and by the oracle of Jupiter Nicepkorus, emperor Adrian 
was told, that he fhould be promoted to the empire. 
Livy often mentions him ; and many coins are extant, 
in which is the image of Jupiter bearing victory in his 
hand. 

* Si fciens fallo, me Diefpiter, falva urbe arceque, bonis ejiciat, ut 
€go hunc lapidem. Felt, a p. Lil. ^ Si dolo malo aliquando fal- 
lam, tu iilo die, Jupiter, me He ferito, ut ego hunc porcum hodie 
feriam ; tantoque magis ferito, quanto magis potes, pollefque. Liv. 
' X i. W -Se»v. in I&n. 9. x Quod nos, die ac luce, quafi vita 
ipsa afficeret ac juvaret. Aul. Gel!. Y Feftus. z 'Aps?o$ Zsv<;> 
Jupiter pugnax. Plut. in Pyrrho. a AwcfAVKx;, mufcarum abactor, 
Paufan. 5. Eliac. b -N^©o£os> i» e> Vicloriam geftans. ^lius 
Spart, in Adiiani vita. 



1 



( 22 ) 

He was called c Opitulus^ or Opitulator, the helper \ 
and Centipeda^ from his liability ; becaufe thofe things 
Hand fecure and firm which have many feet. He v/as 
called Stabilitor and Tigellus y becaufe he fupports the 
world : Almus and Alumnus ^ becaufe he cherifhes all 
things : and Ruminus from Ruma^ which fignifies the 
nipple, by which he nourifhes animals. 

He was ftyled d Olympius from Olympus, the name of 
the matter who taught him, and of the heaven wherein 
he refides, or of a city which ftood near the mountain 
Olympus^ and was anciently celebrated far and near, be- 
caufe there a temple was dedicated to Jupiter^ and games 
folemnized every five years. e To this Jupiter Olympus 
the firft cup was facrificed in their feftivals. 

When the Gauls befieged the capital., an altar was 
erected to Jupiter f Pijior ; becaufe he put it into the 
minds of the Romans, to make loaves of bread and throw 
them into the Gauls tents; upon which the fiege was 
raifed 

The Athenians erected a ftatue to him, and worfhip- 
ped it upon the mountain Hymetus, giving him in that 
place the title of g Pluvius: this title is mentioned by 
h Tibullus, 

Prcedator was alfo his name ; not becaufe he protect- 
ed robbers, but becaufe, out of all the booty taken from 
the enemy, one part was due to him. * For, when the 
Romans went to war, they ufed to devote to the Gods 
a part of the fpoil that they fhould get, and for that 
reafon there was a temple at Rome dedicated to Jupiter 
Pradator. 

He was ftyled ^uirinus, as appears by that \'erfe of 
Virgil^ cited above, when we fpoke of the name Fere* 
trius. 



c Quafi opis lator. Feft. Aug. de Civ. Dei 7. * Paufan. in 
Attic, et Eliac. Liv. 1. 4.. e Pollux. f A pinfendo. Ovid, 

Faft. 6. La6h 1. 22. Liv. 1. 5. s Phurnut. in jov. 
k Art da nee Plu-viofupplicat berba Jovi. 
Nor the parch' d grafs tor rain from Jove doth callr 
5 Serv. in JEu* 5, 



( n ) 

Rex am Regnator are his common titles in k Virgil^ 
Homer, and Ennius. 

Jupiter was alio called 1 Stater, which title he firft 
had from Romulus on this occafion : When Romulus 
was fighting with the Sabine's, his foldiers began to fly ; 
. upon which Romulus, as m Lwy relates, thus prayed to 
Jupiter: O thou father of the Gods -and mankind, at this 
place at leajl drive back the enemy^ take away the fear of 
the Romans, and flop their difljonor able flight. And I vow 
to build a temple to thee upon the fame place ^ that fhall bear 
the name ^Jupiter Stator, for a monument tS'poJlerity, 
that it was from thy immediate affijlance that Rome received 
its prefervation. After this prayer the foldiers flopped, 
and, returning again to the battle, obtained the victory; 
upon which Romulus confecrated a temple to Jupiter 
Stator. 

The Greeks called him tur^ [Soter] Servator n , the 
faviour, becaufe he delivered them from the Medes. Con- 
fervator alfo was his title, as appears from divers of 
Dioclefan\ coins, on which are his effigies, with thun- 
der brandifhed in his right hand, and a fpear in his left ; 
with this infeription, Confervatori. In others, inftead of 
thunder, he holds forth a little image of viftory, with 
this infeription, Jovi Confervatori Orbis, To Jupiter the 
confervator of the zvorld. 

The augurs called him ° Tonans and Fulgens. And 
emperor Auguftus dedicated a temple to him fo called ; 
wherein was a ftatue of Jupiter, to which a little bell 
was fattened p. He is alio called BgovraTos [Brontaios'] by 
■Orpheus i and ^Tonitrualis, the thunderer, by Apukius \ 

k Divum pater atque bominum rex. JEn. i. 10* 

The father of the gods, and king of men* 

Summi regnator Olympi JEn, 7* 

Ruler of the higheit heaven. 
1 A (tendo vel Mendo. ™ Tu pater Deum hominumque, hinc 
fakem arce hoftem, deme terrorem Ronaanis, fugamque foedam fifte. 
Hie ego tibi templum Statori Jovi, quod monumentum fit pollens tua 
praefenti ope fervatam urbem efle, voveo. Liv. 1. 1. n Strabo I. 
9, Arrian. 8. de gelt. Alex. ° Cic.de Nat* Deor, 1, 9 Dio, 
1. 5. s Ap. Lii. Gyr. fynt. 2. 



( 2 4 ) 

and an infcription is to be feen upon, a fcone at Ro?ne* 
Jovi Brontonti. 

r TrioculuS) TpotpQatyoq [Tri opt ha twos'] was an epithet 
given him by the Grecians^ who thought that he had 
three eyes, with one of which he obferved the affairs of 
heaven, with another the affairs of the earth, and with 
the third he viewed the Tea affairs. There was a ftatue 
of him of this kind in Priamus' palace at Troy ; which 
befide the ufual two eyes, had a third in the forehead. 

s Vejovis, or Vejupiter^ and Vedius, that is, little Ju- 
piter> wr* his title when he was defcribed without his 
thunder, viewing angrily fhort fpears which he held in 
his hand. The Romans accounted him a fata] and noxi- 
ous deity ; and therefore they worfhipped him, only 
that he might not hurt them, 

Agrippa dedicated a pantheon to "Jupiter Ultor, the 
avenger^ at Rcme^ according to l Pliny. 

He was likewlfe called " Xenius^ or Hofpitalls, becaufe 
he was thought the author of the laws and cuftoms con- 
cerning hofpitaliry. Whence the Greeks call prefents 
given to Arrangers xenia, as the Latins called them lautia. 

Zsvs, [ w Zeus] is the proper name of Jupiter, becaufe 
he gives life to animals. 

SECT. 5. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE, AND 
WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD BY THE NAME JUPITER, 

P. You have told me the dreams of the poets about 
Jupiter 1 now, pray fir, let me know what the hifto- 
rians and mythologifts affirm concerning him, 

M. Very willingly. % Jupiter was king of Crete, 
and, according to Eufebius, cotemporary with the pa- 
triarch Abraham. This Jupiter depofed his father, and 
afterward divided by lot the kingdom with his two bro- 
thers Neptune and Pluto. And becaufe the eaftern part 

r Paufan. ap. eimckm. s Cic. de Nat. Deor. 5. Gell. 1. 5' 
Ovid. in Faft. * Plin. 36. 15. u Serv. in iEn. 1. pro Deiot* 
Piut. qu. Rom. Demoft. Or. de legation. w 'A^o rh$ £«?$> 
Phurnut. de Jove, x Apud Salian, in Ann, et Epitome Turfellinx* 

3 



( 25 ) 

of the country was allotted to Jupiter, the weflern to 
Pluto, and the maritime parts to Neptune ; they took 
occafion hence to feign, that "Jupiter was the god and 
king of the heavens, Neptune of the fea, and Pluto of 
hell. Nay, Jupiter's name was fo honoured by pofte- 
rity, that all kings and princes were from him called 
Joves, and the queens Junones, from Juno the wife oi 
Jupiter, 

Concerning the mythologifts, or the interpreters of 
fables, I [hall only oblerve this by the by. There is in 
thefe kind of things fuch a vaft diverfity of opinions 
among them ; and, which is yet worfe, the accounts that 
many of them give, are fo witlefs and impertinent, fo 
incongruous to the very fables which they pretend to ex- 1 
plain, that I think it better to write nothing from them, 
than to trouble the reader with thofe things which will 
not probably fatisfy him : when I cannot effect this, I 
will pafs the bufinefs over in filence, and leave it to 
every one's difcretion to devife his own interpretations : 
for it is better that any one (hould be the author of his 
own miftake, than to be led info it by another ; becaufe 
a flip is more tolerable and eafy when we ourfelves fall 
down, than when others violently pufh us down at un- 
awares. Yet, whenever the place requires, that I can 
give my expofitions of thefe fables, and difcover fome 
meaning that is not repugnant to common fenfe, I will 
not be wanting in my duty. By the prefent fable I may 
juftify my words ; for obferve only, how various are 
men's opinions concerning the fignification of the name 
Jupiter, and you may guefs at the reft. 

The natural philofophers many times think that y hea- 
ven is meant by the name Jupiter : whence many au- 
thors exprefs the thunder and lightning, which came 
from heaven, by thefe phrafes ; Jove tonavte^ fulgent e^ 
&c. and in this fenfe z Virgil ufed the word Olympus. 

y Cic. de Nat. Deer. 2. 

z Pandit ur inter e a domus omtiipotenlis Olympi, JEiu io« 

Meanwhile the gates of heaven unfold. 



( 26 ) 

a Others imagined that the air, and the things that are 
therein contained, as thunder, lightning, rain, meteors, 
and the like, are fignified by the fame name. In which 
fenfe b Horac£ is to be underftood, when he fays fub 
Jove, that is, in the open air. 

Some, on the contrary, call the air Juno ; and the 
fire Jupiter, by which the air being warmed becomes ' 
lit for the generation of things. c Others again call the 
fky Jupiter, and the earth Juno, becaufe out of the 
earth all things fpring ; which Virgil has elegantly ex- 
prefled in the fecond book of his Georgics d . 

e Euripides thought fo, when he faid that the fky 
ought to be called Summus Deus, the Great God. f Pla- 
to's opinion was different ; for he thought that the fun 
was Jupiter -, and g Homer, together with the aforefaid 
Euripides, thinks that he is fate ; which fate is, accord- 
ing to h Cicero's definition, The caufe from all eternity^ 
why fuch things, as are already paji, were done ; and why 
fuch things, as are doing at prefent, be as they are \ and 
why fuch things, as are to follovj hereafter, Jhall follow ac- 
cordingly. In fhort, others by Jupiter underftand the 
% foul of the world-, whkh is diffufed not only through 
all human bodies, but likewife through all the parts of 
the univerfe, as k Virgil poetically describes it. 

a Theocr. Eel. 4.. b Jacet fub Jove frigido, id ell, fub Dio, 
v7ro tS Ai6$. Hor. Od. 1, c Lucret. 1. i„, 

d Turn pater omnipotens facundis imbribus tether 

Conjugis in gremium lata defcendit> et omnes 

Magnus alit, magno commiflus corpore, foetus. 

For then lit' almighty Jove defcends and pours 

Into his buxom bride his fruitful fhow'rs, 

And mixing his large limbs with hers, he feeds 

Her births with kindly juice, and fofters teeming fseds; 
e Apud. Cic. de Nat Deor. f In Phaed. s ^dyfT. 24. 

$1 iEterna rerum caufa ; cur ea, quae preteiierint, facia r int 5 et ea, 
quae inftant, fiant ; et -ea, quae confequentur, foatura fmt. Cic. de 
Divin. 1. i Arat. inir. Aftron. 

fc Principle ccelum* ac terras 9 campofque liquentes, 

Lucentemque globum Luna> Titaniaque aflra 

Spiritus intus alit } iotamque infufa per artus, 

Mens agltat molem, ..et magno fe corf on mifcet. JEx\> 6* 

3 



l*la£e 3 



rnpc 27, 




( 27 ) 

I do not regard the moral fignification of the fable ; 
that would be an endlefs and impertinent labour. It i^ 
free, as I faid above, for every one to think what he 
pleafes, and, according to the proverb, to abound la 
his own fenfe. 

CHAPTER II. 

* SECT. I. APOLLO. HIS IMAGE. 

P. BUT who is that l beardlefs youth, with long 
hair, fo comely and graceful, who wears a laurel crown, 
and fhines in garments embroidered with gold, with a 
bow and arrows in one hand, and a harp in the other ? 

M. It is the image of Apollo, m who is at other times 
defcribed holding a fhield in one hand, and the Graces in 
the other. And becaufe he has a threefold power ; in 
heaven, where he is called So! ; in earth, where he is 
named Liber Pater ; and in hell, where he is ftyled 
Apollo ; he is ufually painted with thefe three things, a 
harp, a fhield, and arrows. The harp fhows that he 
bears rule in heaven, where all things are full of har- 
mony ; the fhield defcribes his office in earth, where he 
gives health and fafety to terreftrial creatures ; his ar- 
rows fhow his authority in hell, for whoever he ftrikes 
with them, he fends them into hell. 

Sometimes he is painted with a crow and a hawk fly- 
ing over his head, a wolf and a laurel-tree on one fide^ 
and a fwan and a cock on the other ; and under his feet 
grafhoppers creeping. The crow is facred to him, be- 
caufe he foretels* the weather, and fhows the different 
changes of it by the clearnefs or hoarfenefs of his voice. 

■ " ■ The heaven and earth's compacted frame, 
And flowing waters, and the ftarry frame, 
And both the radiant lights one common foul 
Infpire?, and feeds, and 'animates the whole. 
This aclive mind, infus'd through all the fpace s 
Unites and mingles with the mighty mafs. 
1 Hor. ad CalUmach, m Porphyr. de fole* 

C 2 



( 28 ) 

The fwan is likewife endued with divination, n becaufe 
forefeeing his happinefs in death, he dies with finging 
and pleafure. The wolf is not unacceptable to him, 
not only becaufe he fpared his flock when he was a 
Ihepherd, but becaufe the furioufnefs of heat is exprefled 
by him, and the perfpicuity and fharpnefs of his eyes do 
moft fitly represent the forefight of prophecy. The 
laurel-tree is of a very hot nature, always flourifhing, 
and conducing to divination and poetic raptures; and 
the leaves of it put under the pillow, was fai'd to pro- 
duce true dreams. The hawk has eyes as bright as the 1 
fun ; the cock foretels his rifing ; and the graftioppers 
fo entirely depend on him, that they owe their rife and 
fubfiftence to his heat and influence. 

SECT. 2. DESCENT OF APOLLO. 

P. Of what family was Apollo born ? 

M. You (hall know after you have firft heard how 
many Apollo s there were. 

P. How many ? 

M. Four. The firft and moft ancient of them was 
born of Vulcan \ the fecond was a Cretan, a fon of one 
of the Corybantes ; the third was born of Jupiter and 
Latona ; the fourth was born in Arcadia, called by the 
Arcadians, Nomius. ® But though, as Cicero fays, there 
were fo many Apollos, yet all the reft of them are frldom 
mentioned, and all that they did is afcribed to one of 
them only, namely, to him that was born of Jupiter 
and Latona* 

P. In what place was Apollo the fon of Latona born ? 

Jkf. I will tell you more than you aflc ; they fay the 
tiling was thus : Latona^ the daughter of Coeus the 77- 

n Cygni non fine" causa Appollinl dicati funt, quod ab eo divina- 
tionem habere videantur j quia praevidentes quid in morte boni fit, 
cum cantu et voluptate moriuntur. Cic. Tufcul. i. ° Atque, cum 
tot Apollines fuerint, reliqui omnes filentur, omnefqne res aliorum 
geftae ad unum Apoliinem, Jovis et Latonae iilium, referuntur. Cic* 
de Nat. Deor. 3.. 



( 2 9 ) 

tarty conceived twins by Jupiter : Juno, incenfed at if, 
fent the ferpent Python againft her ; and Latona, to ef— 
cape the ferpent, p fled into the ifland of Delos ; where 
(he brought forth Apollo and Diana.zt the fame birth. 



SECT. 3. ACTIONS OF APOLLO. 

P. By what means was Apollo advanced to the higheft- 
degree of honour and worfhip ?* 

M. By thefe four efpecially : by the invention of 
phyjic 9 tnufic, poetry, and rhetoric, which are afcribed to 
him ; and therefore he is fuppofed to prefide over the 
Jldufes. It is faid, that he taught the arts of foretelling 
events, and (hooting with arrows 5 when therefore he 
had benefited mankind infinitely by thefe favours, they 
worshipped hirn as a God. s Hear how glorioufly he 
hi mfelf repeats his accomplishments of mind and nature, 
where he magnifies himfelf to the flying nymph, whom 
he paffionately loved. 

P. What memorable things did he perform ?. 

M. Many ; but efpecially thefe.. 

P Hefiod: 

q — — Nefi'S) temerarihi nefc'is 

^uemfugias, ideoque fugis.— — - » 

Jupiter eft genitor, Per me quod eriique, fuitque, 

Eftque, patet. Per me concordant carmhia nervis \- 

Geria quidem noftra eft, noftra tamen una fagitia 

Certior, in vacuo qua vulnera peftore feat. 

Invent um medicina meum eft, opiferque per orbem 

Dicori et herbarum eft fubjecla potent la nobis. Ov, Met. t\ 

Stop thy rafh flight, (lay, lovely -Tiymplj, 'tis I j 

No common wretch, no barb'rous enemy : 

Great Jove's my father. I alone declare 

What things pail, preient, and what future are. 

By me the downy eunuch fweetly fings 5 

I fofteit notes compote to founding tilings : 

My iliafts ftrike Cure, but one, alas ! was found 

A finer, my.'unpraclisM heart to wound. 

Phyiic's divine invention's all my own, 

And I a helper through the world am known ; 

All herbs I throughly know, and all their ufe, 

Their healing viitues and their baneful juice, 



( 30 ) 

1. He deftroyed all the Cyclops, the forgers of Jiipi- 
iter's thunderbolts, with his arrows ; to revenge the 
death of Mfculapius his fon, whom Jupiter had killed 
with thunder, becaufe by the help of his phyfic he re- 
vived the dead. r Wherefore for this aft Apollo was caft 
down from heaven, and deprived of his divinity, expofed 
to the calamities of the world, and commanded to live 
in banifhment upon the earth. In this diftrefs s he was 
compelled by want to look after Admetus 9 cattle : where, 
tired with leifure, to pafs away his time, it is falsi that 
he firft invented and formed a harp. After this, Mer~ 
cury got an opportunity to drive away a few of the cattle 
of his herd by ftealth ; and while Apollo complained and 
threatened to puoifh him, unlefs he brought the fame 
cattle back again, his harp was alfd ftolen from him by 
Mercury ; * fo that he could not forbear turning his anger 
into laughter. 

2. He raifed the wails of the city of Troy, by the 
mufic of his harp alone ; if we may believe the u poet. 

Some fay w that there was a ftone, upon which Apollo 
only laid down his harp, and the ftone by the touch of 
it alone became fo melodious, that whenever it was 
ftruck: with another ftone, it founded like a harp... 

3. By misfortune he killed Hyacinthus, a pretty and 
ingenious boy that he loved. For, while Hyacinthus and 
he were playing together at quoits, Zephyrus was en- 
raged, becaufe Apollo was better beloved by Hyacinthus 
than himfelf; and, having an opportunity of revenge,, 
he puffed the quoit that Apollo caft, againft the head of 
Hyacinthus, by which blow he fell down dead. Apollo 
caufed the blood of the youth, that was fpilt upon the 
earth, to produce flowers called violets, as * Ovid finely . 
exprefles it. 

* Lucian. Dial. Mort, ? Paufan. in Eliac. * Hor. Carm. 1,.. 

« llion afpicies, firmaiaque turribus cdtls 

Mcenia % ApoUinea jlrufla canore lyr*. # Ovid.. Ep. Parid*. 

"Troy you fhall fee, and walls divine admire j 

Built by the mufic of Apollo's lyre, 
w Paufan. in Attic. 

« Ecce cruor, quifufus humifigncwerat herkom* 



( 3i ) 

Befides, he was pafiionately in love with CyparlJJus^ 
another very pretty boy, who, when he had unfortu- 
nately killed a fine deer, which he exceedingly loved and 
had brought up from its birth, was fo melancholy for 
his misfortune, that he conflantly bewailed the lofs of 
his deer, and refufed all comfort, y Apollo^ becaufe be- 
fore his death he had begged of the Gods, that his 
mourning might be made perpetual, in pity changed him 
into a cyprejs-tree^ the branches of which were always 
ufed at funerals. 

4. He fell violently in love with the , virgin Daphne^ 
fo famous for her modefty. When he puriued her, 
while (lie fled to fecure her chaftity from the violence 
of his pailion, (he was changed into a laurel, the mod 
chafte of trees ; which is never corrupted with the vio- 
lence of heat or cold, but remains always flourifhing, 
always pure. z There is a ftory about this virgin-tree, 
wlych better deferves our admiration, than our belief. 
A certain painter was about to draw the pi&ure of A~ 
polio upon a table made of laurel-wood : and it is faid> 
a that the laurel would not fuffer the colours to ftick to 
it ; as though the dead wood was v fenfible, and did ab- 
hor the piclure of the impure deity, no lefs than if 
Daphne herfelf was alive within it. 

5. He courted alfo a long time the nymph Bglina^ but 

Definit ejfe cruor ; Tyrioque nitentior ofiro 

Flos oritur, formamque capit, quam lilia ; Jl non 

Pur pur em color buic, argenteus ejfet in Mis. Met. 30, 

. Behold the blood, which late the grafs had dy'd", 

Was now no blood 5 from which a flower full blown, 

Far brighter than the Syrian fcarlet (hone, 

Which feeirfd the fame, or did referable right * * 

A lily, changing but the red to white. 

X — munufque fupremum, 

Hoc petit afuperis, ut tempore luge at omni.— 

Ingemult, trijl'ifque Deus, lugebere nobis. 

Lugebifque alios, aderifque dolentibus, inquit. Ov. Met. 1Q > 

Implores that he might never ceafe to mourn, 

When Phoebus fighing, I for thee will mourn, 

Mourn thou for others, herfes (till adorn. 
s Liban. in Progymn* . * Paufan. i. £• 



( 32 ) 

never could gain her ; for fhe chofe rather to throw, her- 
felf into the river and be drowned, than yield to his laf- 
civious flames. Nor did her invincible modefty lofe its 
reward. She gained to herfelf an immortality by dying 
fo, and facrificing her life in the defence of her vir- 
ginity, {he not only overcame Apollo^ but the very 
powers of death. She became immortal. 

6. Leucothoe, the daughter of Orcbamus, king of Ba~ 
lylon> was not fo tenacious of her chaftity ; for fhe yield- 
ed at iaft- to Apollo's defires. b Her father could not bear 
this difgrace brought on his family, and therefore buried 
her alive, c Apollo was greatly grieved at this, and 
though he could not bring her again to life, he poured 
ne£br upon the dead body, and thereby turned it into 
a tree that drops frankincenfe. Thefe amours of Leu~ 
cothu and Apollo had been difcovered to her father by 
her fifter Clytie, whom Apollo formerly loved, but now 
deferted : which fhe feeing, pined away, with her eyes 
continually looking up to the fun, and at laft was chang- 
ed into a d flower called a funfiower, or heliotrope. 

7. Apollo was challenged in mufic by Marfyas^ a proud 
mufician ; and wheisr he had overcame him, e Apollo 



defodit alte 



Crudus bumot tumulumque fuper gravis addit arena* 
Interrd her living body in the earth, 
And on it rais'ij a tomb of heavy fand, 
Whofe pond'rous weight her riling might withftand. 
c Ne flare odotdto fpargh corpufque locumque, 
Muliaque praequejius, tanges tamen athera t dixit, 
Protinus imbutu?n coe'efti neSiare corpus 
Delicuit, terramque fuo madefecit odore\ 
Virgaque per glebas y fenfim radicibus aft is, 
Thurea furrexit 5 tumulumque cacumine rup't* Ov, Met. 4. 
He mournM her lofs, and fprinkled all her herfe 
With balmy neclar, and more precious tears. 
Then (aid, fince fate does here our joys defer, 
Thou (halt afcend to heav'n, and blefs me there : 
Her body ftraight, emhalnVd with-heav'niy art, 
Did a fweet odour to the ground impart, 
And from the grave a beauteous tree arife, 
That cheeis the Gods with pleafing faciifice* 
« Ovid. Met. 4. e Ovid. Faa. 6. 



( 33 ) 

, flayed him, hecaufe he had dared to contend with him,, 
and afterward converted him into the river of that name 
mPhrygia. 

8. Midas, king of Pbrygia,, having foolifhly deter- 
mined the victory to Pan, when Apollo and he fang to- 
gether,^ Apollo ftretched his ears to the fengthrend fhape- 
of afTes ears. Midas endeavoured to hide his difgrace, . 
as well as he. could, . by his hair,: but however, fince it. 
was impoflible to conceal it from his barber, he earneft-- 
ly begged the man, and prevailed with him, by great 
promises, not to divulge what he faw to any perfon. 
But the barber ..was not able to contain (o wonderful a 
fecret longer; wherefore,- g he. went; and . dug a bole,, 
and putting his mouth to it, whifpered . thefe words, 
King Midas has ajjes 'ears ; then filling -up the ditch with 
the earth again, he went away. , But, O wonderful and! 
flrange U The reeds that .grew out of that ditch, if they, 
were moved by the leafi blaftof wind, did utter the very, 
fame, words which' the barber had buried in it ^ to wit,, 
King Midas has, the ears of an a [s \, 



SECT. 4. NAMES OF APOUO.s 

As the Latins call him * &/, becaufe there is but one- 
fun 5 ,fo fome :think the Greeks. gave him the name Apollo-) 
for, the fame reafon. ; Though k others think that he is -, 

f ' partem ddmnatur in una?n ; 

-Induiturque aures lente grad.entis afellL . Ovid. Met, 6* . 

Punifh'd in th' offending part, he bears ; 

Upon his fkuli a flow-pac'd afs' ears, . 

g : - . Secediti humumque 

Effodity et domini quales confpexeni ■■aures \ , 

Voce refert parvd. Ovid. Met. 15^,. 

He dag a hole, and in it whifpering faid,' 

What monftrous ears fprout from king Midas' head J 
h Aures afmias habet rex Midas.* i Ab .£ particula privativa^*, 
?*<uro7J\o) quemadmodum Sol, quod fit iblus, Chryfjp. apud Gyr. . 
k Synt. 7. p. 219. utto t3 <xf&h?sa,?iEw voaa^ ab ab'gendis mcrbis > , 
vei aril t5 iBMXtMv rxq unlivac* . 

c 5 



( 34 ) 

called Apollo, either becaufe be drives away difeafes, or 
becaufe he darts vigoroufly his rays. 

He was called * Cynthius, from the mountain Gyntbu$ 7 
in the illand of Delos ; whence Diana alfo was called 
Cynthia. 

And Delins from the fame ifland, becaufe he was 
born there: or, as fome m fay, becaufe Apollo (who is 
the fun) by his light makes all things manifeft ; for 
which reafon he is called n Phanaus. 

He was named Delphinius, ° becaufe he killed the fer- 
pent Python, called Delphis : or elfe, becaufe when Caf~ 
tilius, a Cretan, carried men to the plantations, Apollo 
guided him in the fhape of a dolphin. 

His title Delphian comes from the city Delphi m 
Bceotia, which city is faid to be the p navel of the earth ; 
becaufe when Jupiter, at one time, had fent for two 
eagles, the one from the eaft, and the other from the 
weft, they met together by equal flights exactly at this 
place. q Here Apollo had the moft famous temple in the 
world, in which he r uttered the oracles to thofe who 
confuJted him ; but he received them firft from Jupiter* 
They fay, that this famous oracle became dumb at 
the birth of our Saviour, and when Augujlus, who was 
a great votary of Apollo, defired to know the reafon of 
its filence, the oracle anfwered him, s that in Judtsa a 
child was born, who was the fupreme God, and had 
commanded him to depart, and return no more anfwers. 

Apollo was likewife called f Didymaus, which word in 

J Varr. de Ling. Lat. Plut. apud Phurnut. m Feftus cun&a 

facit Jfoa, ?. e. manifefta. n 'a<xq t» <pa,imv r apparere, Macrobb 
ct Phurnut * e Paufan. in Attic. P Paufan. IpQatiq ?%$ yyis, 

i, e* umbilicus terra?. <2 Phurnut. Laclant. r JEfcul, in Sacerd,. 

» Mepuer Hebneus, di<vos Deus ipfe gubernans, 

Cederefedejubet, tr'iftemque redlrefub or cum \ 

Arts ergo dehinc noftris abfcediio, Cafar. 

An Hebrew child, whom the blefsM Gods adore, 

Has bid me leave thefe flirines, and pack to hell, 

So that of oracles Fve row no more j 

Away then from our altar, and farewel. 
t A verbo & Wn> gondii. Macrob, apud Gyr. fvnt, 7, 



( 35 J 

Greek fignifies twins^ by which are meant the two great 
luminaries of heaven, tne fun and the moon, which al- 
ternately enlighten the world by day and night. 

He was alfo called u Nomiu^ which fignifies either a 
fhepherd, becaufe he fed the cattle of Admetus ; or be- 
eaufe the fun, as it were, feeds all things that the earth 
generates, by his heat and influence. Or perhaps this 
title may fvgnify w Lawgiver ; and was given him, be- 
caufe he made very fevere laws, when he was king of 
Arcadia. 

He was ftyled Paan^ either from x allaying forrows, 
©r from his exacl: (kill in hitting ; wherefore he is armed 
with arrows. And we know that the fun ftrikes us, 
and often hurts us with his rays, as with fo many darts* 
By this name Paan^ his mother Latona^ and the fpec- 
tator^)f the combat, encouraged Apollo^ when he fought 
with the ferpent Python^ crying frequently, y Strike kim> 
Paean, with thy darts. By the fame name the difeafed 
, invoke his aid, crying, *- Heal us. Paean. And hence 
the cuftom came, that not only all hymns in the praife 
of Apollo were called Paanes\ but alfo, in all fongs of 
triumph in the celebration of all vidories, men cried 
out, lo-Paan. After this manner the airy and wanton 
lover in a Ovid a£ts his triumph too. And from this 
invocation Apollo himfelf was called "ig«o? [leios]. 

He was called Phabus b from the great fwiftnefs of his 
motion, or from his method of healing by purging 3 
fince,by the help of phyfic, which was Apollo's invention^ 
the bodies of mankind are purged and cured. 

B No^evs, *• e* Paftor, quod pavit Admeti gregem, vel quod quad 
pafcat omnia. Phurnut, Maerob; ^Nouoc, Lex. Macrob. Cic. 
de Nat. Deor. 3. x ila^^o vjuvm toc<; &*{&$, a fedando mo- 
kftias, vel ^ol^ol to rsccUw, a feriendo. Feftus. y. *f 6 oraiav, jace 
vel immitte, Paean ; nempe tela in feram. z 'it *&oU&v> medere Paeano 

a Dicite It) Paan, et lo, bis difcite, Paan I 

Decidit in cajfes prada. petita meos. Art, Am. a, 

Sing Jo Paean twice, twice lo fay : 

My toils are pitch'd, and I have caught my prey. 
b 'atto t«' $q\tm> S^od v * feratur, vei a <p*\&&,a 9 purge LiL 
Gyr, fynt, 7. 



{ 36 ) 

,He was named Pythius, not only from the ferpent 
Python, which he killed, but like wife from c afking and 
confulting ; for none among the Gods was more con- 
sulted, or delivered more refponfes, or fpake mere ora- 
cles than he ; efpecially in the temple which he had at 
Delphi, to which all forts of nations reforted, fo that it 
was called iht oracle of all the earth d . The oracles were 
given out by a young virgin, till one was debauched ; 
upon which a law was roade^ that a very ancient wo- 
man fhould give the anfwers, in the drefs of a young 
maid, who was therefore called Pythia from Pythias, one 
©f Jpolloh names* and fometimes Pheebas. from Phcebus^. 
another of them. But as to the manner that the wo- 
man underflood the Grd's mind* men's opinions differ.. 
Cicero fuppofes, that fome vapours exhaled out of the 
earth, and affected the brain much, and .railed in it a 
power of divination V 

P.. What was the tripos on which the Pythian lady 
fet? 

M. Some fay, that it was a table with three fett, oa 
which file placed herfelf when fhe designed to give forth, 
oracles'; and -becaufe it was covered with the fkin of the 
ferpent Python, they call it alio by the name of cortina^ 
i But others fay, that it was a vefTel, in which ftie was> 
plunged before fhe prophefied ; or rather, that it was a ; . 
golden vefTel, furnifhed with ears, and fupported by three 
feet, whence it was called tripos ; and on this the lady, 
fat down. It happened that this tripos was lofi: in the; 
fea, and afterward taken up in the nets of fjherrnen-^ 
who mightily contended among themfelves who fhould 
have it : the Pythian prieftefs, befng afked, gave an- 
fwer, that it ought to be fent to the wifeft man of all 
Greece. Whereupon it was carried to Thales of Miletus 5. 
who fent it to Bias, as to a wifer perfon : Bias referred 
it to another, and. that other referred it to a fourth ; .till, . 

e 'Attg re <mvMvz<r§ou> ab intetrogando vel co-nfulendo, Kygf'n, . 
ya Fab. c a 50, . d Cic. pro Font. Diodor, 1. Stat. Theb. Vide 
0r!p;. adv. Cdf.. i u 7*. «'Cic.,de.Bi.Yia. a* 14.* Apud Lil-Cfv* 

UuU in Solosu: 






{ 37 ) 

after it had been fent backward and forward to all' the 
wife men, it returned again to Thales, who dedicated it 
to. Apolla at Delphi. 

P. Who were deemed the wife men of Greece ?l 

M* Thefe feven, to whofe-names I adjoin the places- 
©f their nativity ; Thales- of Miletus, Solon of Athens^, 
Chllon of hacedcemon, Pittacus of Myiilene, Bias of prier.e^ , 
Gleobulus of Lindi, and Periander of Corinth. I will- add 
fome remarkable things concerning them*. 

Thales' was reckoned among the. wifecmen,beeaufe ha 
was believed to be the firft that brought geometry int3 
Greece. He firft -obferved the e-ourfes of the times, . the-, 
motion of the winds, the nature of thunder, and the mo- 
tions of the fun, and the ftars,, Being afked what he 
thought the tnofl: difficult thing in the world, he anfwer-- 
td,Jo know onesfelf. . This perhaps was the oceafion. of 
the advice written on the front of Apollo's temple, ta, 
thofe that were about to enter, ? Knowthyjelf. For there ; 
are very few that know themfejves.. 

When Solon . vi fited . Crcefus, king of Lydia, the king; 
fhowed his vaft treafures to .-.him, and afked him whether 
he "knew a man happier than he: Yes, fays Solon,. Pi 
know Tell us, a very poor, hut a very virtuous man ait 
Athens ,. who \ lives in a little tenement there y and he is more, 
happy than your maj.ejly : .for, neither cgn.jhofe things wake: 
us happy y. which are fuhj.ecl to .the changes of the times \ nor-: 
is any one to be thought truly, happy till he dies. h It is faid 3 . 
when king Gzcefus was. afterward taken prifoner by Cy- 
rus, and laid upon the pile. to be burnt, he remembered; 
this faying of 'Solan,, and often repeated his name ; fo 
that Cyrus afked why he cried out Solon, and who the. 
God was, whofe affiitance he begged. Crcefus fa id, ..//' 
now find by experience that to be true, which heretofore- he.. 
/aid to me : and he then related the ftory. Cyrus, on . 
hearing it, . was fo touched with the knih of the viciffi- 
tude of human affairs, that he p refe r v ed Crcefus from the 
fee, and ever after: had him in great honour, 

S, Dw9j crfiflfeVTQ^Nofcc teigfuna* Laert* h Plutarch, Herodotus* 



( 38 ) 

Chilo had this faying continually in his mouth, 5 De- 
fire nothing too much. Yet, when his fon had got the 
victory at the Olympic games, the good man died with 
joy, and all Greece honoured his funeral. 

Bias, a man no kfs famous for learning than nobility,, 
preferved his citizens a long time. And when at laft, 
k fays Cicero, his country Priene was taken, and the reft 
of the inhabitants, in their efcape, carried away with 
them as much of their goods as they could j one advifed 
him to do the fame, but he made anfwer, l It is what I 
do already, for all things that are mine I carry about me. 
He often faid, ra that friends Jhouid remember fo to love one 
another, as per Jons who may fometimes hate one another* 

Of the reft, nothing extraordinary is reported. 



SECT. 5. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 
APOLLO MEANS THE SUN. 

Every one agrees, that by n Apollo the Sun is to be 
underftood ; for the four chief properties afcribed to- 
Apollo were, the arts of prophefying, of htnling, of dart- 
ing, and of mufic, of all which we may find in the fun a 
lively reprefenlation and image. Was ApoJo famous foF 
his fkill in prophefying and divination ? And what is 
more agreeable to the nature of the fun, than by its 
light to difpel darknefs, and to make manifeft hidden 
and concealed truth ? Was Apollo famous for his know- 
ledge of medicine, and his power of healing? Surely 
nothing in the world conduces more to the health and 
prefervation of all things, than the fun's heat and 
warmth : and therefore thofe herbs and plants, which 
are moft expofed to its rays, are found to have moft 
power and virtue. Thirdly, Is Apollo Ikilful in darting 
or (hooting ? And are not the fun's rays like fo many 
darts or arrows fliot from his body to the earth ? And 

. * Ne quid nimium cupias. Plin.l. 7. c. 32. k De Amicitia, 

1 Ego vero facio, nam omnia mea mecum porto. Val. Max. 7. c. 2. 
m Amicos ita amare oportere, ut aliquando effent ofuii, Laertt » Cic» 
de Nat, Peer. 3, 



( 39 ) 

laftly, how well does Apollo's (kill in mufic agree to the 
nature of the fun, which, being placed in the midfl of 
the planets, makes with them a kind of harmony, and 
all together, by their uniform motion, make, is it were, 
a concert of muiic : and becaufe the fun rs thus placed 
the middlemoft of the feven planets, the poets after t, 
that the inftrument which Apollo plays on, is a harp with 
{even firings. 

Eefides, from the things fac rifled to Apollo, ° it appears 
that he was the Sun: the firfr. of thefe things was the 
olive ^ the fruit of which fo loves the fun, that it cannot 
be nourifhed in places diftant from it. 2. The laurel^ 
p a tree of a hot nature, always flourifhing, never old, 
and conducing not a little toward divination ; and there- 
fore the poets are crowned with laurel. 3. Among ani- 
mals, fwans q were offered to him ; becaufe, as was 
obferved before, they have from Apollo a faculty of divi- 
nation ; for they, foreseeing the happinefs in death, die 
flnging and pleafed. 4. Griffins alio, and crows , were 
facred to him for the fame reafon : and the hawk, which 
has eyes as bright and piercing as the fun ; the cock, 
which foretels his riling ; and the grajliopper, a finging 
creature : hence r it was a cuftom among the Athenians^ 
to faften golden grafhoppers to their hair, in honour of 
Apollo. 

Aiid efpecially, if s we derive the name of Latona*, the 
mother of Apollo and Diana^ from the Greek x*»Q»mj 
\lanihanO) to he bid] it will fignrfy, that before the birth 
of Apollo and Diana^ that is, before the production of the 
fun and the moon, all things lay involved in darknefs; 
from which thefe two glorious luminaries afterward pro- 
ceeded, as out of the womb of a mother. 

But notwithstanding all this, ieveral poetical fables 
have relation only to the Sun, and not to Apollo. And. 
of thofe therefore it is neceflary to treat apart. 

o Theocr. in Here. P Aerius. q CSc. Tufcul. 1. r Thucyd, 
Schol. Arift. » Vid, Lih Gyr, j, in Apoil, 



& ¥> )) 



CHAPTER IIIL 

SFCT..I. THE SUN. HIS GENEALOGY AND NAMES. 

THIS glorious Sun, which ill uftrates all things u ith 
his light, is called Sol, as Qiaro x feys, eidher becaufe 
he is the only ftar that is of that magnitude ;„ or becaufe, 
when he rifes, he puts out all the other ftars, and only 
appears himfelf. Although the poets have faid, that 
there were five 'Sols, and Cicero reckons them up ; yzt 9 
whatever they, delivered concerning. each of them feve*- 
rally, they commonly apply to one, who was the fon 
of Hyperion,, and nephew to JEthgr, begotten of an un-? 
known mother; 

The \ Perfians call the Sun L1 Mlihra, accounting him, 
the greateft of their Gods, and worfhip him in a cav^e. 
His ftatue has the head of a lion > on which a turbant,, 
called tiara, is placed : it is clothed with Perfian attire, ■, 
and holds with both hands a mad > bull by, the horns.. 
w Thofe that defired to become his priefb, and under- 
ftand his myfteries^ did flrft undergo a great many hard-f- 
illips, difgraces, (Iripes, colds, bents, and other torment?,, 
before they could attain to the honour of. that employ <- 
ment. And behold the holinefs of their religion ! It, 
was not-lawful for the kings of Perfect to drink immo- 
derately, but upon that day in which the facrifkes-werer 
offered to Miihra x . 

The Egyptians called the Sun y Horus\ whence thofe; 
parts, into which the Sun divides the day, are called : 
Hor&, Hours.. They reprefented his power by a fceptre, : 
on the top of which, an eye was placed ; by which they 
fignified that the Sun fees every thing, and that all things 
ziq feen by his means* 

t Vel quia Solus ex omnibus fuieribus tantus eft; vel quia cum 
exortus tit, obfcuratis omnibus, Solus app.areat. Cic. de Nat, Deor 
2-. 3-. u Befych. et La£hnt. Gram. Apud Lil. Gyr. w Duris 
7. Hift. ap. Allien, * Greg, Nazianz.-Orat. j, in JuU T FJuu- 



( 4i ) 

Thefe z Hor& were thought to be the daughters of 
Sol and Chrsn'S) who early in the morning prepare the 
chariot and the horfes for their father, and open the gates 
of the day. 

SECT. 2. ACTIONS OF SOL. 

No other actions of. Sol are mentioned, but his de- 
baucheries, and love intrigues between him and his mif- 
trefTes ; whereby he obfcured the honour of his name : 
the moft remarkable of them are thefe that follow. 

I. He lay with Venus in the ifland of Rhodes , at which 
time, a it is laid that the heavens rained gold, and the 
earth clothed itfelf with rofes and lilies ^ whence the 
ifland was called b Rhodes. 2. Of Clymene, he begat one 
fon, named Phaeton^ and feveral daughters. 3. Of Ne- 
tera, he begat Pafiphae, and of Perce, Circe. To omit 
the reft of his brood, of more obfcure note, according to 
my method I fhall fay fomething of each of thefe ": but 
firft (fince I have mentioned Rhodes) I will fpeak a little 
of the Rhcdlan Coloffus^ which was one" of the Seven 
Wonders of the World. 



SECT. 3. THE SEVEN' WONDERS OF TrLE WORLD. 

P. What were chofe Seven Wonders of the World : 

M. They are thefe that follow. 

1. The Colojpus at Rhodes^ c a ftatue of the Sun feventy 
cubits high, placed, acrofs the mouth of the harbour ; a 
man could not grafp its thumb with both his arms. Its 
thighs were ftretched out to fuch a diftance, that a large 
fhip under fail might eaiily pafs into the port between 
them. It was twelve years making, and coft three hun- 
dred talents d . It Hood fifty years, and at ialt was 
thrown down by an earthquake. And from this Colofs 

9 Hem, Hi. & Odyff. 4.. Plutarch. Bcccat. !. 4. c. 4. a P ">.- 
dar, in Olyriip. b '\-. - r , a rofa. c Pl in , 34. c. 17, 

* A Khodicm talent is worth 322/ \%s 4 d Enghfi, 



( 42 ) 

the people of Rhodes were named ColoJJenfes \ and now 
every ftatue of an unufual magnitude is called Colojfus, 

a. The Temple of Diana, at Ephefus, a work of the 
greateft magnificence, which the ancients prodigioufly 
admired. e Two hundred and twenty years were fpent 
in finifhing it, though all Afia was employed. It was 
fupported by one hundred and twenty- feven pillars, fixty 
feet high, each of which was railed by as many kings. 
Of thefe pillars thirty-feven were engraven. The image 
of the goddefs was made of ebony y as we learn from 
hiftory. 

3. The Maufoleum^ or fepulchre of Maufolus, king of 
Caria, f built by his queen Artemifta, of the pureft mar- 
ble ; and yet the workmanfiiip of it was much more 
valuable than the marble. It was from north to fouth 
fixty-three feet long, almoft four hundred and eleven 
feet in compafs, and twenty-five cubits (that is, about 
thirty-five feet) high, furrounded with thirty-fix co- 
lumns, which were beautified in a wonderful manner. 
From this Maufoleum all other fumptuous fepuichres are 
called by the fame name. 

4. A ftatue of Jupiter, in the temple of the city 
% Olympia, carved with the greateft art by Pbidias r out 
of ivory, and made of a prodigious fize. 

5. The Walls of Babylon (the metropolis of Chaldea) 
h built by queen S emir amis \ their circumference was 
fixty miles, and their breadth fifty feet, fo that fix cha- 
riots might conveniently pafs upon them in a row. 

6. The ' Pyramids of Egypt ; three of which, remark- 
able for their height, do ftdl remain. The firft has a 
fquare bafis, and is one hundred and forty-three feet 
long, and one thoufand feet high : it is made of great 
ftones, the leaft of which is thirty feet thick ; and three 
hundred and fixty thoufand men were employed in build- 
ing it, for the fpace of twenty years. The other two, 
which are fomewhat fmaller, attract the admiration of 

e Plin. 1. 7. c. 38. & 1. 16. c. 40. t PHn. 1. 36. c. 5. % Plin. 
1. 36, c. 3. * Plin. 1. 6> c. 26. * Plin. 1. 36. c. 1 j. Belo* 

h 3. c. %2. 



f 43 ) 

all fpeclators. In thefe pyramids, it is reported, the 
bodies of the kings of Egypt lie interred. 
„ 7. The Palace of k Cyrus^ king of the Medcs> made by 
Menon^ with no lefs prodigality than art ; for he ce- 
mented the Hones with gold. 



SECT. 4. THE CHILDREN OF -THE SUN. 

Now let us turn our difcourfe again to Sol's children ; 
the moft famous of which was Phaeton^ who gave the 
poets an excellent opportunity of fhowing their ingenuity 
by the following action, tspaphus^ one of the fons of 
yupher^ quarrelled with Fhaeion^ and faid 5 that though 
he called himfeif the fori of Ap alio , he was not ; and that 
his mother Clymene invented this pretence only to cover 
her adultery. This flander fo provoked Phaeton^ thar^ 
by his mother's advice, he went to the royal palace of 
the *SW, to bring thence fome indubitable marks of his 
nativity. The Sun received him kindly, and owned 
him his fon \ and, to take away all occafion of doubting 
hereafter, he gave him liberty to afk any thing, fwear- 
ing by the Stygian Lake (which fort of oath none of the 
Gods dare violate) that he would not deny him. Phae- 
ton then deilred leave to govern his father's chariot for 
one day. This was the occafion of great grief to his 
father, who, forefeeing his fon's ruin thereby, was very 
uneafy that he had obliged himfeif to grant a requeft fo 
pernicious to his fon : l he therefore endeavoured to per** 

k Calepin. V. Miraculum. 
1 — Temeraria dixit 

Fox mea facia tua eft. VUnam prom'JJa liceret 
Non dare. Confiteor, folum hoc tibi, nate, negarem* 
Dijfuadere licet. Non eft iua tut a voluntas ; 
Magna peiis y Phaeton, et qua non viribus iftls 
Munera conveniunt, nee tarn puerilibus annis. 
Sirs tua mart a is : non eft mortaJe, quod cptas. Ov. Meto .f* 
Twas this alone I could refufe a fon, 
Elfe by 's own wifli and my rafh oath undone.. 
Thou to thy ruin my rafh vow doll wreft : 
Q ! would I could break promife. Thy requeft, 



( 44 ) 

fuade him not to perfift in his defire, telling him that he 
fought his own ruin, and was defirous of undertaking 
an employment above his ability, and which no mortal 
was capable to execute. m Phaeton was not moved with 
the good advice of his father, but prefled him to keep 
his promife, and perform what he had fworn by the ri- 
ver Styx to do. In fhort, the father was forced to com- 
ply with his fon J s rafhnefs ; and therefore unwillingly 
granted what was not now in his power, after his oath, 
to deny ; nevcrtkelefs, he directed him how to guide 
the horfes, and efpecially advifed him to obferve the 
middle path. Phaeton was tranfported with joy, n mount- 
ed the chariot, and, taking the reins, he began to drive 
the horfes \ which 5 finding him unable to govern them, 
ran away, and fet on fire both the heaven and the earth*. 
Jupiter^ to put an end to the conflagration, f^ruck hinv 
out of the chariot with thunder, and caft him headlong 
into the river Po, His filters, Phaethufa^ Lampztia y 
and Lampethufa> lamenting his death inceflantly upon 
the banks of that river, were turned, by the pity of the 
God$, into poplars^ from that time weeping amber in- 
ftead of tears. A great fire that happened in Italy, ne,ar 
the Po, in the time of king Phaeton^ was the Qccafiorv 



Poor haplefs youth, forego 5. retract It now, 

Recall thy wifn, and I can keep my vow s 

Think, Phaeton, think o'er thy wild defires, 

That work more years and greater ftrength requires 1. 

Confine thy thoughts to thy own humble fate 5 

What thou would'ft have, becomes no mortal ftate* 

m . Dielis tamen tile repugnat* 

Propqfitumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus*. 

In vain to move his fbn the father ainYd, 

He, with ambition's hotter fire infiam'd,. 

His fire's irrevocable promife cl urrTd. 

n Occupat Hie le*vem jwve?tili. corpore currum, 

Statque fuper, manibufque datas contingere habenas 

Gaudet 9 et invito grates agit inde parenti. 

Now Phaeton, by lofty hopes poi&is'd,. 

The burning feat with youthful vigour prefs'd 5 

With nimble hands the heavy reins heweigh'd^ 

And thanks un.pleafmg to his father paid 



( 45 ) 

of this fable. And the ambitious are taught hereby what 
event they ought to expe£t, when they foar higher than 
they ought. 

° Circe, the moft fkilful of all forcerefles, poifoned her 
hufband, a king of the Sarmatians \ for which Ihe was 
banifhed by her fubjecls, and, flying into Italy, fixed 
her feat on the promontory Circaum, where fhe fell in 
love with Glaucus, a fea God, w ? ho at the fame time 
loved Scylla : Circe turned her into a fea-monfter, by 
poifoning the water in which fhe ufed to wafh. She 
entertained Ulyjfes, who was driven thither by the vio- 
lence of ftorms, with great civility 5 and reftored his 
companions, whom, according to her ufual cuftom, 
fhe had changed into hogs, bears, wolves, and the like 
beafts, unto their forrrfer fhapes. Ulyjfes was armed a- 
gainft her aftaults ; fo that file fet upon him in vain. 
It is faid, that fhe drew down the very ftars from hea- 
ven : whence we are plainly informed, that voluptuouf- 
nefs (of which Circe is the emblem) alters men into ra- 
venous and filthy beafts ; that even thofe, who with the 
luftre of their wit and virtue fhine in the world, as ftars 
an the firmament, when once they addicT: themfelves to 
obfcene pleafures, become obfcure and inconfiderable, 
falling as it were headlong from the glory of heaven. 

p Pafiphae was the wife of Minos* king of Crete. She 
fell in love with a bull, and obtained her defire by the 
afiiftance of Dadalus, who, for that purpofe, inclofed 
her in a wooden cow:: fhe brought forth a Mino- 
taur (a monfter) one part of which was like a man, 
the other like a bull. q Now the occafion of the fa- 
ble, they fay, was this : Pafiphae loved a man whofe 
name was Taurus, and had twins by him in Z>^- 
dalus y houfe ; one of whom was very like her hufband 
Minos, and the other like its father. But however that 
might be, the Minotaur was fhut up in a labyrinth, 
which Dadalus made by the order of king Minos. This 
labyrinth was a pi ice diversified with very many wind- 

-e Ovid. Met. 14, P Ovid. Met. 1 . q Serv. ap Boccat. 1. 4.. 



( 46 ) 

ings and turnings, and crofs-paths running into one 
another. How this Minotaur v/as killed, and by whom* 
I fhall fhow particularly in its place in the hiftory of 
Thefeus. r Dadalus was an excellent artificer of Athens^ 
and, as it is faid, invented the ax, the faw, the plum- 
met, the augre, and glue ; he alfo firft contrived mafls 
and yards for fhips : befides, he carved ftatues fo ad- 
mirably, that they not only feemed alive, but would ne- 
ver Hand (till in one place ; nay, would fly away unlefs 
they were chained. This Dadalus^ together with Ica- 
rus his fon, was (hut up by Minos in the labyrinth which 
he had made, becaufe he had affifted the amours of "Pa- 
fiphae ; and finding no way to efcape, he made wings for 
himfelf and his fon, with wax and the feathers of birds : 
fattening thefe wings to their (boulders, Dadalus flew 
out of Crete into Sicily ; but Icarus in his flight, neglect- 
ing his father's advice, obferved not his due courfe, and 
out of juvenile wantonnefs flew higher than he ought ; 
upon which the wax was melted by the fun, the wings 
broke in pieces, and he fell into the fea, which is fince, 
5 according to Qvitf, named the Icarian fea from him. 

To thefe children of the <SW, we may add his niece 
and his nephew Byblis and Caunus. Byblis was fo much 
in love with Caunus^ though he was her brother, that 
file employed all her charms to entice him to commit 
inceft ; «nd when nothing would overcome his modefty, 
fhe followed him fo long, that at laft, being quite op- 
prefled with forrow and labour, flie fat down pnder a 
tree, and fr?d fuch a quantity of tears, l that^l&e was 
converted into a fountain. 

«■ OvicL Met. 8. Paufan. in Att'c. 

s Icarus Icariis nomina fecit aquis. Trift. I* 

Icarian Teas frcm Icarus were called. 

t Sic lachrymis confumpta ruts Pk&beia Byblis 

Vertitur infontem y qui nunc quoque wallibus imis 

Nomen hahet domino, mgt aque fub Hike manat. Or. Met, 9. 

Thus the Phcebeiwn Byblis, fpeftt in tears, 

Eecomes a living fountain, which yet bears 

Htff name, and, under a black holm that grows 

In thofe rank valiies, plentifully flows. 



Mite + 



Taycfy 




I 



47 ) 



CHAPTER IV. 

SECT. I. MERCURY. HIS IMAGE AND BIRTH. 

P. WHO Is that young man, u with a cheerful coun- 
tenance, a boneft look, and lively eyes; who is fo fair 
without pint ; having wings fixed to his hat and his 
fhoes, and a rod in his hand, which is winged, and 
bound abou by two ferpents ? 

M. It is the image of Mercury, as the Egyptians paint 
htm ; whofe face is partly black and dark, and partly 
clear and bright ; becaufe fometimes he converfes with 
the celeftia!, and fometimes with the infernal Gods. 
He wears winged (hoes (which are called Talaria) and 
wings are a!fo fattened to his hat (which is called Peta- 
[Jus) becaufe, fince he is the meffenger of the Gods, he 
ought not only to run but ,to fly. 

P. Of what parents was he born ? 

M> w His parents were Jupiter ^ and Mala the daugh- 
ter of Atlas ; and for that reafon, perhaps, they ufed to 
offer facrifices to him in the month of May. They fay 
( ; that Juno fuckled him a while in his infancy; and once, 
when he fucked the milk very greedily, his mouth be- 
, ing fiill^ it ran out of it upon the heavens, and made 
that white ftream which they call x the Milky -way. 



S£CT. 2. THE OFFICES AND QUALITIES OF 
MERCURY. 

P. What were Mercurfs offices and qualities ? 

M. He had many offices, i. y The firft and chiefefl 

of them was to carry the commands of Jupiter ; whence 

he is commonly called the Mejfenger of the Gods. 2. 

• Heiwept the room where the Gods fupped, and made 

« Galen ap. Nat. Com. 1. 5. w Htfiod. in Theog. Hor. Carm. 1, 
x Via laftea quam Grasci vocant Gulaxiam, utto tS ycc^ccy.Tocy a la&e, 
Macrob. et Suidas, / Lucian, dial, Maise et Mercurii. 



( 48 ) 

the beds ; and underwent many other the like fervile 
employments : hence he was ftyled z Camillus or Caf- 
millus, that is, an inferior fervant of the Gods ; for an- 
ciently a all boys and girls under age were called Camilli 
and b Camilla: and the fame name was afterward given, 
to the young men and maids, who c attended the priefts 
at their facrifices ; though the people of Boeotia d inftead 
of Camillus, fay Cadmillus ; perhaps from the Arohk word 
chadam, to ferve ; or from the Phoenician word chadmel^ 
God's fervant, or minijler facer. 3. e He attended upon 
dying perfons to unloofe their fouls from the chains of 
the body, and carry them to hell : he alfo revived, and 
placed into new bodies, thofe fouls which had completed 
their full time in the Ely/tan fields* Almoft all which 
things Virgil comprifes in feven verfes f . 

His remarkable qualities were likewife many. 1. 
They fay, that he was the inventor of letters. This is 
certain, he excelled in eloquence, and the art of fpeaking 
well ; infomuch that the Greeks called him Hermes^ 
from his (kill g in interpreting or explaining ; and there- 



's Stat. Tullian. 2. de vocab. rerum. a Seiv. in ^n. 12. 

J> Pacnv. in Medea. Dion. Halicarrv* 1. 2. Mcicrob. Saturn. 3. 

* Bochart, Geogr, 1. 1. c. 2. d Soph, in CEdip. e Horn. OdyfT. 24.. 
f Dixerat. Me pair is magni -par ere parabat 
Imperioy tt prirnum pedibus talaria neclit 
Aurea, qua fubtime?n alisji-i e pernor a fupra* 
Seu terram, rapido pariter cum flamine port ant, 
^um <virgam capit 5 bac animas ille e c vocat Oreo 
PalUntesj alias fub trijiia Tartara mitt it ^ 
s Datjhmnos, adimirgue, et lamina morte refignat. ^En.,4. 

Hermes obeys 5 with golden pinions binds 
His flying feet, and mounts the weftern winds ; 
And, whether o'er the feas or earth he files, 
With rapid force they bear him down 'he fkies. 
But fhft he grafps, within his awful hand, 
The marks .of fovereign pow>, his magic wand : 
With this he draws the fouls from hollow graves; 
W T ith this he drives thena down the Stygian waves ; 
With this he feals in deep the wakeful fight, 
And eye?, though closM in death, reftores to light* 
S A7ro 7 : c iffawvun *• e * ab interpretando* 



( 49 ) 

fore he is accounted the h God of the rhetoricians and 
orators. 2. He is reported to have been the inventor of 
contracts, weights, and meafures ; to have firft taught 
the arts of buying, felling, and trafficking ; and to have 
received the name of Mercury * from his understanding 
of merchandife. Hence he is^accounted the God of the 
merchants, and the God of gain \ fo that all unexpected 
gain and treafure, which comes of a fudden, is from 
him called l^Tov or lyuaTot SJiermeloji or hermaion\ 3. 
In the art of thieving he certainly excelled all the (harpers 
that ever were, or will be k ; for he is the very prince 
and God cf thieves. The very day in which he was 
born, he ftole away fome cattle from king Admeius' herd, 
although Apollo was keeper of them ; who complained 
much of the theft, and bent his bow sgainft him : but, 
in the mean time, Mercury ftole even his arrows from 
him. While he was yet an infant, and entertained by 
Vulvan> he ftole his tools from him. He took away by 
fteaith Venus' girdle, while (he embraced him ; ancLjr*z/H 
pliers fceptre: he defigned to fteal the thunder too, but 
he was afraid left it fhould burn him. 4. He was migh~ 
tily fkilful in making peace j_ and for that reafon was 
fometimes painted with chains of gold flowing from his 
mouth, with which he linked together the minds of 
thofe that heard him. And he not only pacified mortal 
men, but alfo the immortal Gods of heaven and hell 5 
for whenever they quarrelled among themfelves, he corn- 
pofed their differences. 

This pacificatory faculty of his is fignified by the rod, 
that he holds m his hand, which Apollo heretofore gave 
him, becaufe he had given Apollo a harp. * This rod 

h Tertul. de Coronis. Feftus. Fulgent. * A tr.ercibus, vel a 

rnercium ruia, Philoihat. in Soph. 3. k Lucian. Dial. Apoil. 

:& vuic 

1 Pacts et armorum, fnperis imlfque Deorum, 
Arbiter y alato qui pede car pit Her, - Ov'd, Faft# J» 

Thee, Wing-fcot, all the Gods both high and iosv, 
1 he arbiter of peace and war allow. 
Atlanias Teg<z& Nepos, commune prcfundis 
.Eifuperis numen, qui fas per liwen utrumqut 
D 



( So } 

tad a wonderful faculty of deciding all controverfies. 
This virtue was firft difcovered by Mercury^ who fee- 
ing two ferpents fighting, as he travelled, he put his 
rod between them, and reconciled them prefently ; for 
they mutually embraced each other, and ftuck to the 
rod, which is called Caduceus. m Hence all ambaffadors 
fent to make peace are called Caduceatores : for, as wars 
were denounced by n Feciaks> fo they were ended by 
rCaduceatores. 



SECT. 3, ACTIONS OF MERCURY. 

P. Are any of his actions recorded in hiftory ? 

M. Yes, feveral ; and fuch as in my judgment do 
not much deferve to-be remembered. However the fol- 
lowing account is moft remarkable. 

He had a fon by his fifter Fenus, called ° Hermaphro- 
ditus^ who was a great hunter. In thofe woods where 
he frequently hunted, a nymph called Salmacis lived, 
who greatly admired and fell in love with him ; for he 
was very beautiful, but a great womanhater. She often 
tempted the young mar}, but was often repulfed ; yet 
flie did not defpair. She lay in arnbufh at a fountain 
where he ufually came to bathe, and, when he was in 
the water, ffae alfo leaped in to him ; but neither fo 
could fhe overcome his extraordinary modefty. There- 
fore, it is faid, fhe prayed to the Gods above, that the 
bodies of both might become one, which was granted. 
Hermaphrodhus was amazed when he faw this change of 
his body ; and defired that, for his comfort, fome other 
perfons might be like him. He obtained his requeft 5 

Solus babes, geminoque facts compendia mundo. 

Claud, de Rap. Prof, 
Fair Malays fon, whofe powV alone doth reach 
High heaven's bright towers, and hell's duflcy beach, 
A common God to both, doft both the worlds appeals. 
m Horn, in Hym. n Lexic. Lat. in hoc Verbo. ° u e* 

Mercurio- Venus, nam 'JE^&?$ eil Mercuiius et .'A^o&'P) Venus* 



£ 5* ) 

For P whoever wafhed himfelf in that fountain (called 
Salmacisj in the country ofCaria) became a hermaphro- 
dite, that is, had both fexes. I am unwilling to omit 
the following ftory. 

A herdfman, whofe name was Battus, faw Mercury 
itealing Admetus 9 cows, from Apollo their keeper. When 
Mercury perceived that his theft was difcovered, he went 
to Battus, and defired that he would fay nothing, and 
gave him a delicate cow. Battus promifed him fecrecy. 
Mercury, to try his fidelity, came in another Ihape to 
him, and afked him about the cows ; whether he faw 
them, or knew the place where the thief carried them* 
Battus denied it ; but Mercury prefled him hard, and 
promifed that he would give him both a bull and a cow, 
if he would difcover it. With this promife he was over- 
come ; upon which Mercury was enraged, and, laying 
afide his difguife, turned him into a ftone called Index* 
This ftory Ovid defcribes in very elegant verfe^ 

The ancients ufed to fet up ftatues where the roads 
croffed : thefe ftatues they call Indices, becaufe, with an 
arm or finger held out, they fhowed the way to this or 
that place. The Romans placed fome in public places 
and highways ; as the Athenians did at their doors * to 
drive away thieves ; and they call thefe ftatues Hermes^ 
from Mercury, whofe Greek name was Hermes : con- 
cerning which Hermes it is to be obferved, 

I. Thefe images have neither r hands nor feet \ and 

* Ovid. Met. 4. 

^ At Battus ■, poftquam eft me fees gemlnata, fub Hits 
Monti bus, tnquit, erant : et erant fub montibus iliis* 
Rifit AtlantiadeSj et -me mihi, perfide, prodis : 
Me mihi prodis, ait ? petjuraque peSIora <vertit 
In durum filicem, qui nunc quoque dicitur Index* 
Battus, on th' double proffer, tells him, there $ 
Beneath thofe hills, beneath thofe hills they were. 
Then Hermes laughing loud, What, knave, I iay 5 
Me to myfelf, myfelf to me betray ? 
Then to a touch ftone turn'd his perjur'd breaft, 
Whofe nature now is in that name exprefs'cL 

? Sunt *A*ro&$ kcc) ciyj'^* Herod * *• *■ 

D2 



( 52 ) 

hence Mercury was called Cyllenius, and Sy tontra&ton 
8 CylliuSy which words are derived from a Greek word 
figmfying a man without hands and feet ; and not from 
CyUene y -z mountain in Arcadia^ on .which he was edu- 
cated. 

2. A purfe was ufually hung to a ftatue of Mercury^ 
x to fignify that he was the God of gain and profit, and 
prefided over merchandifing ; in which, becai.fe many 
times things are done by fraud and treachery, they gave 
him the name of Dolius. 

3. The Romans ufed to join the ftatues of Mercury 
and Minerva together, and thefe images they called' 
Hermathena* ; and facrificed to both deities upon one 
and the fame altar. Thofe who had efcaped any great 
danger always offered facrifices to Mercury : w they 
offered up a calf, and milk, and honey, *nd efpecially 
the tongues of tbe facrifices, which, with a great deal of 
ceremony, they caft into the fire, and then the facrifice 
was finifhed. It is faid,-that the Megarenfes firft ufed 
this ceremony. 

CHAPTER V. 

SECT. I. BACCHUS. HIS IMAGE* 

M. WHY do you laugh, Palaophilus ? 

P. Who can forbear, when he fees that filthy, fhame- 
lefs, and immodeft God, placed next to Mercury ; x 
with a naked body, a red face, lafcivious looks, in an 
effeminate pofture, difpirited with luxury, and overcome 
with* wine. His fwoln cheeks refemble bottles ; his 
gre^t belly, fat breafts, and diftended iwelling, paunch, 
reprefent a hogfliead, rather than a God, to be carried 
in that chariot. 

jJi. That is no wonder ; for it is Bacchus himfelf, the 

s KvXho$* i, e. manuum et pedum expers. L'l. Gyr. t Ma- 
crch. et Sulci, apuci Lil. u Cicero w Paufan. in Attic. Ovid. 
Met. 4* Calliftratt Homer. x Eurip. in Bacchis. 



( 53 ) 

God of wine, and the captain and emperor of drunkards* 
He is crowned with ivy and vine-leaves ; and has in his 
hand a thyrfus, inftead of a fceptre, which is a javelin 
with an iron head* encircled by ivy or vine-leaves. 
y He is carried in a chariot, which is fometimes drawa 
by tigers and lions, and fometimes by lynxes and pan- 
thers ; and, like a king, he has his guards, z who are a 
drunken band of fatyrs, demons, nymphs that prefide 
over the wine-prefles, fairies of fountains, and prieftefles. 
Silenus oftentimes comes after him, fitting on an afs that 
bends under his burden. 

P. But what is here ? This Bacchus has got horns,, 
and is a young man without a beard : I have heard* 
that the inhabitants of Elis paint him like an old man* 
with a beard. 

M. It is true. He is fometimes painted 'an old man, 
and fometimes a fmooth and beard lefs boy ; as a Ovid 
and b Tibullus defcribe him. I (hall give you the reafon 
of all thefe things, and of his horns, mentioned alfo in 
% Ovid, before I make an end of this fable. 

SECT. 2. THE BIRTH OF EACCHUS. 

Bacchus 9 birth was both wonderful and ridiculous, if 
the poets may be heard ; as they muft when the dif- 
courfe is about fables. 

7 Ovid, de Art. Anu Ariftoph. Scholia ft. in Plutum. Strabo, 1. 
a6. Ovid. Met. 3.4. z Conors Satyrorum, Cobaiorum, Le- 

narum, Naiadnrn, atque Baccharum-. 

a Tibi insonfumpta jwventa ? 

Tu puer at emus, tu for mofiffunus alto 

Confpiceris ceeio^ tiki, cum fine cornibus adfas % 

Virgineum caput eft. 

— Still dpi! thou enjoy 

Unwailed youth ? Eternally a boy 

Thoifrt feeri in heaven, whom all perfections grace ; 

And, when unhorrTd, thou had a virgin's face. 

• b Soils aierna eft Phcebo B.acchoque ju venta. 

Phoebus and Bacchus only- have eternal youth.. 

« Accedant capiti coniua, Bacchus ens. 

Clap to thy head a pair of horns, and Bacchus thou /halt be#- 



( 54 ) 

They tell us, that when Jupiter was in love with 
Semele^ it raifed Jum's jealoufy higher than ever before. 
Juno therefore endeavoured to deftroy her ; and, in the 
fhape of an old woman, vifited Semele^ wifhed her much 
joy from her acquaintance with Jupiter ^ and advifed her 
to oblige him, when he carne, by aij inviolable oath, to 
grant her a requeft : then, fays fhe to Seme/e> afk him 
to come to you as he is wont to come to Juno ; and he 
will come clothed in all his glory, and majefty, and 
honour, Sernele was greatly pleafed with this advice; 
and therefore, when Jupiter vifited her next, fhe d beg- 
ged a favour of him, but did not exprefly name the fa- 
vour. Jupiter bound himfelf in the molt folemn oath 
to grant her requeft, let it be what it would. Sernele. 
encouraged by her lover's kindnefs, and little foreseeing 
that what fhe defired would prove her ruin, begged of 
Jupiter to come to her embraces in the fame manner 
that he careffed Juno. What Jupiter had fo folemnly 
fworn to perform, he could not refufe. He could not 

& ■ ■■ Rogat ilia Jovemjine nomine munus. 

Cut Deus, Biige, ait ; nullam patter* repulfam : 

QuGque magis ere das ; Stygii quoque cenfeia funte 

Numina torrentis, timor et Deus ille Deorum. 

Lceta malo, wmiumque potens, perituraque amemtis 

Obftquio Stmele : Qualem Saturnia y dixh, 

Tefolet ample city Veneris cumfcedus initis, 

Da mihi te talem. Ovid. Met. $, 

—■ — . She aiVd of Jove a gift unnam'd. 

When thus the kind conferring God reply'd, 

Speak hut the choice, it fhall not be deny'd : 

And, to confirm thy faith, let Stygian Gods 

And all the tenants of hell's dark abodes, 

Wtnefs my promife : thefe are oaths that bind, 

And Gods that keep e'en Jove himfelf confined, 

Tranfported with the fad decree, fhe feels 

Ev'n mighty fatisfaclion in her ills \ 

And juft about to peiifn by the grant* 

And kind compliance of her fond gallant, 

Says, Take Jove's vigour as you ufe Jove^s name* 

The fame the ftrength, and finewy force the fame, 

As when you mount the great Saturnia's bed, 

And lock'd in her embrace* diffufive glories fhed* 



( 5S I 

yecal his words, nor free himfelf from the obligation of 
his oath ; fo that he put on all his Terrors, arrayed him- 
felf with his greateft glory, and in the midfl: of thunder 
and lightning entered Seme/e's houfe. e Her mortal 
body was not able to ftand the (hock ; fo that fhe pe- 
rilled in the embraces of her lover ; for the thunder 
ftruck her down and ftupified her, and the lightning re- 
duced her to afhes. So fatal are the rafh defires of the 
ambitious ! When fhe died, fhe was big with child of 
Bacchus, who was preferved, after his mother's deceafe, 
in fuch a maner as will make you laugh to hear it ; for 
the f infant was taken out of his mother's womb and 
fewed into Jupiter's thigh, whence in fulnefs of time it 
was born, and then g delivered into the hands of Mer- 
cury to be carried into Eubcea, to Macris, the daughter 
of Arijlaus, h who immediately anointed his lips with, 
honey, and brought him up with great .care in a cave > 
to which there were two gates, 

SECT. 3. NAMES OF BACCHUS. 

We will firft fpeak of his proper name, and then 
come to his titles and furname. 

Bacchus was fo called from a i Greek word, which flg- 
nifies to revel ; and, from the fame reafon, the wild 
women, his companions, are called k Thyades and * Ma- 

c „ Corpus mortale tumultus 

Non tulit athereos ; donifque jugalibus arjit* 

Nor could her mortal body bear the fight 

Of glaring beams, and ftrong celeftial light 5 

But fcorch'd all o'er, with Jove^s embrace expir'd, 

And mourn'd the gift fo eagerly defir'd. 

f — Genetricis ab al<vo 

Eripittir, patrioque tener (ji credere dignum) 

Infuitur femori, maternaque tempora complei. 

The imperfect babe, that in the womb does Ke, 

Was ta'en by Jove and fewM into his thigh, 

His mother's time accomplishing, 
g Eurip. Bacch. Nat. Com. 1. 4. . h Apol. Argon. 4, 

I'Atto tS (3ax;c i'in feu gccax^v ab infaniendo. Eultath. apud Lil« 
k 'Atto tS$ Sua$ a furore ac rabie. Virg, ^n. 4. 



( 56 ) 

nades, which words fignify madnefs and folly. They 
were alfo called m Mtmallones> that is, imitators or mi- 
inicks ; becaufe they imitated all Bacchus' anions. 

n Biformisy becaufe he was reckoned both, a young 
and an old man, with a beard, and without a beard : 
or, becaufe wine (of which Bacchus is the emblem) makes 
people fometimes cheerful and pleafant, fpmetimes pee- 
vifh and morofe. 

He was named ° Brifteus, either (as fome think) from 
the nymph his nurfe \ or from the ufe of the grapes and 
honey, which he invented, for brifa fignifies a bunch of 
pre'fled grapes ; or elfe from the promontory Brifa y in 
the ifland of Lejbos^ where he was worfhipped. 

F Bromiusj from the crackling of fire, and noife of 
thunder, that was heard when his mother was killed in 
the embraces of Jupiter, 

q Bimater? becaufe he had two mothers : the firft was 
Semele, who conceived him in the womb ; and the other, 
the thigh of Jupiter, into which he was received after 
he was faved from the fire. 

He is called by divers of the Greeks r Bugenes, that 
is, born of an ox, and thence Tauriformis, or Tauriceps ; 
and he is fuppofed to have horns, becaufe he firft 
ploughed with oxen, or becaufe he was the foil of Ju- 
piter Amnion^ who had the head of a ram. 

s Damon bonus^ the good angel \ and in feafts, after the 
vi&uals were taken away, the laft glafs was drunk round 
to his honour. 

1 Dithyrambusj which fignifies either that he was born 
twice, of Semele and of Jove ; or the double gate, that 
the cave had in which he was brought up : or u perhaps 

1 A pc&ivofAMi infanio, ferocio. m A miaoco(ach imitor. n Ai- 
potfoq. Diod= apud Lil. ° Cornut. in Perf. Sat. i. P ' Atto 

«r£ $£o ( w,y ab incendii crepitu, tonitrufque fonitu. Ovid. Met. 4. 
q Idtm ibid. * Buyeviq, a ! ° ov e genitus. Clemens Strom. Euf. L 
4. prasp. Evang. s Diodor. 1. 5. Idem 1. 3. t 'Airo r2 <ftq 

*t$ Qvgotv uvaGuiveiv, a bis in januam ingrediendo. Diodor. Orig. 
Eufeb. u Quafi per geminam portam 3 hie proverbialitei' de vino* 

racit 70 ro^ta hvvgov* 



( 57 ) 
it means, that drunkards cannot keep fecrets ; but what- 
ever is in the head comes into the mouth, and then burfts 
forth, as faft as it would out of two doors. 

Dionyfiiaox Dionyfus, w from his father Jupiter, or' 
from the nympns called Ny[a^ by whom he was nurfed* 
as they, fay ; or from a Greek* word, fignifying to pricky 
becaufe he pricked his father's fide with his horns,, 
when he was born; or from Jupiter's lamenefs, who 
limped when Bacchus was in his thigh ; or from an. 
ifland among the Cyc/ades, called Dia, or Naxos y , which 
was dedicated to him when he married Ariadne ; or, laft- 
Iy, from the city of Nyfa, in which Bacchus reigned. 

z Evius, or Evous: for, in the war of the Giants, 
when Jupiter did not fee Bacchus, he thought that he 
was killed, and cried out, a Alas, fori f or, becaufe when 
he found that Bacchus had overcome the Giants, by* 
changing himfejf into a lion, he cried out again, b Well 
dune, fori*. 

c Evan, from the acclamations of the Bacchantes^ who 
were therefore called Evantes. 

Euchius, d becaufe Bacchus fills his glaTs plentifully* 
even up to the brim. 

e Eleleus and Eleus, from the acclamation wherewith 
they animated the ioldiers before the fight, or encou- 
raged them in the battle itfelf. The fame acclamation; 
was alfo ufed in celebrating the Orgia, which were fa* 
crifices offered up to Bacchus. 

f lacchus was alfo one of his names, from the noife- 
which men make when drunk : and this * title is given- 

w 'Amo T8 Aio? a Jove, Pburnut-. in fab. * a vvccco pnngo, 
X,ucian. Dial. y Nocro$, k ?• claudus, Nonn. 1. 9. * Eheu. 

vU \ Ebeu fill ! Eurip. in Bacch.. a VSrg. JSfl* 7. b EJ vte 

Euge fiii ! Coram, in Perf.. Acrbn. in Horat. c Virg. ./En. 6„ 

QvtcL Met. 4. d Ab bv^sv, bene ac large f undo. Nat. Com* 1. 5.. 
e Ab \aO\v, exclamatione bellica. Ovid. Met. 4. iEfchyl..in Prometh* 
f Ab \oL%yj.vo) clamo,. vocjferojv 

- % — Latufque Jimul procedit lacchus 
Crinali fiorens hedera : quern Farthica Tigrisj 
Kdaty et auratos in nodurn colligit ungues., Rap. Fr.of* 

» 5 



( 53 ) 

him by Claudian ; from whofe account of Bacchus , we 
may learn, that he was not always naked, but fome~ 
times clothed with the (kin of a tiger. 

Lenaus\ becaufe, as Donatus fays, h wine palliates 
and afluages the forrows of men*s minds. But Servim 
thinks that this name, fince it is a Greek name, ought 
not to be derived from a Latin word, as Donatus fays ? 
but from a Greek \ word, which fignifies the vat or prefs^ 
in which wine is made. 

k Liber and Liber Pater, from libera \ as in Greek they 
call him E^uO/pio? \Eleuiberios\ the Deliverer ; for he is 
the fymbol of liberty, and was worfhipped in all free 
cities. 

Lfleus and Lyceus fignify the fame with Liber: for 
wine l frees the mind from cares ; and thofe who have 
drank plentifully, fpeak whatever comes in their minds* 
as m Ovid fays. 

The facrifices of Bacchus were celebrated in the night* 
therefore he is called n Nyflilius. 

Becaufe he was educated upon the mountain Nyfa, he 
he is called Nyfaus°. 

Re&us, 'O^og [Orthosis becaufe he taught a king of 
Athens to dilute his wine with water : thus men, who 
through much drinking ftaggered before, by mixing 
water with their wine, begin to go ftraight. 

His mother Semele and his nurfe were fometimes called 
Thyo ; therefore from this they called him p Thyoneus. 

Laftly, he was called q Triumphus ; becaufe, when m 
triumph the conquerors went into the capitol, the fol- 
diers cried out, Io Triumphe / 

■ The jolly God comes in, 

His hair with ivy twin'd, his clothes a tiger's (kin, 

Whofe golden claws are clutch'd into a knot. 
fc Quod leniat mentem vinum. * 'Aiuo <rS MvS or Ky^x, i. e 9 
torculari. Serv. in Geo. 2. k Virg. Eel. 7. Pint, in Probi. Pau- 
ian. in Attic. I 'Avro t» Xvm 9 a folvendo. 

m Curafugit, multo diluiturque mero* Art. Am, 

The plenteous bowl all care difpels. 
n Nwmtotf, nocle perficio. Phurnut. in Bacch. Ovid. Met. 4.. 
• Ovid, ib, p Hor, Carrrt, 1, % ®£iocp%o$, Var. de Ling* Lan 



( 59 ) 



SECT. 4. ACTIONS OF BACCHUS. 

Bacchus invented r fo many things ufeful to mankind, 
cither in finifhing controverfies, in building cities, in 
making laws, or obtaining victories, that he was de- 
clared a God by the joint fuffrages of the whole world. 
And, indeed, what could not Bacchus himfelf do, when 
his prieftefies, by ftriking the earth with their thyrji? 
drew forth rivers of milk and honey, and wine, and 
wrought feveral fuch miracles, without the leaft la- 
bour ? And yet they received their whole power from 
Bacchus. * 

i. He invented the s ufe of wine; and firft taught the 
art of planting the vine from which it is made; as alfo 
the art of making honey, and tilling the earth. This 
x he did among the people of Egypt, who therefore ho- 
noured him as a God, and called him Oftris. Let Bac~ 
chus have honour, becaufe he invented the art of plant- 
ing vines ; but let him not refufe to the afs of Nauplia 
its praifes, that, by gnawing vines, taught the art of' 
pruning them. 

'2. He invented u commerce and merchandife, and- 
found out navigation, when he was king of Phoenicia* 

3. At the time when men wandered about unfettled, 
like beafts, w he reduced them into fociety and union : 
he taught them to worfhip the Gods 5 and was excellent 
in prophefying. 

4. He fubdued India*, and many other nations, riding 
on an elephant : x he viftorioufly fubdued Egypt, Syria? 
Phrygia, and all the eaft ; where he erected pillars, as 
Hercules did in the weft : he firft invented triumphs and 
crowns for kings. 

5. Bacchus was defirous to reward Midas the king of 
Phrygia (of whofe aftes ears we fpake before) becaufe 
he had done fome fervice to him ; and bid him afk what 

* Diod. 1. 5. Hift. et Orof. 1. 2. Hor. Ep. 2, s Ovid. Faft. 3, 
t Dion, de Situ Orbis. Vide Nat. Com. » Idem ibid, w 0?id» 
Faft, Eurip. in Bagch. a Dion, de Situ OrWs, 



( 6o ) 

he would. Midas defired, that whatever he touched 
might become gold : y Bacchus was troubled that Midas 
afked a gift which might prove fo deftru&ive to himfelf; 
however, he granted his requeft, and gave him the 
power he defired. Immediately whatever Midas touch- 
ed J^ecame gold \ nay, when he touched his meat or 
drink, they alio became gold : when therefore he fav/ 
that he could not efcape death by hunger or thirft, he 
then perceived that he had fool i (hi y begged a definitive 
gift 5 and repenting his bargain, he defired Bacchus to 
take his gift to himfelf again, Bacchus confented, and 
bid him bathe in the river Paclolus : Midas obeyed ; and 
hence the fand of that river became gold, and the river 
was called Cbryforrhoos, or Aurijluus. 

6. When he was yet a child, fome Tyrrhenian mari- 
ners found him afleep, and carried him into a fhip : 
Bacchus foil flupified them, flopping the fhip in -fuch a 
manner that it was immoveable ° y afterward he caufed 
vines to fpring- up the fhip on a fudden, and ivy twin~ 
ing about the oars ; and when the feamen were almoft 
dead with the fright,, he threw them headlong into the 
fca» and changed them into dolphins \ 

SECT. % THE SACRIFICES OF EACCHFS. 

In facrifices there are three things to be confidered j 
the creatures that are offered, the priefts who offer them t 
and the facrifices themfelves 5 . which are celebrated with. 
peculiar ceremonies.. 

i» Among trees and plants, a thefe were facred or 
confecrated to Bacchus - y thtfr y the ivy, bindweed^ the 

y Annuit opiatis, nocituraque munem fol<vit 
Mber$ et indoluity quod non meliora petiffet. Ovid. Met. il« 
To him his harmlefs wifti Lyaus gives> 
And at the weaknefs of 's requeft he grieves*. 
Latus' babet % gaudetque malo. 
Glad he departs, and joys in 's mifer'y. 
a. Oaid. Met. $. a Xenoph, in Sacerd, PluU in ProbU. Symp* 
Eurip* in Bacch, {Xerodot, Euterpe. 



( 6i ) ■ 

Jigs and the vine. Among animal?, the dragon and the 
pie, fignifying the talkativenefs of drunken people. The 
goat was flain in his facrificesy becaufe he is a creature 
deflructive to the vines. And among the Egyptians? thej 
Sacrificed dkfwine to his honour before their doors. 

2. The priefts and priefteffes of Bacchus were b jhe 
Satyrs, the Sikfii, the Naiades, but especially the revel- 
ling women called Bacchce, from Bacchus* name. 

3. The Sacrifices them (elves were various, and cele- 
brated with different ceremonies, according to the va- 
riety of places and nations. They were celebrated on 
ftated days of the year, with the greateft religion, or 
rather, with the greateft profanenefs and impiety. 

Ofcophcria c were the firft facrifices offered up to Bac- 
chus : they were inftitutcd by the Phoenicians, and when 
they were celebrated, the boys, carrying vine-leaves in 
their hands, went in ranks praying, from the temple cf 
Bacchus, to the chapel of Pallas:. 

The d Tneierica were celebrated in the winter by 
night, by the Baccha who went about armed, making 
a great noife, and foretelling, as it was believed, things 
to come. Thefe facrifices were entitled Trieterica? be- 
caufe Bacchus returned from his Indian expedition after 
three years. 

The e Epilenaa were games celebrated in the time of 
vintage; before the prefs for fqueezing the grapes was 
invented. They contended with one another, in tread- 
ing the grapes, who fluuld fooneft prefs out moft mnji 3. 
and in the mean time they fung the praifes of Bacchus? 
begging that the mujl might be fweet and good, 

f Canephoria, among the ancient Jihenians^. were per- 
formed by marriageable virgins, who carried golden 
bafkets filled with the firft fruits of the year. g Never- 
thelefs, fome think that thefe facrifices were i minuted 
to the honour of Diana, and that they did not carry 
fruit in the banket, but prefents wrought with their own 

b Vide Nat. Com. \. $. c Paufan. in Atz'c. d Ovid. Fa ft. 

et Met. 6, c Scholiaft. in Ariitoph. i Demarat, in Qtx% 

Dionyf* £ Doroth. Sydon, apud Nat. Conu 



( 62 ) 

hands, which they offered to this Goddefs, to teftify 
that they were defirpus to quit their virginity, and marry. 

Apaturia were feafts celebrated in honour of Bacchus? 
letting forth how greatly men are h deceived by wine. 
Thefe feftivals were principally obferved by the Athe- 
nians. 

Ambrofia } were feftivals obferved in January, a month 
facred to Bacchus ; for which reafon this month was 
called Lenaus or Lenao, becaufe the wine was brought 
into the city about that time. k But the Romans called 
thefe feafts Brumalia, from Bruma, one of the names of 
Bacchus among them y aud they celebrated them twice 
a year, in the months of February and Auguft. 

Ajcolia, feafts fo called from a Greek 1 word fignifying 
a horacho, or leathern bottle ; feveral of which were pro- 
duced filled with air, or, as others fay, with wine. 
m The Athenians were wont to leap upon them with one 
foot, fo that they would fometimes fall down ; however, 
they thought they did a great honour to Bacchus hereby, 
becaufe they trampled upon the (kins of the goat, which 
animal is the greateft enemy to the vines. But among 
the RomamSy rewards were diftributed to thofe who, by 
artificially leaping upon thefe leathern bottles, overcame 
the reft : then all of them together called aloud upon 
Bacchus confufedly, and in verfes unpolifhed ; and, put- 
ting on malks, they carried his ftatue about their vine- 
yards, daubing their faces with the bark of trees and the 
dregs of wine : fo returning to his altar again, whence 
they came, they prefented their oblations in bafins to 
him, and burnt them. And in the laft place, they hung 
upon the higheft trees little wooden or earthen images - 
of Bacchus, which, from the fmallnefs of their mouths, 
were called Ojciila : they intended that the places,, 
where thefe fmall images were fet up in the trees, Ihould 
be as it were fo many watchtowers, from which Bac- 

k A decipiendo ab aTraTa^, fallo, di£fca funt uTrarypicc. Vide 
Nat. Com. in Bac. * Idem ibid. k Coel. Rhod. 1. 18. c. 5, 

* Ab imbf, utri& Tzetfes in Hefiod* *» Menandr U de Myfter, 



( 63 ) . 

chus might look after the vines, and fee that they dif- 
fered no injuries. Thefe fefiivals, and the images hung 
up when they were celebrated, are elegantly defcribed 
by n Virgil^ in the fecond book of his Georgics. 

Lajlly, the Bacchanalia, or Dionyfta, or Orgia, were 
the feafts of Bacchus % among the Romans, which at 
firft were folemnized in February, at midday, by women 
only ; but afterward they were performed by men and 
women together, and young boys and girls, who, in a 
word, left no fort of lewdnefs and debauchery uncom- 
mitted : for, upon this occafion, rapes, whoredoms, 
poifon, murder, aud fuch abominable impieties were 
promoted under a facrilegious pretence of religion, till 
the p fenate by an edict abrogated this feftival, as Dia- 
gendus did at Thebes, fays Cicero % becaufe of their lewd- 
nefles ; which alio Pentkeus king of Thebss attempted, 
but with ill fuccefs, for the Bncchte barbarouily killed 
him ; whence came the ftory, that his mother and fif- 
ters tore him in pieces, fancying he was a boar. r There 
is a ftory befides, that Alcithoe, the daughter of Ninyas> 
and her fitters, becaufe, defpifing the facrifices of Bac- 
shusy they ftaid at home, and fpun while the Orgia were 

n ' Atque inter pvcula lati 

Mollibus in pratis unclos faliere per ufres : 
Nee non Aufonii, Trojd gens miffa colonic 
Verfibus incomptis luduni,, rifuque folate, 
Oraque corticibus fumunt ho r rendu awaits ; 
Et te, Baccbe, njocani per carmhm lata, tibique 
Of cilia ex altd fufpendunt mollia pinu, 
Hinc omnis largo pubejeit e vtneafceiu> &c. 
And glad with Bacchus, on the graiTy fci!, 
LeapM o'er the (kins of goats befmcard with ciL 
Thus Roman youth, deriv'd from ruiVd Troy, 
In rude Saturnian rhimes exprefs their by ; 
Deform'd with vizards cut from barks of trees, 
With taunts and laughter ioud their audience pleaie : 
In jolly hymns they praife the God of wine, 
Whofe earthen images adorn the pine, 
And there are hung on high, in honour of the vine. 
A madnefs fo devout the vineyard fills, &c. 
• Virg. Geo. 4. & JEn. 6. 7. P Liv. 1. 9. Aug. de &>, 

Dei 6, 1 DeLeg, ),a, c, 11, * Ovid, Met* 4. 



! 



( 64 ) 

Celebrating, were changed into bats. s And there is 
alfo an idle ftory, that Lycurgus, who attempted many 
times to hinder thefe Bacchanalia in vain, cut off his 
own legs, becaufe he had rooted up the vines to the 
difkonour of Bacchus* 

SECT. 6. THE HISTORICAL SENSE OF THE FABLE, 
BACCHUS AN EMBLEM EITHER OF NIMROD OK 
MOSES. 

I find two meanings applied to this fable. Some 
fay,, that l Bacchus is the fame with Nimrod : the reafons 
of this opinion are, i. The fimilitude of the words Bac- 
chus and Barchus, which fignifies the Son of Urns, that 
is, Nimrod. 2* They think the name of 'Nimrod may. 
allude to the Hebrew word namur, or the Chaldee namer^ 
a tiger; and accordingly u the chariot of Baohus was 
drawn by tigers, and himfelf clothed with the fkin of a 
tiger. 3„ Bacchus is fometimes called Nebrodes, which 
is the very fame as Nimrodus. 4. Mnfes ftyles Nimrod j 
a great hunter, and we find that Bacchus is ftyled x Za- 
greus r which in Greek figmfies the lame thing. I did 
not, indeed, mention this name of Bacchus among the 
reft before ; ; becaufe I defign not a nice and complete- 
account of every thing. Nor is it abfurd to fay,, that 
2V7>/- W preftded over the vines, fince he was y the firft 
king of Babylon, where were the molt excellent wines* 
as the ancients often fay. 

Others think that z Bacchus is Mofes ; becaufe many 
things in the fable of the one feem derived from the 
hiftory of the other. For, firft, forne feign that he was 
born in Egypt, and prefently fhut up in an ark, and 
thrown upon the waters, as Mofes was. 2. The fur- 
name of a Bimat.er y which belongs to Bacchus,, may be: 

» Apud Nat. Com. t Bochart. in Phaleg. u, Anthol. 1. t-« 
C 38. Ep. i,. w Nti€^y]c.. x Zovypiq, *• e* robuftus venator. 
y Ex Atbenaeo. 2 Vcflius apud Bochart. in fuo Canaan,. Gfc. 

HwtU in DemQnfuv Evangel » : f A^r^. 



( 65 ) 

afcribed to Mofes, who, befide one mother by nature, 
had another by adoption, king Pharaoh's daughter. 3. 
They were both beautiful men, brought up in Arabia, 
good foldiers, and had women in their armies. 4. Or* 
pheus directly ftyles Bacchus b a lawgiver, and calls him 
c Mofes, and further attributes to him d the two tables 
of the law. 5. Bacchus was called e Bicprnis \ and ac- 
cordingly the face of ''Mofes appeared double-horned, when 
he came down from the mountain, where he had fpoken ' 
to God ; the rays of glory that darted from his brow, 
refernbling the fprouting out of horns. 6. As fnakes 
were facrificed, and a dog given to Bacchus, as a com- 
panion ; fo Mofes had his companion Caleb, which in He* 
brew fignifies a dog.- 7. As the Baccha brought- water 
from a rock, by finking it with their thyrfe, and the coun- 
try wherever they came flowed with wine, milk, and ho- 
ney ; fo the land of Canaan, into which Mofes conduct- 
ed the Ifraelites, not only flowed with milk and honey, 
but with wine alfo ; f as appears from that large bunch of 
grapes which two men carried between them upon a <x<\u\ 
8. Bacchus g dried up the rivers Oronies and Hydafprs, 
by fliiking them with his thyrfus, and pafied through 
them, as Mofes paffed through the Red Sea. 9. It is 
: faid alio, h that a little ivy-ftick, thrown down by one 
of the Baccha upon the ground, crept like a dragon, 
and twilled itfelf about an oak. And, ic. That fthe 
Indians once were all covered with d'arknefs, while thofe 
Baccha enjoyed a perfect day. 

From this you may collect, that the ancient inven- 
tors of fables have borrowed many things from the Holy 
Scriptures, to patch up their conceits. Thus k Homer- 
fays, that Bacchus wreftled with Pallene* to whom he 
yielded ; which fable is taken from the hiftory of the 
angel wreftling with "Jacob. l In like manner Paujani- 
gs reports, that the Greeks at Troy found an ark that 

1 b ©£cruoifopof. c Moctyjv. d Al7rtax.cc &s«rj^ov, Exod. 

xxxiv. 29. e Eurip. in Bacch. f Numbers xtii. 24.. S Nona. 
in Dionyf. I.23&35.25.4.5. h A pud eundem. i Nonmtis 
Vof. ap.-Bochart. in Can. ' * Hi a d 4.8 i 1 Eae&h. in Achaid 



. ( 66 } 

was facred to Bacchus; which when Euripldus had 
opened, and viewed the ftatue of Bacchus laid therein,* 
he was prefently ftruck with madnefs : the ground of 
which fable is in the fecond book of Kings-, where the 
facred hiftory relates, that the Beth/hemites were deftroy- 
ed by God, becaufe they looked with too much- curio- 
fity into the ark of the covenant. m Again, the poets 
feign, that Bacchus was angry with the Athenians^ be- 
caufe they defpifed his folemnities, and received them 
not with due refpect, when firft they were brought by 
Pegafus out of Bceotla into Attica ■■;, for which he afflict- 
ed them with a grievous difeafe in the fecret parts, that 
could have no cure, till by the advice of the oracle they 
performed the reverences due to the God and erected 
phalli^ that is, images of the afflicted parts, to his honour ^ 
whence the feafts and facrifices called Fhallica were 
yearly celebrated among the Athenians, This fable has 
a refemblr.nce to the n hiftory of the Philijlines^ whom 
God punifbed with emerods fox their irreverence to the ■ 
ark ; and who, on con ful ting the diviners, were told* 
that they could not be cured, unlefs they made golden 
images of emerods, and confecrated them to God. 



SECT. 7. THE MORAL SENSE OF THE FABLE* 
BACCHUS THE SYMBOL OF WINE. 

Wine and its effects are underftood in this fable of 
Bacchus, Let us begin with the birth of Bacchus, When 
I imagine Bucchus in Jupiter's thigh, and Jupiter limp- 
ing therewith, it brings, to my mind the reprefentation 
of a man that is burdened and overcome with drink 5 
who not only halts, but reels and (tumbles, and madly 
rufhes wherever the force of the wine carries him. 

As Bacchus was taken out of the body of his mother 
Semele 9 in the midft of thunder and lightning ; fo after 
the wine is drawn out of the butt, it produces quarrels* 
violence, noife, and confufion. 

*- Ariftot. Schol. in Acanu * * Sam. ch. r, vi. 



t 



67 ) 



Bacchus was educated by the Naiades^ nymphs of the 
rivers and fountains - y whence men may learn to dilute 
their wine with water. 

But Bacchus is an eternal boy, And do not the old- 
eft men become children by too much drink ? Does 
not excefs deprive us of that reafon which difringuifhes 
men from boys. 

Bacchus is naked ; as he is who has loft his fenfes by 
drinking : he cannot conceal, he cannot hide any thing. 
Wine always fpeaks truth, it opens all the fecrets of 
the mind and body too ; of which let Noah be a witnefs. 

The poet fays p Bacchus has horns - 3 and from this we 
may learn, that Bacchus makes as many horned as Ve- 
nus. 

Nor does q wine make men only forget their cares 
and troubles, but it renders r even the meaneft people 
bold, infolent, and fierce, exercifing their fury 2nd rage- 
againft others, as a mad ox gores with its horns. I. 
know very well that fome think, that Bacchus was 
faid to be horned, becaufe the cups out of which wine 
was drank, were formerly made of horn s . 

He is crowned with ivy ; becaufe that plant (being 
always green and flourifhing, and as it were young) by 
its natural coldnefs, afluages the heat occafioned by too 
much wine. 

He is both a young and an old man ; becaufe, as a 
moderate quantity of wine increafes the ftrength of the 
body, fo excefs of wine deftroys it. 

Women only celebrated the facrifices of Bacchus ; 
and of them, only thofe who were enraged and intoxi- 



In vino Veritas. Erafm. in Adag. 

P Accedant caplti cornua> Bacchus eris. Ov. Ep. Saph* 

But put on horns, and Bacchus thou (halt be. 

* Curafugit, multo diluiturque mero- 
Full bowls expel all grief, dilfol/e all care. 

* Tunc <venwnt rifus, tunc pauper cor •nuafumit* 
By wine and mirth the beggar grows a king. 

« Porphyr* in z Carm. Horat. unde k^ccj^ quafi ke^dj^ a yj^; m 
Lil. Gyr. 



( 68 ) 

cated, and had abandoned thernfelves to all forts of wick- 
ednefs. Accordingly v/ine effeminates the mod mafcu- 
line minds, and difpofes them to luxury. It begets an- 
ger, and ftirs up men to madnefs ; and therefore lions 
and tigers draw the chariot of Bacchus. 

The men and women both celebrated the Bacchanalia 
in fnafks : it is well that they were afhamed of their 
faults ; their modefty had not quite left them ; feme 
remains of it were yet hid under thofe difguifes, which 
would otherwife have been utterly loft by the impudence 
of the ill words and actions which were heard and feea 
on thofe occafions. And docs not wine mafic and dif- 
guife us ftrangeiy ? Does it not make msn beafts, and 
'turn one into a lion, another into a bear, and another 
into a fwine, or an afs ? 

I had almoft forgot to tell you, that Bacchus is fome- 
times merry, and fometimes fad and remorfe : for, in- 
deed, What cherifhes the heart of man fo much as 
wine ? What more delightfully refrefhes the fpirits and 
the mind, than that .natural ne£lar, that divine medi- 
cine, which, when we have taken, f our griefs are pa-* 
cified, our forrows abated, and nothing but cheerfulnefs 
appears in our countenance ? 

The vine is fo beneficial to this life, that many fay 
" that the happinefs of one confifts in the enjoyment of 
the other ; but they do not confider, that if wine be the 
cradle .of life, yet it is the grave ofreafon: for, if men 
do conftantly fail in the red fea of claret, their fouls are: 
oftentimes drowned therein. It blinds them, and leads 
them under darknefs, efpecially when it begins to draw 
the fparkles and little ftars from their eyes. Then, the 
body being drowned in drink, the mind floats, or elfe 
is ftranded, Thus too great love of the vine is perni- 
cious to life; for from it come more faults than grapes* 
and it breeds more rnifchiefs than clutters. Would you 

* "Tunc dolor ei cura, rugaque fronth abefl. Ov. Art. Aniu, 
Our forrows flee, we end our grief and fears, • 
No thoughtful wrinkle in our face appears* 
a In vite horainis viram efts* 



C 69 ) 

fee an inftance of what you read? Obferve a drunken 
man : O beaft ! See how his head totters, his hams 
fink, his feet fail, his hands tremble, his mouth froths, 
his cheeks are flabby, his eyes fparkle and water, his 
words are unintelligible, his tongue falters and flops, 
his throat fends forth a nafty loathfome flench. But 
what do I fay ! It is not my bufinefs now to tell truth, 
but fables. 

CHAPTER VI, 

SECT. I. MARS. HIS IMAGE, 

P. AS far as I fee, we muft tarry in this place all 
the night. 

M. Do not fear it ; for I (hall not fay fo much of the 
other Gods as I have laid of Bac.hus ; and efpecially I 
hope that Mars, whole image is next, will not keep us 
fo long. 

P. Do you call him Mar^ that is fo fierce and four 
in his afpecl: j terror is every where in his looks, as well 
as in his drefs : he fits in a chariot drawn by a pair of 
horfes, which are driven by a diffracted woman ; he is 
covered with armour, and brandifhes a fpear in his. right 
hand, as though he breathed fire and death, and threat- 
ened every body with ruin and deftru&ion. 

M. It is Mars bmielf, the Godofwar^ who is often 
feen on horfeback. in a formidable manner, with a whip 
and a fpear together. The dor. was corfecrated to him, 
for his vigilance in the purfuit of his prey ; the wolf, 
for his rSpacioufnefs and perspicacity ; the raven, be- 
caufe he diligently follows armies when they march, 
and watches for trie carcaies of the flain ; and the cock, 
for his watch ftilnefs, whereby he prevent^ all utrprife. 
But, that ynu may underitand every thing in that pic- 
ture, 1 bfe ve* that the creatures which draw the chariot 
are not horfes, but Fear and Terror. Sometimes Dif* 
cord goes before them in tattered garments, and Glamour 
and Anger go behind. Yet fome fay, that Fear and 



( 70 ) 

Terror are fervants to Mars % and accordingly, he is 
not more w awful and imperious in his commands, than 
they are x ready and exaft in their obedience $ as we 
learn from the poets. 

P. Who is the woman that drives the chariot ? 

■A?.; She is Bellona^ the y Goddefs of war , and the com- 
panion of Mars ; or, as others fay, his fitter, or wife, 
or both. She prepares for him his chariot and horfes 
when he goes to. fight. It is plain that /he is called 
■Bellona from helium. She is otherwife called Duellona 
from duelluw-) or from the Greek word $ihov>n \beloni\ a 
weedle, whereof ihe is faid to be the inventrefs. Her 
priefts, the Bellonariiy facrificed to her in their own 
? blood : they s hold in each hand naked fwords, with 
which they cut then fhoulders, and wildly run up and 
down like men mad and pofTeffed upon which a people 
thought, that (after the facrlfice was ended) they were 
able to foretel future events. Claudian introduces Btl- 
iona combing fnakes ; and another b poet defcribes her 

■w Fcr gcleam> 'Bellona mihi> nexufque rotarum 

< Tende i Favor $ Frama rapidos, Formido, jugales. 

Claud, in Ruf 9 

My helmet let Bellona bring j Terror my traces fit $ 

And panic Fear, do thou the rapid driver fit. 

-x _. Steqjit medio in certatnine Mavors, 

•Calaiusfe'rro. t iriflefqae ex athere Dira, 

Et fcijfa gaudem >< adtt Difcordia pallet, 

■Qucm cum f anguine fequtiur Bellouaflagelh, Virg. JEn> §, 

Mars in the middle of the (hining fhieid 

As graved, and {hides along the liquid field. 

The Dira come from heav'n with quick defcent, 

And Difcord dy'd in blood, with garments rent, 

Divides the p**efs : her fteps Bellona treads, 

And (hakes her iron rod above their heads. 
y Silius. 1. 4. Stat. Theb. L 7. * $e6b*s numeris et utraque 

tnanu difliiclos gladios exerentes, currunt, efferuntur, infaniujit* 
Laclan. 1. 1. c. 12. a Juven. Sat. 4. Lucan. 1. 1. Eutrop. 

b ]pfa faciem quatiens, et flauam Janguine multo 

Spar/a co?nam, medias acies Bellona pererrat* 

Stridet Tart are a wgrofub ,pe8ore Diva 

Lethiferum ?nurmur. Sil. 1, 5* 

Her torch Bellona waving through the air, 

Sprinkles with dotted gore her flaming hair 5 

3 



( 7* ) 

Shaking a burning torch, with her hair hanging loofe, 
ftained and clotted with blood, and running through the 
midft of the ranks of the army, uttering horrid fhrieks 
and dreadful groans. 

Before the temple of this (joddefs there ftood a pil- 
lar called Bellied^ c over which the herald threw a fpear, 
when he proclaimed war. 



SECT. 2. DESCENT OF MARS. 

Man is fa id to be the fon of Jupiter and Juno^ 
though according to Ovid's ftory, he is the child of 
Juno only. .For, fays he, Juno greatly wondered by 
what way poffible her hufband Jupiter had conceived 
Minerva, and begot her himfelf, without the concur- 
rence of a mother (as we fhall fee in the hiftory of Mi- 
nerva) ; but as foon as her amazement ceafed % {he, 
being defirous of performing the like, went to Gceanus 
to afk his advice, whether fhe could have a child with- 
out her hufband's concurrence. She was tired in her 
journey, and fat down at the door of the Goddefs Flo- 
ra ; who, underftanding the occafion of her journey, 
deiired her to be of good heart, for fhe had in her gar- 
den a flower, which if fhe only touched with the tips 
of her fingers, the fmell of it would make her conceive 
a fon prefently. So Juno was taken into the garden, 
and the flower fhown her : fhe touched it, and con- 
ceived Mars, who afterward took to wife e Nerio or 
Nerione (which word in the Sabine language fignifies 
f valour and Jlrength) and from her the Claudian family 
formerly derived the name of Ner% 

And through both armies np and down doth flee, 

While from her horrid breaft Ti/ipbone 

A dreadful murmur fends, 
c Alex, ab Alexandre, L 8. d Horn, Iliad 5. Hefiod.in Theog, 
e Vide de la Cerda in Virg. Mn* 1« 8 a * Virtutem ct robur fig* 

toificat, 



( 72 ) 



SECT, 3. NAMES OF MARS. 

His name s Mars fets forth the power and influence 
he has in war^ where he prefides over the foldiers : and 
his other name h Mavors (hows, that all great exploits 
are executed and brought aho'ut through his means. 

The Greeks call him v> A^q [Ares] either from the 
deftrudtion and fiaughter which he caufes ; or from the 
k filence which is kept in war, where actions, not words, 
are neceflary. But from whatever words this name is 
derived, it is certain that thofe famous names Areopagus 
and Areopagita, are derived from 4res. The Areopagus 
(' Aejioirayoc, that is, the Hill or Mountain of Mars) was 
a place at Athens, in' which Mars, being accufed of 
murder and iftceft, as though he had killed Halirotbius, 
Neptune's fon, and debauched his daughter Alcippa, was 
forced to defend himfelf in a trial before twelve Gods, 
and was acquitted by fix voices ; from which time, that 
place became a court wherein were tried capital caufes, 
and the things belonging to religion. l The Areopagitce 
were the judges, whofe integrity and good credit was 
fo great, that no perfon could be admitted into their fo- 
ciety, unlefs he delivered in public an account of his life 
paft, and was found in every part thereof blamelefs. 
And, that the lawyers who pleaded might not blind the 
eyes of the judges by their charms of eloquence, they 
were obliged to plead their caufes without any orna- 
ments of fpeech ; \i they did otherwife, they were im- 
mediately commanded to be filent. And, left they 
fhould be moved to compaffion by feeing the miferable 
condition of the ; nfoners, they gave fentence in the 
dark, without lights'; not by words, but in a paper;' 

s Quod naanbus Lri belle naefir. >** Quod magna vertat. Var. de 
Ling. Lat. i ,6 ro> guobm tollere, vel eimipeit interficere, Cic. 
de Nat. Deor. 5. Phui put. k Ab «, non et \pa loquor, on h ru 

*vjo7\£$am Sv Xvywv oO<h Epyui ypeia, quod in bello neceflaria non fmt 
verba fed fa&a, Suidas. Paiuan. in Attic, ] Budaeus in Pandecl. 
1, ult. de ien, 

Z 



( 73 ) 

whence, when a man is obferved to fpeak very little, 
or nothing at all, they ufed proverbially to fay of him, 
that m He is asfiknt as one of the judges in the Areopagus* 

His name Gradivus comes from his ftatelinefe in 
n marching; or from his vigour in ° brandifhing his 
fpear. 

He is called Quirinus, from p Curls or Quiris 9 figni- 
fying a fpear; whence comes fecuris or Jemicuris, a piece 
of a fpear. And this name was afterward attributed to 
Romulus, becaufe he was efteemed the fon of Mars ; 
from whom the Romans were called ^uirites. * Gradi- 
vus is the name of Mars when he rages ; and £h>irinus, 
when he is quiet. And accordingly there were two 
temples at Rome dedicated to him ; one within the city, 
which was dedicated to Mars ^uirinus, the keeper of 
the city's peace ; the other without the city, near the 
gate, to Mars Gradivus, the warrior, and the defender 
of the city againft all outward enemies. 

The ancient Latins applied to him the title of r Sali± 
fubfulus, or dancer, from falio, becaufe his temper is very 
inconftant and uncertain, inclining fometimes to this 
fide, and fometimes to that, in wars: whence we fay, 
s that the iffiie of battle is uncertain, and the chance du- 
bious. But we muft not think that Mars was the only 
God of war ; c for Bellona, Viclcria, Sal, Luna, and 
Pluto i ufe to be reckoned in the number of martial dei- 
ties. It was ufual with the Lacedemonians to fhackle the 
feet of the image of Mars, that he fhould not fly from 
them : and among the Romans, the priefts Salii were 
inftituted to look after the facrifices of Mars, and go 
about the city dancing with their fhields. 

He was called n Enyalius, from Enyo, that is, Bellor.a, 
and by fuch like names ; but it is not worth my while 
to infift upon them longer. 

m Areopagita taciturnior. Cic. ad Attic. I. i. - A gradiendo. 
o Atto to* xeaic&ifelf, ab haftse vibratione. P Serv. in JEn, i. 

• ■q Idem ibid. r Pacuv. in Nonn. * Mars belli communis tit, 
Cic. J. 6. ep. 4. t Serv. in JEn, n. u Lil. Gyr, 



( 74 ) 



SECT. 4. ACTION OF MARS. 

It is ft range, that the poets relate only one aclion of 
this terrible God, and even that deferred to be concealed 
in darknefs, if the light of the fun had not difcovered 
it ; and if a good kernel was not contained in a bad (hell. 
The ftory of 'Mars and Venus* adultery, from which 
w Hermtone, a tutelar deity, was born, was fo publicly 
known, that x Ovid concludes every body knows it. Sol 
was the firft that difcovered it, and he immediately ac- 
quainted Vulcan, Venus' hufband, with his wife's treach- 
ery. Vulcan inftantly made a net of iron, whofe links 
were fo fmall aitd flender, that it was invifible ; and 
fpread it over the bed of Venus. Soon after the lovers 
return to their fport, and were caught in the net. VuU 
recalls ail the Gods together to the (how, who jeered 
them extremely; and after they had long been expofed 
to the jeft and hifles of the company, Vulcan, arthe re- 
queft of Neptune, unloofes their chains, and gives them 
their liberty. But Aktiryon, Mars' favourite, fuffered 
the puniftiment that his crime deferved ; becaufe, when 
he was appointed to watch, he fell afleep, and fo gave 
Sol an opportunity to flip into the chamber: therefore 
Mar's changed him into a y cock, which to this day is 
fo mindful of his old fault, that he conftantly gives no- 
tice of the approach of the fun, by his crowing. 



SECT 5. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 

Let us explain tjhis fable. Indeed when a Venus is 
married to a Vulcan, that is, a very handfome woman 
to a very ugly man, it is a great occafion of adultery, 

w Plut. in Pelop'ds. 

* Fabula narratur^ tofo noiijjima ccejo, 

Midciberis capti Marfque Venufque dolis. 

The tale is told through heaven far and wide, 

How Mars and Venus were by Vulcan ty'd, 
y Grace <zfazT£vuv, gallus. 



( 75 ) 

But neither can that difhonefty, or an: efcape 

the knowledge of the Sun of Rig j, although they 

may be done in the obfcureft darknefs ; thou be 

with the utmoft cai led by the tn in 

the world; though they be committed in the privateft 
retirement, and concealed with the greateft art, they 
will at one time or other be expofed to both the infernal 
and celeftial regions, in the brighteft light ; when the 
Fenders ihall be fet in the midft, bound by the chains 
of their conferences, by that fallen Vuldaki who is the 
crument of the terrors of the true Jupiter : and then 
. they fhall hear and fuffer the fentence, that was former- 
lv threatened to David, in this life, %< Thou didji this thing 
feeretly \ but I will do this thing before all Ifrael, and be- 
fore the fun. 

But let us return again to Mars, or rather to the fort 
of Mars, Tereus, who learned wickednefs from his fa- 
ther's example; for, as the proverb fays, a bad father 
- a bad c 



SECT. 6. THE STORY OF TEREUS, THE SQtf 
OF MARS. 

Tereus was the fon of Mars, begotten of the ny 
Biflonis, 2l He married Progne the. daughter of Fa \ 
king of Athens, when he himfelf was king of T. 
This Progne had a fifter called i i, a virgin in 

modefty and beauty inferior to none. She lived 
her father at Athens, Progne being defirous to fee her 
fifter, afked Tereus to fetch Philomela to her : he com- 
plyed, and went to Athens y and took Philomela, 
her father's leave, to vifit Progne, Upon this occafion, 
T*eu$ fell defperateiy in love with Philomela ; and, as 
they travelled together, becaufe fhe refufed to comply 
with his defires, he overpowered her, cut out her to; 
and threw her hue a gaol ; and returning afterward to 
his wife, f. i, with the greateft afiurarxe. that 



* z 5 it. a Ovid, Met. 6, 

E 2 



( 7* ) 

hmela died in her journey ; and that' his ftory might ap- 
pear true, he fhed many tears, and put on mourning. 
But b injuries whet the wit, and defire of revenge makes 
people cunning : for Philomela, though ihe was dumb, 
found out a way to tell her filler the villany of Tereus. 
The way fhe difcovered the injuries done to her was 
this ; (he defcribed the violence Tereus offered her, as well 
as fhe could, in embroidery, and fent the work folded 
up to her fifter. Progne no fooner viewed it, but file 
boiled with rage; and was fo tranfpofted with paffion 
that fhe could c not fpeak, her thoughts being wholly 
taken up in contriving how &e fhould avenge the affront. 
Firft then fhe haftened to her fifter, and brought her 
home without Tereus' knowledge. While fhe was thus 
meditating revenge, Jier young fon Itys came embracing 
his mother; but fhe carried him afide into the remote 
parts of the houfe, and flew hitn while d he hung about 
her neck,, and called her mother. When fhe had killed 
him, fhe cut him into pieces, and drefled the flefh, and 
gave it Tereus for fupper, who e fed heartily on his own 
flefh and blood. And when after fupper he fent for his 
ion. ItySy f Progne told him what fhe had done, and P/;i- 



Grande dolons 



Ingenium ejl, miferifque ^entt folertia rebus, 
Defire of vengeance makes the invention quick, 
When, miferable, help with craft we fcek. 
c Et (mirum potuijft) filet ; dolor or a reprejjit y 
Ferbaque querent ifat is indignant ia lirgua 
Defuerant, nee flere <vacat : fedfafque nefafqwe 
Confufura ruit, pcenaque in imagine tola ejf. 
She held her peace, 'twas ftrange ; grief (truck her mute, 
No language could with fuch a pafnon fuit, 
Nor had fhe time to weep : right, wrong, were mixt 
In her fell thoughts, her foul on vengeance fixt. 
<* Et mater , mater, clamantem et cplla petentem 
Enfeferit : 

•>• i i He mother, mother, crie?, 
t And on her clings, while by her fword he dies. 
« Vefcitur y inque fuamfua vifcera conger it akvum. 
. does eat, 

And his own flefh and blood does make his meat. 
f Intus babes quod pofcis, ait. Circumfpicit ille, 



I 11 )• 

hmela fhowed him his Ton's head. Tereus, incenfed with 
rage, ruflied on them both with his drawn fword ; but 
they fled away, and fear added wings to their flight ; fo 
that Progtis became a fwallow, and Philomela a nightin- 
gale. Fury gave wings to Tereus himfelf ; he was chang- 
ed into a hoopoe (upupa) which is one of the filthieft of 
all birds. The Gods out of pity changed lip into a 
pheafant. 

SECT. 7. THE SACRIFICES OF MARS. 

To 'Mars s were facrificed the wolf for his fiercenefs ; 
the horfe for his ufefulnefs in war 5 the woodpecker and 
the vulture for their ravenoufnefs ; the cock for. his vi- 
gilance, which virtue foldiers ought chiefly to have; and 
grafs, becauie it grows in towns trAt the war leaves 
without an inhabitant, and is thought to come up quick- 
er in fuch places as have been moiltened with human 
blood. 

Among the moft ancient rites belonging to Mars, 
I do not know a more memorable one than the follow- 
ing : b Whoever had undertaken the conduct cf any ivar, he 
went into the vefiry cf the temple afMars; and firji jhaked 
the Ancilla (a jort of holy Jbieidf) afterward the fp ear if 
the image cf Mars, andfaid, Mars, JVatch, 

Atone ubifit, quarit ; cuterenii, iterumque <vocanti, 

Frofduit 7 Itjojque caput Philomela cruentum 

Mjfit hi or a pair is. 

Thou haft, laid (he, within thee thy azhrz. 

He looks about, alts where. And while again 

He afks and cai's \ all bloody with the flair., 

Forth like a fury Philomela [few, 

And at his face the head of Itys threw, 
§ Virg. iEn. 9. h Qui belli alicujus fufeeperat curam, facra- 

tium Martis ingreiTus 5 prima Ancilia coromovebaf, pc I hallau : • 
oaulacri ipfius : dicens, Mars, Vigila. Servius* 



[ 78 1 



CHAPTER VII. 

SECT, I. THE CELESTIAL GODDESS, JUNO. HER 

IMAGE AND DESCENT. 

M, YOU have viewed the five celeftial Gods; now 
look upon the celeftial Goddeffes that follow them there 
in order. Firft obferve Juno, rid'ingdn a h golden chariot, 
drawn by peacocks, holding a fceptre in her hand, and 
.wearing a crown befet with rofes and lilies. 

She is the queen of the Gods, and both the 1 fifer and 

wife of Jupiter. Her father was R Saturn^ and her mo- 

; file was born in the ifland .Samos, and there 

till file was married. 

P. Really fee feems very auguft. ' Flow bright, how 

roajeftical, how beautiful is that face, how comely are all 

her limbs ? how well does a fceptre become thofc hands, 

and a crown that head ? r\ow much beauty is there ia 

her frniies ? how much gracefolnefs in her breaft ? Who 

could refill fuch charms, and not faij in love, when he 

fees lb many graces ? Her carriage is irately, her drefs 

elegant and fine. She is full of majefry, and worthy of 

'miration. But what pretty damfel is that 

upon her, as if fhe were her fervant ? 

It is Iris, l the daughter of 2 banmas and Elmrtij 

and filler to the Harpies. She is 'Juno's meffenger, as 

Merc Jupiter ? s^ though Jupiter and the other 

tries, nay fornetimes me 

ufe of her fwifmeis fhe is painted 
;s, and fhe fometimfs ri a a rainbow, as 



h Ovid. Met. s, Apuleius 1. io< 

fi't for or et conjux. Virg." JEn* i, 

k Apoilcn. Argon, i. I l VIrg. .£En. 9. Nonn. 20. Idem 31. 
Horn. Iliad 23. 

m Effiugif, et remeat per cuds mode <vencrat arcus* Met. 2. 
On the fame bow (he went (he loon returns. 



( 79 ) 

It is her office befide to unloofe the fouls cf women 
from the chains of the body, as Mercury unloofes thofe 
of men. We have an example of this in Dido^ who laid 
violent hands on herfelf ; for, when (he was almoftdead, 
Juno fent Iris to loofe her foul from her body, as n Vir* 
gil largely defcribes it in the fourth book of his iEneid. 

But in this Iris differs from Mercury ; * for he is fent 
both from heaven and hell, but (he is fent from heaven 
only °. He oftentimes was employed in meflages of 
peace, whence he was called the p peacemaker: but Iris 
was always fent to promote ftrife and diffenfion, as if 
ihe was the goddefs of difcord : and therefore fome think 
that her q name was given her from the contention which 
fhe perpetually creates ; though others fay, fhe was 
called r Iris 9 becaufe fhe delivers her meflages by fpeech, 
and not in writing. 

n Turn Juno omnipotent longum miferata dclorem, 

Difficile: cue c bit us. Irim darufii Olympo, 

S^ua tuBantetn animum nexofque refpk/eret art us » 

Er^o Iris crocels per caelum rofcida pe?inis> 

Mille trahens ■■varies adverfo Sole co lores, 

DeuolaJ, et fupra caput aftititt hunc ego Diti 

Sacrum jujfafero, teque ifio corpore folvo. 

Sic ait, et dexira cr-nem fecat s omnts et una 

Dilapfus ca!or, atque in centos vita rec^jjit. 

Then Juno, grieving that ihe fhould fuitain 

A death fo lingering and Co full of pain, 

Sent Iris down to free her from the ftrife 

Of laboring nature, and diilbl :e her life. 

Downward the various Goddefs took her flight, 

And drew a thou fa nd colours from the light : 

Then flood about the dying lover's head, 

And laid, I thus devote thee to the dead. 
lis off 'ring to the infernal Gods I bear. 

Thus while (he fpoke (lie cut the fatal hair : 

The ftruggimg foul was loos'd and life dillblv'd in air, 
° Hefiod. in Theog. P E»£j}*o7foto$, pacificator. Vid. Serv. in 

JEn. 4. <i "ips cjuafi*Egt$ Contentio, Servius. r Ua^ 70 Ipuv, 
a loquendo. 



} 



r so ) 



SECT. 2. THE CHILDREN, AND DISPOSITION OF 
JUNO, 

P. What children had Juno by Jupiter? 

M/L Vulcan, Mars, and Hebe, s Although fome 
write that Hebe had no other parent than Juno y and was 
born in the manner following : before Juno had any 
children, fhe eat fome wild lettuces, fet before her at a 
feafi in Jupiter's houfe ; and growing on a fudden big- 
bellied, (lie brought forth Hebe, who for her extraordi- 
nary beauty was, by Jupiter, made goddefs of youth, 
and had the office of cupbearer of Jupiter given to her., 
But when by an unlucky fall (he made all the guefts 
laugh, Jupiter was enraged, turned her out from hef 
office, and put Ganymede in her ftead. 

P. What was Juno's moft notorious fault. 

M. Jcaloufy: I will give one or, two of the many in- 
fiances of it. Jupiter loved h y the daughter of Inachus ; 
and enjoyed her. When Juno obferved that Jupiter 
was ahfent from heaven s fhe juftly fufpe£led that the 
purfuit of his amours was the caufe of his abfence. 
Therefore fhe immediately flew down to tljp earth after 
him, and luckily found the very place, where Jupiter 
and lo entertained themfelves in private. As foon as 
Jupiter perceived her coming, fearing a chiding, he 
turned the young lady into a white cow. Juno, feeing 
the cow, afked what fhe was, and from wh<*t bull fhe 
-came ? Jupiter faid, file was born on a fudden out of 
the earth. The cunning Goddefs, fufpecting the mat- 
ter, defired to have the cow, which Jupiter could net 
refufe, left he fhould increafe her fufpicion. So Juno, 
taking the cow, l gave it Argus to keep; this Argus 

3 Pan fan *. in Corinth. 

t . Ser<vandam tradidit Argo> 

Centum luminibus cincium caput Argos habebat : 

Ind.e fuls c victbus capiebantjbina quietem $ 

Cetera fer<vabant t alque in Jlatione tnanebanK 

Confiiterat quocunque loco, jpeclabat ad lo ; 

Ante oculos lo, <juam e vis aver/us^ habebat. Ov« Met, 1. 



( 81 ) 

had a hundred eyes, two of which in their turns flept, 
while the others watched. Thus was lo under conftanr 
confinement ; nor was the perpetual vigUahce of her 
keeper her only misfortune ; for, befides, fhe was fed 
with nothing but infipid leaves and bitter herbs. This 
hardfiiip Jupiter could not endure to fee; therefore he 
fent Mercury to Argus, to fet lo free. Mercury, under 
the difguife of a fhepherd, came to Argus, and with the 
mufic of his pipe lulled him afleep, and then cut off his 
head, Juno was grieved at Angus' death, and to make 
him fome amends, file turned him into a peacock, and 
!i Scattered his hundred eyes about the tail of the bird. 
Nor did her rage againft lo ceafe^ for fhe committed her 
to the Furies to be tormented. Defpair and anguifli 
made her fiee into Egypt, where, fhe begged of Jupiter 
to reftore her to her former fhape. Her requeft being 
granted, fne thenceforth took the name of Ifts, the God- 
defs of the Egyptian^ and was worfhipped with divine 
honour. 

Juno gave another clear mark of her jealoufy. w For ? 
when her anger againft Jupiter was fo violent, that no- 
thing could pacify her, king Cit baron x advifed Jupiter 
to declare that he intended to take another wife. The 
contrivance pleafed him, wherefore he takes an oaken 

The goddefs therrto Argus ftraight convey 'd 

Her gift, and him the watchful keeper made,- 

Argus* head a hundred eyes poiTett ; 

And only two at once declind to reft 5 

The others watch'd, and in aconftant round, 

Refreshments in alternate courfes found. 

Where'er he turn'd he always Ig view'd 5 

Joht (aw, though fhs behind him flood. 

u •• Centumque oculos nox occupat una, 

. Excipit kos, <UQiucrijque fua Saturnia pennis 

Coliocat, el gemmis caudam flellantibus implef. 

There Argus lies ; and all that wondVous light, 

Which gave his hundred eyes their ufeful fight, 

Lies buried now in one eternal night, 

But Juno, that (he might his eyes retain, 

Soon fixM them in her gaudy peacock's train. 
* Doroth. de Nat. Fabute. * Plut, in Arift, 

£ 5 



( 82 ) 

image, dreffed very beautifully, and puts it Into a cha- 
riot j, and declares publicly, that he was about to marry 
Plat era, the da ugh er of Mfipus. The report fpread, 
and came to jw:o~'s ears; who, immediately running 
thither^ fell fiirioufly upon the image, and tore all the 
clothes, till fhe difcovered the jeft ; and laughing very 
much, fee was reconciled to her hufband. And from 
king Gtharon, the advifer of the artifice, file was after- 
ward called atheroma. The reft of the moll confidera- 
ble of her names follow : 

SECT. 3. THE NAMES OF JUNO. 

AnthiAj or Florida, flowery : y Paujanias mentions 
her temple. 

Argiva, from the people z Argivi, among whom the 
Sacrifices called 'Hg#?a \Heraio\ were celebrated to her 
honour ; in which a hecatomb, that is, one hundred 
oxer;., v ificed to her. They made her image of 

gold and ivory, holding a pomegranate in one hand, and 
a fceptre in the other; upon the top of which flood a 
cucjeow, becaufe Jupiter changed himfelf into ttijatfeird, 
r/e with her. 
?. 5 from a Bufiam the fon of Mercury, who built 
a temple to this Goddefs at Corinth. 

Cahnaaris, from the old word b cab, to call ; for fhe 
was called upon by the priefts, upon the firft days of 
every month; .which days are called Calends. 

Caprollna, c or the nones of July, that is, on the 
Seventh day, maid- fervants celebrated her fefrival, toge- 
ther with feveral free- women, and offered facrifice to 
•Juno under a wild fig-tree Uaprificus) in memory of that 
extraordinary, virtue* which dire&ed the maid-fervants 
of Rome to thofe counfels, which preferved the honour 
of the Roman name. For after the city was taken, and 
the Gallic tumults quieted, the borderers having an op- 

J In Corinth. * Dorqth. 1, 2. Met. et Pay fan. a Panfanu 
rinfh. & Macrob, in Sat. c Plutarch, et Ovid, Art. Ara* 
Var. de Ling. Lat, 



( 8 3 ) 

portunity almoft to opprefs the Romans* who had already 
fuffered fo much ; they fent a herald to tell the Romans* 
that, if they d-.-fired to fave the remainder of their city 
from ruin, they niuSl fend all their wives and daughters^ 
The fenate being ftrangely diftracled at .this, a maid- 
fervant v whole name was Philotis or Tutela* telling her 
defign to the fenate, took with her feveral other maid- 
fervants, drefled them like miftreffes of families, and like 
virgins, and went with them to the enemy. Livy, the 
dicl:a:or, difpofed them about the camp ; and they incited 
the men to drink much, becaufe they laid that was a 
feftival day : the wine made the foldiers fieep foundly ; 
and a fign being given from a wild fig-tree, the Romans 
came and flew all the foldiers. The Romans were not 
forgetful of this great fervice ; for they made all thefe 
maid-fervants free, and gave them portions out of the 
public treafury : they ordered that the day fhould be 
called Nona GaprotiYue* from the wild fig-tree, whence 
they had the fign : and they ordered an anniverfary fa- 
crifice to "Juno Gaproiina* to be celebrated under a wild 
fig-tree, the juice of which was mixed with the fa'cri- 
fices in memory cf the action. 

Curls or Curitis* from her fpear, d called Curh in the 
language of the old Sabines. The matrons were under- 
ftood to be under her guardianfhip; whence, fays e Plu- 
tarch* the fpear is facred to her, and many of her ftatues 
lean upon fpears, and fhe herfelf is' called ^iritis and 
Curiiis. Hence fprings the cuftom, that the bride combs 
her hair with a f fpear found {ticking in the body of a 
gladiator, and taken out of him when dead, which fpear 
was called Hajla Celibaris. 

Cingula* g from the girdle which the bride wore when 
file was led to her marriage ; for this girdle was unloofed 
with Juno's good leave, who was thought the patronefs 
of marriage. 

d Fcftus. e In Romulo. <" Crinis nuben ium comebatur 

hafta cciibrri, -quae fcilicet in corpora gladiaioris ftetiffet abjecli occi- 
jfique. Feilus. Arnob. contra Gentes, s A cingulo. Mai 
de Ntiptt 



( 84 ) 

Do?nlnduca and Interduca^ h from bringing home the 
bride to her hufband's houfe. 

Egerw, * becaufe (he promoted, -as they believed, the 
facility of the birth. 

Februalis, Februata 9 Februa, or Februla, k becaufe 
they facrificed to her in the month of February* l Her 
fefti'val Was celebrated on the fame day with Pan's feafts, 
when the Luperci^ the priefts of Pan^ the God of fhep- 
herds, 'running naked through the city, and m Unking 
the hands and bellies of breeding women with Juno's 
cloak (that is, with the/kin of a goat) n purified them ; 
and they thought that this ceremony caufed to the wo- 
men fruitfulnefs and eafy labours. All forts of purgation 
in any facrifices were called Februa. The animals fa~ 
crificed to Juno ° were a white cow, a fwine, and a 
fheep : the goofe and the peacock were alfo facred to her. 

Fluoniaj p becaufe fhe affifted women in their courfes. 

Hoplofmia, that is, () armed completely^ fhe was wor- 
fhipped at EUs ; and hence Jupiter is called HopJofmtus. 

r J u i a i becaufe fhe is the goddefs of marriages. s A 
fireet in Rome where her altar Hood was hence called 
Jugarius : and anciently people ufed to enter into the 
yoke of marriage at that altar. She is alfo, by fome, 
called Socigena^ becaufe l fhe affifts in the coupling the 
bride and briuegroorn. 

Lacinia, from the temple Lacinlum^ built and dedi- 
cated to her by Lacinius. 

Luclna, and Lucilia^ either from w the grove, in which 
{he had a temple ; or from the light of this world, into 
which infants are brought by her. x Ovid comprifes 
both thefe fignificationt in a diftich. 

h A ducenda uxore in domum mariti. Aug. de Civ. Dei 7, 
i Quod earn paitui egerendo bpitulaii crederent. Feftus. kEx 

Sext. Pump. t Cum Lupetfcaltbus. ra Ovid. Fafr. 2. ' n Fe- 
bruabani, id eft, ptrrgafeant; Cic 2 Phil. ° Virg. JEa. 4. Idem 8. 
? Ovid. ibid. Quod fluonbus menftruis adeft. q Lil. Gyr. T Et 
Graeci Ziyia, a jugo aut conjugo. Serv. in JEn. 4. s- Feftus. 

* Quod nubentes aiTociei. u Strabo, I, 6. Liv. 1. 24. w A Luca 
vel luce, Var. de Ling. Lat. 



* Gratia Lucina } dedit bac tibi nommalu<us l 






( 8 5 ) 

Moneta, y either becaufe file gives wholcforne coun- 
fel to thofe who confult her ; or becaufe file was believed 
to be the goddefs of money. 

z Nupiialis ; and vvhen they Sacrificed to her under this 
name, a they took the gall out of the vidim, and call it 
behind the altar ; to fignify, that there ought to I 
gall or anger between thofe who are married together. 

Qpigena^ b becaufe the gives help to women in labour. 

Parthenos, the virgin ; or c Parthenia, virginity • and 
file was i~o called, as d we are told, from this circum- 
ftance: there was a fountain, among the Argtvi^ called 
Canaihus* where Juno^ wafhing henelf every year, was 
thought to recover her virginity anew. 

Perfe>51a, that is, perted : for e marriage was efteem- 
ed the perfection of human life, and unmarried people 
im perfect. Wherefore fhe did not become perfect, nor 
deferve that name till (he married Jupiter. 

Populous, or Popnlonla, ■ becaufe people pray to her; 
or becaufe they are procreated from marriage, of which 
foe is goddefs. 

And for the fame reafon fhe was called s Pronuha : 
neither indeed were any marriages lawful, unlefs fund 
was ftrfl called upon, 

Regina, queer. ; which title file gives herlelf, as we 
read in ;r ' Virgil. 

Vel quia prvaciplu?ntvy dea, lucis baber. Fail. 2. 

Lucma> hail, ib nam'd from thy own grove, 

Or from the light thougiv";!: us from above. 
7 Vel quod reddat mcniia fahltariav vel quod fit Dea monetae, id 
eft, pecun ia?. Liv. 1. 7. Su d. Ovid. Epilt. Parid. z Greece 

TaywXia.. a Eufeb.de Praep. Evapg. 3. Plut. in Sympof. b O- 
pem in partu labdrajtmbu? fen. Lil. Gyr. s Pindar, in Hymn. 

Oiymp. d Paufan. in Corinth. o Jul. Pollux. I. 3. Apud 

Grxcos eodem fenfu juno vocabatur rsAsi^j et conjugnim ip&Wh 
ttteiov, quod vilam humanam reddat perfe£lam. V T ide Scholiaft. 
Pindar. Od. 9. Venie. f Aug. de Civ. Dei. 6. Macrob. 6. Saturn. 
3 Sen. in Medea^ 

* Aft ego, qua divum incedo regina^ Jcvifque 

Et far or et conjux. JEn. 1* 

But I vvho walk in awful ftate above, 

The queen of heav'n, filter and wife of Jove* 



( 86 ) 

So/pita, i becaufe all the women were fuppofed to be 
under her fafeguard, every one of which had a Juno, as 
every man had his Genius. 

Unxia was another of her names, k becaufe the pofts 
of the door were anointed, where a new-married couple 
lived ; whence the wife was called l Uxor. 



SECT. 4. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE, 
JUNO THE AIR. 

If we regard Varro's account, by Juno was fignified 
the earth, and by Jupiter the heavens. By the marriage 
of Y^hich two, that is, by the commixture of the influ- 
ences of the heavens with the vapours of the earth, all 
things almoft are generated. 

But, if we believe the Stoics, by Juno is meant the 
air ; for that, as Cicero fays, m lying between the earth 
and the heavens, is confecrated by the name of Juno : 
and what makes this conjecture more probable, the Greek 
a names of Juno and the air have great affinity and like— 
nefs. Juno is called Jupiter* % wife; ° becaufe the air, 
being naturally cold, is warmed by Jupiter, that is, by 
fire. She is called Aeria p ; becaufe ihe is the air itfelf, 
or rules in the air ; and hence arifes the ftory that Juno 
is bound by Jupiter with golden chains, iron anvils be- 
ing hung at her feet. Hereby the ancients fignified, that 
the air, though naturally more like fire, yet it was fonie- 
times mingled with earth and water, the heavieft ele- 
ments. 

And, as I mentioned before, every woman had a Ju- 
no, and every man had a Genius -, which were their tu- 
telar or guardian angels q . 

i A fofpitando. Cic. de Nat. Deor. k Ab unguendo. LH. Gyr. 
I Quafi Unxor, ab ungendis poftibu's. m Aer interjeftus inter 
coelum et tenam Juncnis nomine confecratus eft. De Nat. Dee\r. 
n Ar,£ et J/ H^a-. ° Hellenic, in frfa Qfoohfyw, H<?m, Iliad 5, 

P Phurnut, q Sen, Epilt. 310* 



T/ah 



Tape 8? 




( 8; ) 
CHAPTER VIII. 

SECT. I. MINERVA, OR PALLAS. HER IMAGE, 

P. THIS is a threatening Goddefs, and carries no- 
thing but terror in her afpect, 

M* It is Minerva^ who derives her name, as feme 
think, q from the threats of her ftern and fierce look. 

P. But why is fhe clothed with armour, rather than 
with women's clothes ? r What means that headpiece of 
gold, and the creft that glitters fo ? To what purpofe has 
fhe a golden breaftplate, and a lance in her right hand, 
and a terrible fhield in her left? On the fhield which 
fhe holds, I fee a grifly head befet with fnakes. And 
what means the cock and the owl that are painted there ? 

M. I will fatisfy all your demands. She ought to be 
armed, rather than dreffejj in women's clothes, becaufe 
file is s the prefident and inventrefs of war. The cock 
ftands by her becaufe he is a fighting bird, and is often 
painted fitting on her headpiece ; as does the owl, of 
which by and by. But as for the head, which feems 
fo formidable with fnakes-, fhe not only carries it on her 
fliield, but fometimes alfo in the mid ft of her breaft ; it 
is the head of Medufa, one of the G organs, of which 
1 Virgil gives a beautiful defcription. The bafilifk alfo is 
facred to her, to denote the great fagacity of her mind, 
and the dreadful effects of her courage, fhe being the 
Goddefs both of wifdom and of war ; for, the eye of the 
bafilifk is not only piercing enough to difcover the fmall- 

q Minerva dicitur a minis. r Apollon. 90. s Virg. 2Ex\ t u, 
Cic. de Nat. Deor. 

1 JEgidaque horriferam, turbata Palladis arma 

Certatim fquamis ferpentum auroque polibant : 

Connexofque ungues, ipfamque in peSor.e Diva 

Gorgona, defeSlo <vertentem lumina coilo. JEn* S> 

The reft refrefh the fcaly fnakes that fold 

The fhield of Pallas, and renew their gold : 

Full on the creft the Gorgon's head they place, 

With eyes that roll in death, and with diftorted face* 



e 



( 88 ) 

eft object, but It is able to ftrike dead whatsoever crea 
ture it looks on. But, I believe, you do not obferv 
an olive crown upon the head of this Goddefs. 

P. It efcaped my notice ; nor do I yet fee why the 
Goddefs of war fhould be crowned with an olive, which 
is an emblem of peace ; as, I remember, I have read in 
u Virgil 

M. For that very reafon, becaufe it is the w emblem 
of peace, it ought to be given to the Goddefs of war: 
for war is only made that peace may follow. Though 
there is another reafon too, why fhe wears the olive: for 
fte firft taught mankind the uk of that tree. When 
Ckrops built a new city, Neptune and Minerva contended 
about its name - 3 and it was refolved, that which foever 
of the two deities found out the molt ufeful creature to 
man, fhould give their name to the city. Neptune 
brought a horfe ; and Minerva caufed an olive to fpring 
out of the earth, which was judged a more ufeful crea- 
ture for man than the horfe : therefore Minerva named 
the city, and called it Athena ^ after her own-name, ia 
Greek ? A§ew*. 

SECT. 2.. THE BIRTH OF MINERVA. 

HistoPvY mentions five x Minervas. We fhall (peak 
of that only which was born oi' Jupiter y and to whom 
the reft are referred. 

P. But how was fhe born I 

M» I will tell you, if you do not know, though it is 
ridiculous. When Jupiter faw that his wife Juno waa 
barren, he through grief ftruck his forehead, and after 
three months brought forth Minerva ; whence, as fome 
fay, fhe was called y Tritonia :. Vulcan was his midwife^ 
f who, opening his brain with the- blow of a hatchet, 

* Fac'tferaque manu ramum pratendit oli<vje. 

And in her hand a branch of peaceful olive beau, 
w piut. in Themiftoc. Herod, in Terpfich. x Cic. de Nat. Deor« 
y Quafi TfjTo^mj vel Tfiropvt/K, tertio menfe nata, Athena^ apud 
Gyr, * ,Lueian. in Dial, Deer. 



( «9 ) 

was amazed, when he faw a an armed virago leaping out 
of the brain of her father, inftead of a tender, little, 
naked girl. 

Some have faid, that b 'Jupiter conceived this daugh- 
ter when he had devoured Metis^ one of his wives, with 
which food he prefently grew big, and brought forth the 
armed Pallas. 

They fay befides, c that it rained gold in the ifland of 
Rhodes^ when Minerva was born : which ohfervation 
4 Claudian makes alfo. 



SECT. 3. NAMES OF MINERVA. 

Let us firft examine whence the names Mk^rvamd 

Pallas are derived. 

Minerva is fo called from e diminifhing. And it is 
very true, that fhe, being the Goddefs of war, dimi- 
niftes the numbers of men, and both deprives families of 
their head, and cities of their members. f But it may 
be derived from threatenings, as I faid before ; becaufe 
her looks threaten the beholders with violence, and ftrike 
them with terror. Or, perhaps, fhe has her name from 
! the good s admonition {he gives; becaufe fhe is the god- 
defs of wifdora. She is commonly thought to be wif- 
dom itfelf ; whence, when men pretend to teach thofe 
that are wifer than themfelves, it is proverbially faid, 
h That fow teaches Minerva. And from this name *f 

3 De capitis fertur fine mat re fatertri 

Vertice, cum clypeo profiluiffe f/o. 

Out of her father's fkull, as they report, 

Without a moiher, all in arms leap'd forth, 
b Hefiod, in Theog. e Strabo, 1. 14. 

a Auratos Rhodiis imbres, nafcente Minerva, 

Induxijfe Jovemferunt. 

At Pallas" birth, great Jupiter, we're told, 

Beftrew'd the Rhodians with a Oiow'r of gold. 
^ e Quod minuit vel_minuitur. Cic. de Nat. Deor. t Vtl a mi- 
H»s, quod vim minetur. Cormf ap. Gyr. g Vel a monendo. fetkti . 
h Sus Minervara, rfc 'a6 v '5», Cic. j.Epift, iS, 



C 90 ) 

Minerva comes minerval, or minervale ', fignifying the 
falary that is given by the fcholars to their mailers. 

The Greeks call her Athena, becaufe fhe never fucked 
/ the breaft of a mother or nurfe k ; for fhe was born out 
of her father's head, in full ftrengtb, and was therefore 
called motherlefs l . Plato thinks fhe had this name 
from her fkill m in divine affairs. Others think fhe was 
fo named, n becaufe fhe is never enflaved, but enjoys 
the moft perfect liberty : and indeed wifdom and philo- 
fophy gives their votaries the moft perfedt freedom, as 
the States well ohferve, who fay, ° The philofopher or 
wife-man is the only free-man. 

She is called Pallas, from a giant of the fame name, 
which fhe flew; or from the lake Pal/as, where fhe 
was firft ken by men ; or laftly, which is more proba- 
ble, from p brandifhing her fpear in war. / 

She had many other names, which I might now re- 
count to you ; but becaufe a great many of them are in- 
fignificant and ufelefs, I will only fpeak of two or three, 
after I have firft difcourfed of the Palladium. 

The Palladium was an image of Pallas, preferved in 
the caftle of tlis city of Troy ; for while the caftle and 
temple of Minerva were building, they fay this image 
fell from heaven into the temple, before it was covered 
with a roof. This raifed every body's admiration ; and 
when the oracle of Apollo was consulted, he anfwered, 
That the city fhould be fafe fo long as that image re- 
mained within it. Therefore, when the Grecians be- 
fieged' Troy, they found q that it was impoffible to take 
the city, unlefs the Palladium was taken out of it. This 
bufinefs was left to Ulyffes and Diomedes, who undertook 
to creep into the city through the common fewers, and 

1 Graece ^owrfiv. - k *A6nvvi qua.fi 'A9^»j, ab «, non et 

SyXafyiv mammam fugere. I "Apjrfos xm) upvpSfa matre ca- 

rets. Pollux. Phurnut. m 'A9^£, quali Sioyyiy, vel 9 H^v6r t9 . 

hoc eft, quae diviria cognofcit. Plato in Cratylo. n Ab « non et 
Siixotfixl fervire. ° Liber nemo eft nifi fapiens. Tuliius in Parodox. 
P Ave r» wafttew to hgv, a vibranda hafta. Serv. in JEn. i» 
* Ovid. Faft. 5. 



( 9i ) 



bring away this fatal image. When they had performed 
this, Troy was taken without any difficulty. r Some 
fay it was not lawful for any perfon to remove the Pal- 
ladium^ or even to look upon it. Others add, that it 
was made of wood, fo that it was a wonder how it could 
move the eyes and fhake the fpear. Others, on the con- 
trary, report, that it was made of the bones of Pelops, 
and fold to the Trojans by the Scythians. They add, 
that /Eneas recovered it, after it had been taken by the 
GretkS) from Diomedes^ and carried it with him into 
5 Italy j where it was laid up in the temple of Vefla as a. 
pledge of the liability of the Roman empire, as it had 
been before a token of the fecuvity of Troy. And laftjy, 
others write, that there were two Palladiums \ one of 
which Dicmedes took, and the other /Eneas carried with 
him. 

PartbenoS) i. e. virgin, was another of Minerva's 
names; whence l the temple at Athens, where fhe was 
moft religioufly worshipped, was called Parthenon. For 
Minerva, like Vefla and Diana, wa? a perpetual virgin % 
and fuch a lover of ehaftuy, that fhe deprived Tirefias 
of his fight, becaufe he faw her b; thing in the fountain 
of Helicon : u but Tirejias' mother, by' her humble peti- 
tion?, obtained, that, lince her ion had loft th^e eyes of 
his body, the fight of his mind might be brighter and 
clearer, by having the gift of prophecy. w Ovid, indeed, 
ailigns another caufe of his blindnefs, to wit, when Ju- 
piter and Jtfho, in a merry difpute, made him judge ; 
becaufe, when he killed a fhe-ferpent, he had been 
turned into a woman, and after feven years, when he 
::1 a he- Terpen t, he was again turned into a man, he' 
pronounced T6r Jupiter ; where-' ; deprived him 

lis fight. There is another illuftrtous inftance of the 
tity of.. : x when Neptune had enjoyed the 

beautiful Medufa (wliofe hair wa's gold) in her temple, 

r Herod'an. 1. 7. Plut. in Pared, Serv. in ^n. 2. Ctero.-iii 
Pros s Dion. Hil. ». Antiq. m. in Hymn, adVe- 

« Horn. OdvfT, 10, v/ Lib. McLu-n. * Nat Com, 
li 7. c. i3. 



( 9* ) 

fee changed into.fnakes that hair which had tempted 
him ; and caufed, that thafe who looked upon her there- 
after, fhould be turned into (tone. 

Her name Tritonia was taken from the lake y Triton t 
where file was educated ; as we alfo may learn from 
% Lucan, who mentions the love which Pallas bears 
to this lake ; or from t^V, or reflet* [triton] a word 
which in the old Eoeiian and Melick language fignifies 
a- head, becaufe file was born from jupitef*% head. Yet, 
before we leave the lake Triton, let me tell you the ce- 
remonies that were performed upon the banks of it in* 
honour of Minerva. a A great' concourfe-of people out 
of all neighbouring towns aflembled to fee the following 
performance : all the virgins came in fevera! companies, 
armed with clubs and ftones, and on a fign being given, 
they affaulted each other; fhe who was firft killed, was 
not efieemed a virgin, and therefore her body was dif- 
gracefully thrown into the lake ; but fhe who received 
the moft and the deepeft wounds,. and did not give over, 
was carried home in triumph in a chariot, in the midft 
of the acclamations and praifes of the whole company. 

'Epy^nq b [Ergatis'] operand, workwoman, was her name 
among the Samians, her worfhippers.; becaufe (he in- 
vented divers arts, efpecially the art of fpinning, as we 
learn from the c poets : thus - the diftaff is afcribed ta 

y Panfan. in Bceot. I. 9. 

z Hanc et Pallas am at, patrio quod <vertice vaia 

Ttrrarum primam Lybien (nam proxima coelo ejf^ 

Vt probat ipfe cahr) tetigit, -ftagnique quiet a 

Vultus cvidit aqua, pofuitque in.margine plant as > 

Ei fe delecld, Triomda dixit, ab undd. 

Thss Pallas loves, born of ihc brain of Jove, 

Who firft on Lyhia trod (the heat doth prove 

This land next heav'n) Hie (landing by the Me, 

Her face, within the quiet water fpy'd, 

Ard gave herielf from the lov'd pool a name, 

Triton' a. . 

*■ Herodot. in Melp. b Ex Hefych. Ifidor. 3. 10. c Ovid, 
Met. 6. Virg. JEn. 7. Theocrit. Ed. 34,.. 

d Non ilia colo.calathifque Minerva 

Famine as o.Jfueta moniti. 

To Pallas aits her hands were never' trainM. 



( 93 ) 

lier, and fometimes is called e Minerva, from her name, 
becaufe fhe was the inventrefs of it. Although Minerva 
fo much excelled all others in fpinning, yet Arachne, a 
young lady of Lydia, very ikilful at fpinning, challenged 
her in this art ; but it proved her ruin ; for the Goddefs 
tore her work, and {truck her forehead with a f fpoke of 
the wheeL This difgrace drove her into defpair, fo 
that fhe hanged herfelf; but Pallas, oat of companion, 
brought her again to life, and turned her into a fpider 5 
s which continues ftill employed in fpinning. The art 
of building, efpecially of caftles, was Minerva's inven- 
tion 4 and therefore {he w T as believed to prefide over 
them* 

She is called Mujica ; becaufe, fays Pliny, b the dragons 
or ferpents in her fhield, which inftead of hair encom- 
paffed the Gorgons's head, did ring and refound, if the 
firings of a harp or citern near them were touched. But 
.it is more likely that {he was fo named, becaufe {he in- 
vented the pipe; upon which, when file played by the 
river-fide, and few in the water how much her face was 
fwelled and deformed by blowing it, {he was moved 
with indignation, and threw it afide, faying, i The 



e Cut tolerare cob <vltam tenmique Minerva* Virg. JEn. 8. 
By trf fpinfter's trade me gets her livelihood,. 

f Frontem per cuff t Arachnes ; 

Ihn tulit biftfiix i laqueoque ammo fa ligaxit 
Guttura, pendente?)! Pallas miferata le-va-uit ; 
Aiqueita, Five qui Jem., pende tamen, improba, dixit. 

Ov, Met. 6, 
A fm achne thrice upon the forehead fmotej 
Whole great heart brooks it not : about her throat 
A rope (lie ties ; remorfeful Pallas Maid 
Her falling weight : Live, wretch ; yet bang, (lie faid. 
g ■ Et antiquas exercet aranea lelas. 

And, now a fpider turned, fhe {till fpins on. 
ti Dicta eft mufka, quod dracones in ejus Gorgone ad i£lus cuharse 
tinnitu refonabant. Nat. Hift. 1. 34. c; 8. 

* — I procul bine, rwn efi mihi tibia tanti> 
Ut <vidit *vultus Pallas in amnifttos. 
Away, thou art not fo much worth, fhe-cryM, 
Pear pipe j when fhe her faceT th' riream efpy'd. 



( 94 ) 

fweetnefs of the mufic is too dear, if purchafed with ib 
much lofs. 

k Glaucopis was another of her names ; hecaufe her 
eyes, like the eyes of an owl, were gray or fky- coloured, 
that is, of a green colour mixed with white. Others 
think that fhe was not called fo from the colour of her 
eyes, but from the terror and formidablenefs of her 
mien ; for which reafon lions and dragons are alfo called 
Glaucii and Cccftu 

She was alfo called Pylotis, from a ] Greek word, fig.* 
nifying 2, gate : for, as the image of Mars was fet up in 
the fuburbs, fo her effigy or picture was placed on the 
jcity gates, or doors of houfes ; by which they fignified, 
that we ought to ufe our weapons abroad, to keep the 
enemy from entering our towns ; but in the town we 
mull ufe the affiftance of Minerva, not of Mars 5 that 
is, the ftate ought to be governed at home by prudence, 
counfel, and law. 

SECT. 4. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 
PALLAS THE SYMBOL OF WISDOM AND CHAS- 
TITY. 

By this ftory of Minerva m the poets intended to re- 
prefent wifdom ; that is, true and fkiiful 'knowledge, 
joined with difcreet and prudent manners. They hereby 
fignified alfo the undemanding of the nobleft arts, and 
the accomplifhments 'of the mind ; the virtues, and ef- 
pecially chaftrty. Nor, indeed, without reafon : for, 

I. Minerva is faid to be born out of Jupiter's brain ; 
becaufe the wit and ingenuity of man did not invent the 
ufeful fciences, which for the good of man were derived 
from the brain of Jupiter ; that is, from the inexhaufled 
fountain of the Divine Wifdom, whence not only the 
arts and fciences, but the bleffings of wifdom and virtue 
alfo proceed. 

k t%&i?*w9rK> habens ocu'los glaucos et csefios, quales habet 
yKavt, no£hia. Paufan in Attic. ] Atto t^ Wfatf, * p orta * 

Phurnut, Mkhy), in Eumemd. w Cic, de Offic, 



( 95 ) 

, 2. Pallas was born armed; n becaufe, a wife man's 
foul being; fortified with wifdom and virtue is invincible : 
he is prepared and armed, againft fortune; \n dangers he 
h intrepid, in crofles unbroken, in calamities impregna- 
ble. Thus ° though the image of Jupiter fweats in foul 
weather; yet as Jupiter himfelf is dry and unconcerned 
with it, fo a wife man's mind is hardened againft all the 
afiaults that fortune can make upon his body. 

3. Minerva, is a virgin, p as all the mutes are ; and 
accordingly the fight of God is promifed to pure and 
undented eyes: for even the Heathens thought that 
chafte eyes could fee God; and Wifdom and Modeity 
has often appeared in the vifions of holy men, in the 

'form and habit of virgins. 

4. Minerva has a fevere look, and a ftern counte- 

. rrnce ; becaufe a wife and modeft mind gains not its 

^reputation and efteem from outward beauty and finery, 

Ibut from inward honour and virtue : for Wifdom joined 

with modefty, though clothed with rags, will fend forth 

a glorious fhining luftre;, fhe has as" much beauty in 

.tattered garments, as when fhe is clothed with purple, 
land as much majefty when fhe fits on a dunghil, as 
.when (lie is placed on a throne. j fee is as beautiful and 
"charming when joined to the infirmities and decays of 
nold age, as when fhe is united to the vigour and come- 
linefs of youth. 

5. She invented and exe»rcifed the art of fpinning : and 
whence other virgins may learn, if they would preferve 

their chaftity, never to indulge idlenefs, but to employ 
themfelves continually in fome fort of work ; after the 
^example of q Lucretia, a noble Roman princefs, who was 
jfound late at liight fpinning among her maids, working, 
<and fitting in the middle of the room, when the young 
gentlemen came thith-er from the king* 

6. As the fpindle and the diftaffwere the invention 

a Cic. in Paradoxis. ° Quemadrnodum enim non colliquefcit 

j Jupiter dum finaulacrum ejus liquefit 5 lie fapientis animus ad quof- 
jlibet adverlae fortunae cafus obdureicit. Seneca. P Greg. Njif. de 
Virg, initio capimm.4. & 5 Serv. in JEn, si Livy 1, i # 
2 



( 9* ) 

of Minerva, fo they are the arms of every virtuous wo- 
men. When fhe is furnifhed with thefe, (he will dtf- 
pife the enemy of her honour, and drive away Cupid 
from her with the greateft eafe ; r for which reafon thofe 
inftruments were formerly carried before the bride when 
fhe was brought to her hufband's houfe ; and fomewhere 
it is a cultom, at the funeral of women, to throw the 
diftafF and fpindle into the grave with them. 

7. As foon as Tirefias had feen Minerva naked, he 
loft his fight : Was it for a punifhment, or for a re- 
ward ? Surely he never faw things fo acutely before ; 
for then he became a prophet, and knew future things 
long before they were acSted. Which is an excellent 
precept to us, That he, who has once beheld the beauty 
of true wifdom clearly, may, without repining, lofehis 
bodily fight, and want the view of corporal things, 
fince he beholds the things that are to come, and enjoys 
the contemplation of eternal heavenly things, which are 
not vifible to the eye. 

8. An owl, a bird feeing in the dark, was facred to 
Minerva, and painted upon her images, which is the 
reprefentation of a wife man, who, fcattering and dif- 
pelling the clouds of ignorance and error, is clear-fighted 
where others are ftark blind. 

9. What can the Palladium mean, an image which 
gave fecurity "to thofe cities in which it was placed, un- 
kfs that thofe kingdoms flourifh and profper where wif- 
dom prefides ? It is fuppofed to have fallen down from 
Heaven, that we may underftand (what we find con- 
firmed by the Scripture) s that every good and perfect 
gift comes from above, and defcends from the Father of 
Lights. 

To this I add the infcription which was formerly to 
be ken in the temples of Minerva, written in golden 
letters, among the Egyptians. l I am what is, whatjhali 
be, what hath been : my veil hath been unveiled by none* 

* Bellof. I. nit. c. 13. s James i. 17. t Ego Aim quae funf 
qwse erum, quae fuerunt : velum meum revelavit nemo. Qiiem cg^ 
fiucturn peperi, Soieft natus. Vide Lilt Gyr. fynt, 12. 

3 



l 3 7a?c$ 



Jiaoe gj 




( 97 ) 

The fruit ivkich I have brought forth is this, the Sun is 
bom. Which are words, as I think, full of myfteries, 
and contain a great deal of knfe : let everyone interpret 
them according to his mind. 

CHAPTER IX. 

SECT. I. VENUS. HER IMAGE, 

M. TURN your eyes now to a fweet object and 
view that Goddefs, in whofe countenance all rhe graces 
fit and play, and difcover all their charms. You fee a 
pleafantnefs, a mirth, and joy in every part of her face : 
you fee a thoufand pretty beauties and delights fporting 
wantonly in her fnowy bofom. Qbferve with what 5 a 
becoming pride fee holds up her head and views herfelf, 
where fee finds nothing but joys and foft delights. She 
is clothed with a u purple mantle, glittering with dia- 
monds. By her fidje ftand two Cupids* and round her 
are three Graces , and *after follows the lovely beautiful 
Admit, who holds up the Goodefs' train. The chariot 
in which fee rides is made of ivory, finely carved, and 
beautifully painted and gilded ; and is drawn by fwans 
and doves, or fwallows, as Venus directs, when fee p!ea- 
fes to ride in it. 

P. Is that Venus, the Goddefs of Love, the patronefs of 
{trumpets, the vile promoter of impudence and lull, in- 
famous for fo many whoredoms, rapes, and inceils ? 

j\L Yes,- that is Venus, whom, in more honorable 
terms, men ftyle the Goddefs of the Graces* the author of 
elegance, beauty, neatnefs, delight, and cheerful riefey 
But in reality, fee is, as you fay, an impudent flrum-i 
pet, and the miftrefs and prefident of obfeenity. 

P. Why then is fee (o beautifully painted t Why is' 
her drefs fo glorious ? Why is not her chariot rather 
drawn by fwine, and dogs', and goats, than fwans and 
doves, the pureft and chafteft of birds r Infernal and 

uPhiloftnt. in Imag. Ovid Met. 10 & 15. Apul. 1. 6. Kor* 
Od. 3, 



{ 98 1 

lilack fpirits are attendants more fuitable to her than the 
"Graces* 

M. What do you fay ? Blind foolifh men ufed for- 
merly to erecl: altars, and deify their vices ; they hal- 
lowed' the greateft impieties with frankincenfe, and 
thought to afcend into heaven by the fteps of their ini- 
quities. But let us not inveigh againft the manners of 
men, but rather proceed in our ftory of Venus. 

You will in other places fee her painted, fometimes 
like a young virgin rifing from the fea, and riding in a 
ihell : again, like a woman holding the ihell in her hand, 
her head being crov/ned with rofes. w Sometimes her 
picture has a filver looking- glafs in one hand, and on 
the feet are.goldtn fandals and buckles. In the pictures 
of the Sicyomans, ihe holds poppy in one hand, and an 
apple in the other. They confecrafed to her the thighs 
of all facrifices except fwine ; for Venus, though Ihe her- 
felf be filthy and unclean, abominates fwine for their 
uncleannefs, or rather becaufe a boar killed Adonis her 
gallant. * At Elis file was painted treading on a tor- 
toife; fhowing, thereby, that virgins ought not to ram- 
ble abroad ; and that married women ought to keep fi- 
lence, love their own home, and govern their family* 
y She wore a girdle or belt, called Ce/ius (from which 
fome derive incejius, inceji) in which all kinds of plea- 
fures, delights, and gratifications were folded up. 
* Some give her arrows ; and make Python or Suada y 
the Goddefs of Eloquence, her companion. 

SECT. 2. DESCENT OF VENUS. 

We learn from feveral authors, z that there were four 
VenufeSy born of different parents : but this Venus of 
whom we fpeak was the moft eminent of them, and had 
the beauties as well as the difgraces of the others com- 
monly afcribed to her. a She fprang from the froth of 

** Philoftrat. in Imag, Paufan in Corinth. x Plut. in praec. 

<connub. et lib. de Ifid. et Ofir. 7 Horn. Iliad 14. 16. Eurip. in 
Medea. Ex Phurn. * Cic. de Nat. Deor. » Hefiod. in Theog* 



( 99 ) 

the fea, which froth was made, when they^cut ofF the 
fecrets of Coelus, or his fon Saturn, and threw them into 
the fea. b Hence (he was by the Greeks called Aphro- 
dite ; though others think me was fo named from the 
madnefs with which lovers abound. c As foon as fhe 
was born, (lie was laid, like a pearl, in a fhell inftead 
of a cradle ; and was driven by Zepbyrus upon the iiland 
Cythera^ where the Hor&, or Hours, received her, and 
took her into their bofoms ; educated, accomplifhed, 
and adorned her ; and, when fhe came to age, carried 
her into heaven, and prefented her to the Gods, who, 
being taken with her beauty, all defired to marry her ; 
but at laft fhe was betrothed to Vulcan y and afterward 
jfnarried to him, 

SECT. 3. NAMES OF VENUS, 

She is called Venus, fays Cicero, d becaufe all things 
are fubje£t to the laws of love, or are produced and be- 
gotten by love. Or elfe, as e others fay, her name is 
given her, becaufe fhe is eminently beautiful ; for file 
is the goddefs of beauty. Or laftly fhe is fo called, be- 
caufe fhe f was a ftranger or foreigner to the Rdmans ; 
for fhe was firft worfhipped by the Egyptians, and from 
the Egyptians fhe was tranflated to the Greeks, and from 
them to the Romans. Let us now proceed to her other 
names. 

Arnica^ 'Erctipx [Hetaira] was a name given her by the 
Athenians; g becaufe fhe joins lovers together; and this 
Greek word is ufed both in a good and bad fignification, 
fignifying both a fweetheart and a ftrumpet.' 

b Ex at.$£>q fpuma ; vel, ut alii dicunt, £770 t£ atyxUsivs infa* 
hire. Ex Euripid. et Phurnut. c Horn, in Hymn, ad Venerem, 

«* A veniendo, quod ad omnes res veniat, vel quod per earn omnia 
proveniant ac propignantur. e Venus quafi venufta. Paufan. in 
i Attic* f Venus a veniendb, quafi adventitia, fie Graecorum Doc- 
trina adventitia et tranfmaiina vocabatur. Cic. de Offic. g 'Eraipa, 
id eft, focia, quod araicos et arnicas jungeret. Feflus ex Apol. et 
Hefych, 

F 2 



( ioo ) 

Armata\ becaufe, h when the Spartan women fallied 
out of their town, befieged by the Mijfenians, and beat 
them ; their hufbands, who were ignorant of it, went 
out to fight, and met their wives returning from the 
purfuit : the men, believing thern enemies, made them- 
felves ready to fight ; but the women fhowed, both by 
words and by deeds, that they were their wives : and 
for this reafom a temple was dedicated to Venus Armata. 

The Sidonians called her [ Ajiarte, or Dea Syria 
(which Goddefs others think was the Moon) and wor- 
shipped her in the figure of a fear. 

Apaturia^ that is, k the deceiver ; for neither is any 
thing more deceitful than a lover, nor any thing more 
fraudulent than love, which flatters our eyes, and pleafes 
us, like rofes in their fineft colours, but leaves a thorn 
in the heart; it torments the mind, and wounds the 
confeience. 

She was called by the Romans^ 1 Barbata ; becaufe, 
when the Roman women were fo troubled with a violent 
itching ihat all their hair fell off, they prayed to Venus^ 
and their hair grew again \ upon which they made an 
image of Venus with a comb, and gave it a beard, that 
Ilie might have the figns of both fexes, and be thought 
to prefide over the generation of both. That this might 
be expreffed more plainly, -the uppermoft part of the 
image reprefented a man, and the lower part of it a wo- 
man. 

CypriSy Cyprla^ and Cyprogenia^ becaufe fhe was wor- 
ihipped in the ifland of Cyprus : Cytheris and Cytherea^ 
from the ifland of m Cythera^ whither fhe was firft car- 
ried in a feafhell. 

There was a temple at Rome dedicated to Venus CaU 
va ; n becaufe, when the Gauls poflefled that city, ropes 
for the engines were made with the women's hair. 

Cluaclna^ from ° Cluo y an old word, to fight \ becaufe 

h Panfan. in Lucan. et in Attic. * Epiph. contra Haeref. Eufeb. 
de Praep. Evang. i. * Ab »iretroiuy fallo. Lucian.de Dea Syr. 
Strabo L n. * Serv. Macrob. Suidas ct alii. «» Feftus. n Lac- 
tam, i, i. Divin.'Inftitut. ° Vegetius de Re militari. 



( 101 ) 

V 

her image, was fet up in the place, in which the peace 
was concluded between the Romans and Sabines. 

Erycina, from the mountain v Eryx in the ifland of 
Sicily - 3 upon which Mneas built a fplendid and famous 
temple to her honour, becaufe (he was his mother. q Ho- 
race makes mention of her under this name, 

r She is properly called RicUns y and Homer calls her 
s a lover of laughing : for fhe is faid x to be born laugh- 
ing, and thence called the Goddep of Mirth. 

Horten/isj becaufe fhe looks after the production of 
feed and plants in gardens. And Fejlus tells us, that 
the word Venus is by N^vius put for herbs? as Ceres is 
for bread, and Neptunus for fifli. 

u Idalia and Aadalia, from the mountain idalus, in the- 
ifland Cyprus^ and the fountain Acidalius, in Bceiiia. 

Marina^ becaufe fhe was born of the fea (as we laid) 
and begotten of the froth^of the waters ; which w Aiifa- 
niiis hath elegantly mentioned in his poem. 

Hence fhe is called ;; Aphrodiiis^ and Anadyomene^ thai 
is, emerging out of the waters, as Apelles painted her; 
and Pontia, from Pontus. Hence came the cuitom, that 
thofe who had efcaped any danger by vvater, ufed to fa- 
crifice to Venus. Hence alio the mariners crbferved thofe 
folemnlties called Aphrodtfia 9 which Plutarch defcribes 
in a treatife againft Epicurus. 

Melanis^ or Melanis, y that is, dark and "concealed ; 
of which nature are ail nodlurnal amours, both lawful 

P-Plin. L 15. Polyb. I. iv Serv. in Mm 1. 
q Siw fu mavis, Erycina ridens, 

Quam'yjcus circumzolat et Cupido. Hor. 1. 1. Od. 2.. 

It you, blind Goddefs, will our iide defend, 
Whom mirth and briik defne do dill attend. 
r Sui'das Phnrnur. s py, Q y^^ u i. e . amans lifus. Iliad 20.. 

4 Hefiod. u Virg, JEn. 1. et Serv. Herat, faepe. 

w Orta/a/o 9 fufcepiafolo, pat re edida Ccelo, 
Heaven gave her life, the fea a cradle gave, 
And earth's wide regions her with joy receive. 
x Plin. 35. c. 10. Alex, ab Alex. 2. Clitipho et Lencippe. . 
y, Nigra et tene'oicla, a &*&&$, niger, quod omhe amoris opus aniat . 
tenebras. Pauf. in Aicad,. 



( 102 ) 

and unlawful. For z works of love do all of them feek 
the dark. Whence the Egyptians worfhipped a Venus 9 
called a Scoteia, a goddefs to be admired in the night, 
that is, in marriage. 

Merctrix \ b becaufe fhe taught the women, in Cyprus x 
to proititute themfelves for money. 

c Migcnitis, fignifies her power in the management of 
love. Therefore Paris, after he had mixed embraces 
with Helena, dedicated the fir ft temple to d ' Venus Migo- 
nitis ; and e Virgil ufes a like expreffion fpeaking of the 
affairs of love. 

She is called Murcla in Livy and Pliny, qziafi Myrtea % 
becaufe the myrtle was facred to Venus ; and her tem- 
ple, upon the Aventine mountain at Rome, was anciently 
called Murcus* 

Paphia, from the city Paphos in the ifland of Cyprus, 
where they facrificed flowers and frankincenfe to her. 
And this is mentioned by f Virgil. This image had not 
a human fhape ; but as g Tacitus fays, It was from the 
top to the bottom of an orbicular figure, a little broad be- 
neath ; the circwnference was fmall and Jharpening toward 

* Find. Od. 9. Pyrrh; ex Hefyc. a Ex<mU *«* tv%<ry Jawar^ 
Dea admij^nda a no&u et tenebris. Eurip. in Hippol. b La£h 

et Serv. c a ^\yw[j.\ y i. e, mifceo. Paufan. in Lacon. * Ve- 
neii Migonitidi. 

e __. guem Rhea facer dos ; ^ , 

Furtruo part iii fub luminis edidil auras f 

Mixta Deo mulier* «^ n * 7* 

— — Him prieftefs Rbeabore 

Into the lightfome world; fo ftorn by joy, 

Mixt with a deity, fhe brought a boy. 

* Ipfa Paphumfublitnis adit, fedefque revifit 

Latafuasy ubi templum Hit, centumque Sabao 

Thure calent arte, fertifque recentibus halavt. JEn* *• 

This part performed, the Goddefs flies fublime, 

To vint Paphos and her native clime. 

Where garlands, ever green and ever fair, 

With vows are offer'd, and with folemn pray'r 9 

A hundred altars in her temple fmoke, 

A thoufand bleeding hearts her pow'r invoke. 
% Erat continuus orbis, latiore initio, ten uem in ambituji^ met** 
mc4o ex.urgens \ et ratio io obfcuro. Lib* j« 



( 103 ) 

th& top like a fug ar- loaf. The reafon unknown. h Lucan 
obferves, that it was ufual to worfhip other Gods in 
confuted fhapelefs figures. And it is certain the God- 
defs Pcjjinujrtia (of whom we fhall fay mere when we 
fpeak of Cybele) was nothing but a fhapelefs itone, 
which, fell down from heaven, as we find by Ilerodian. 
So \ Tertullian fays, Even Pallas the Athenian Goddefs, 
and Ceres the Goddefs of corn? bath of them without any 
certain effigies to ihern^ but mere rugged flakes , and Jhape~ 
lefs pieces of wood, are things that are bought and fold* 
And k Arnobius adds, the Arabians worjhipped a Jione r 
without form orjhape of a deity.. 

Her name l Verticordia^ fignifies the power of love to 
change hearts, and toeafe the minds of men from all 
cares that perplex them. m Ovid mentions this power 
of hers. And for the fame reafon Venus is called in the 
Greek a Epiflrophia. 

SECT, 4. ACTIONS OF VENUS. 

What deeds can you expecT: from an impudent and 
powerful ftrumpet, but thofe which are full of lewdnefs, 
mifchief, and plagues ? It were endlefs only to repeat 
the names of all thofe, whom ihe has armed to the ruin 
of one another -> whom fhe has turned into beafts, by 
inciting them to commit fuch monftrous wickednefs, as 
modefty will not let me mention. 

For who without blufhing can hear the ftory of Nyt-> 

h Simulacraque mcefta Deorum 

Arte carenty cacifque extant tnformia trunds. 

All artlefs, plain, mi ma pen trunks they are, 

Their mofs and mouldinefs procures a fear. 
i Et Pallas Attica et Ceres f.mea fine efSgie ruc\i palo, et informi 
ligno proftant. Tertul. in Apol. k Arahes in for mem coiuerunt 
lapidem. Arnob. contra Gentes. 1 Quail corda vertens, 

m Temflajubet fieri Veneris qmbus 6 r dine fiUHis % 

IndeS'enus <verfo nom'ma corde tenet. Faft. 4 

Temples are rais'd to Venus, whence the name, 

From changing minds, of Verticordia came. 
B "E7H-%oOicx,> quod vertat homines. Paufan. in Attic. 



( 104 ) 

timene ? She, infpired by impure !uft, and raging with 
curfed flames, ° is faid to have committed inceft with her 
father Nyfteus ; for which abominable wickednefs fhewas 
changed into an owl, an ugly difmal bird of the night, 
that, p confcious of her guilt, never appears in the day- 
time, but feeks to conceal her fname, and cover it by 
darknefs, being driven from the fociety of all birds. 

Who does not abhor the fame facft of Myrrha, which 
was contrived and committed by the inftigation of Ver- 
mis ? She committed inceft with her father Cinyras^ by 
the affiftance of her old nurfe, and had Adonis by him; 
but her fin proved her ruin, q for fhe was turned into a 
tree, which always, as it were, bewails its impurity, 
and fends forth drops like tears. 

Why fliould I mention the Prcpcetides, the chiefs of 
ftrumpets, ~ who denied that Venus was a Goddefs ? 
They were the firft proftitutes > and r were afterward 
turned into ftones. 

Why fhoujd I fet before you Pygmalion, a ftatuary ? 
who, confidering the great inconveniences of marriage, 
h ;d refolved to live fing-le ; but afterward making a moft 
elegant and artificial image of Venus, he fell fo much in 

° — — P atrium temerdjfe cubile* Ovid. Met. % % 

«— — To have defij'd her father's bed. 

P ~»~ — «* Confcia culpa 

'ConfpeSium, lucemque fugit '";■ ienebrifque pudcrem 

Ceiai, ei a cun^is expellitur a ere iota. 

Still confcious of her .Jhame avoids the light. 

And f'hives to fhrottd her guilty head in night, 

Expell'd the winged choir. 

9 Qua quanquam ami/it veieres cum corpore fenfus, 

Fiet tamen, et tepida manant ex arbor e gutta. Ov. Met. 10. 

Though knk with ihape (he loft, ft ill weeping fne 

Sheds bitter tears, wh ch trickle from her tree. 

t — — Pro quo fua Numinis ird 

Corpora, cum forma, primum e vu 7 gdjfe feruntur \ 

Vique pudor ceffit y fanguifque indurwt oris, 

In ngidum par-vo jilicem difcrimine <verfa. Id. ib« 

The firft that ever gave themfelves, for hue, 

To prostitution, mgYt by Venus'' irej 

Their Igoks imbolden'd, modefty now gone, 

Convert at length to little differing (lone. 



( io 5 f 

Ibve with his own workmanfhip, that he begged of Ve- 
nus- to turn -it into a woman, and enliven the ivory. 
His wi-flies were granted, and he begot of this image 
Paphos, from whom the ifland s Paphos had its name. 

And here it will not be abfurd briefly to relate the 
ftories of Pyramus and Tbijbe^ Atalanta and Hippomenes^,. 
Paris and Helena , three couple of m-oft unfortunate 
lovers. 

Pyramus and Thijbe were both inhabitants of the city 
of Babylon; equal in beauty, age, conditions, and for- 
tune. They began to love each other from their cradles.. 
Their houfes were contiguous, fo that their love arofe- 
from their neighbourhood, grew greater by their mutual 
play, and was perfected by their lingular beauty. This- 
love increafed with their years,, and when they were 
marriageable, they begged their parents confent ; which- 
was refufed, becaufe of fame- former quarrels between? 
the two families. And, that the children might not at- 
tempt any thing againfl: their parents- will, they were* 
not permitted to fee each other, or to fpeak together. 
What could Pyramus do ? or how could Tbifbe bear 
this ? There was a partition-wall between both houfes,, 
in which wall there was a fm-al-l chink, never discovered; 
by any of the fervants. This crevice l the lovers found, 
and met here : their words and their fighs went through, 
but kifles could not pafs ; which, when they parted, , 
they u printed on each fide of the wall. But what a fa-. 

8 — — De quo tenet bifida nomen*. Id. ib»., 

From whom the ilhrKi does ns name receive. 

t< ( Quid non,fe?itit amor ?) prinn.fenfifiu amantesj 

Et ijoci feciftis itet\ tutatque per iilud 

Murmur e blandttia minimo iranjire folebant, Ov d. Met, 4^., 

This for fb many ages undeiciy'd. 

(What cannot love find out ?) the lovers fpy'd,;, 

By which their .wliifp' ring vo ces foftly trad", 

And pailion's am'rous ambajlies convey'd. 

u Partique dedere 

Qfcula qui/que futv, non pervenientia contra* . 
- ' Their kiifes greet 

Tiiefenifckfe.ftones with lips that cannot me,:U. 

* 55 



f 106 ) 

tal rupture in their hearts did this fmatl breach in the 
wall produce ? for their love was too great to be con- 
fined to fuch narrow bounds : the next night therefore 
they refolved to enjoy that liberty abroad, which they 
could not receive at home, by efcaping into a neigh- 
bouring wood, where they agreed to meet under the 
fhade of a large mulberry-tree, which flood clofe to a 
fountain. When night came on, Tbifbe deceives her 
keepers, and efcapes firft, and flies into the wood ; for 
love gave her wings. When file got to the appointed 
place, w a lionefs came frefti from the flaughter of fome 
cattle, to drink at the fountain. Tbifbe was fo fright- 
ened that fhe ran into a cave, and in the flight her veil 
fell from her head : the lionefs, returning from the foun- 
tain, found the veil, and tore it with her jaws fmeared 
with the cattle's blood. Afterward comes Pyrarnnsy and 
fees the print of a wild beaft's foot in the gravel, and by 
and by finds the veil of Tbifbe bloody and torn. He im- 
mediately imagining ihat fne was killed and devoured by 
the beaft, prefently grew diffracted, and haftened to the 
appointed tree ; and when he could not find Tbifbe 9 he 
threw himfelf upon his fword, and died. Tbifbe in the 
mean time recovered from her fright, and came to the 
inulberry-tree ; where, when fhe came near, fhe fees 
* a man expiring. At firft fhe was amazed, and flop- 
ped, and went back frighted. But when fhe knew T 



Venit ecce recenti 



Cade letzna boum fpumantes oblita ricluj, 
.DepofiturafMm <vicini fontis in unda. 
When lo a lionefs, with blood befmeafd, 
Approaching to the well-known fprlng appeared* 

x ,_ Tremehunda <videt pulfare cruenturm 

Membra folum, 
m . - -,,. — In great furprife 
. Blood-reeking earth, and trembling limbs (he fpies* 
7 Sed pojlquam remoratafuos cognovit amoves •> 
Per cult ■ indignos claro pangore lacertos •• 
Et laniata comas 5 ample xaque corpus amatum, 
Vuinera fupple<vit lacrymis j fletumque' cruori 
Mijcidt : et gelidis in multibus ofcu'ajigens, ^ 
Fjrame, clamavit, quis te mihi cafus ademitt 



( *Q7 ) 

who it was, file ran into the embraces of her dying 
lover, mingled her tears with his blood, and folding her 
arms about him, being almoft diftracted with grief, (he 
lamented the misfortune that robbed her of her lover, 
called upon him to anfwer if he could, when his Tbifie 
called him ; but he was fpeechlefs, and, only lock- 
ing up to her, expired. And now Thifbe was almoft 
dead with grief : fhe tore her cheeks, and beat her 
breafts, and rent her hair, and fhed a deluge of tears 
upon his cold face ; nor ceafed to mourn, till fhe per- 
ceived her veil, bloody and torn, in Pyramus 9 hand. 
She then underftood the occafion of his death ; and, 
with all her ftrength, fhe draws the fword out of the 
body of her lover, and strikes it deep into her own ; and 
falling accidentally on him, gave him a cold kifs, and 
breathed her laft breath into his bofom. The tree was 
warmed with the blood of the flain lovers, fo that it be- 
came fenfible of their misfortune, and mourned. Its 
berries, which were before white, became firft red with 
grief, and blufhed for the death of Pyramus-, when 
Thijbe alfo died, the berries then became black and dark^ 
as if they had put on mourning. 

In the next place hear the ftory of Atalanta and Hip- 
pomenes* She was the daughter of king Sch&?ieus, or 
C&neus* It was doubted whether her beauty or fwift- 

Pyrame, refponde. Tua te, chariffima, T,b : Jbe 
Nomhiat. Exaudi : <vultufque attolle jacenies* 
Adnomen Ihifies oculcs in marie gr aval os 
Pyramus erexi, ^vudque reccndidit ilia. 
But when a nearer view confirmed her fear, 
That 'twas her Pyramus lay weltering there 5 
She kiiVd his lips, and when file found them cold, 
No longer could from wild complaints withhold. 
What ilrange miichance, what envious deftiny 
Divorces my dear Pyramus from me ? 
Thy Tkijbe calls — O, Pyramus, reply! 
Can Pyramus be deaf to Ihijbfs cry ? 
When ?bi/be"s name the dying lover heard, 
His half-clos'd eyes for one laii look herear'd ; 
Which, having inatch'd the blefling of that figh^ 
Refignd themlelves to everlafting night. 



( io8 ) 

nefs In running were greater. When (he confuted the 
oracle, whether ftie fhould marry or not, this anfwer 
was given, That marriage would be fatal to her. Upon 
which the virgin hid herfelf in the woods, and lived in 
places remote from the converfation of men. But the 
jmore fhe avoided them, the more eagerly they courted 
her \ for her difdain inflamed their deli res, and her pride 
raifed their adoration. At laft, when file faw fhe could 
not other wife deliver herfelf from the importunity of her 
lovers, fhe made this agreement with them : ' You 
court me in vain; he who overcomes me in running 
(hall be my hufband ; but they who are beaten by me 
{hall fi.'ffer death ; 1 will be the victor's prize, but the 
vanquifhed's punifhment : If thefe terms pleafe, go with 
me into the field.' They all agreed to thefe conditions 3 ; 
they ftrove to outrun her \ but they were all beaten, 
and put to death according to the agreement ; fuffering 
the lofs of their lives for the fault of their feet. Yet the* 
example of thefe lovers did not deter Hippomenes from* 
undertaking the race. He entertained hopes of win- 
ning the victory, beqaufe Venus had given him three 
golden apples, gathered in the gardens of the Hefperides y 
and alfo told him how to ufe them, Hippomenes brifkly 
fet out and began the race ; and when he faw thbt-Ata— 
lanta overtook him, he threw down a golden apple ? 
the beauty of it inticed her, fo that fee b went out of her 
way, followed the apple, and took it up. Afterward 
he threw down another, which file purfued ajfd to ob- 
tain \ and again a third y fo that while Atalanta was 
bufied in gathering them up,, Hzppamenes reached the 
goal, and took the lady as the prize of his victory. But 
how rncontont is Venus, and how bafe is ingratitude h 
Hippomenes, being drunk with love, gave not due thanks 
to Venus % but was forgetful of her kindnefs* The God- 

a Venit ad banc legem temer aria turba pro coram % Ov. M«M.ct» 
All her mad wooers take the terms proposed, 
k De.dinat curjm x aurumque <volubiie to/Hi. 
She, greedy o[ the (hining fruit, fteps back. 
'Sq satsh the rolling gojd . 



( i<?9 ) 

defs refented it, and inflamed tbem with fuch ftrong- 
impatient defires, that in their journey they dared to 
fatisfy their paiiions in a temple of C.bele ; for which 
impiety they were immediately puniffied, for they were- 
turned into a lion and lionefs. 

Laftly, let Paris and Helena come upon the ftage* 
Paris was the for* of Priamus king of Troy, by Hecuba.. 
His mother, when (lie was pregnant, dreamed that {he 
brought forth a burning torch : and afking the ora- 
cle for an interpretation, was anfwered, That it did por- 
tend the burning of Troy, and that the fire fbould be* 
kindled by the boy that {he had in her womb. There- 
fore, as foon as the child was born, by the command of 
Priamus, he was expofed upon the mountain Ida - y 
where the fliepherds brought him up privately, and edu- 
cated him, and called him Paris. When he. was grown 
to man's eftate, many excellent endowments and qua- 
lities fliined in him ; particularly, he gave- fuch great- 
tokens of Angular prudence and equity in deciding con— 
troverfies, that on a great difference which arofe among- 
the God defies,, they referred it to his judgment to be de- 
termined. The Goddefs c Dijcsrdia was the -occzfioa- 
of this contention : for, becaufe all the Gods and God— 
defles, except herfelf, were invited to the marriage of 
Peleus^ {he was angry,, and refolved to revenge, the dis- 
grace ; therefore, when they all met and fat down at 
the table, {he came in privately, and threw down upon 
the table an apple of gold, on which was this infcrip-- 
tion, d Let the fairejl take it. Hence arofe a quarrel 
among the Goddefies ; for every one thought herfelf the 
handfomeft. But at laft, all the others yield to the 
three fuperior Goddefies, Juno, Pallas, and Venus ; who 
difputed fo eagerly, that 'Jupiter himfelf was not able to 
bring them to agreement. He refolved therefore to leave* 
the final determination of it to the judgment of Paris ^ 
fo that {he {hould have the apple to whom Paris ihould 
appoint it. The Goddefies confent, and call for Paris, 

c Dion. Chry foil. Orat. 20. Pbiloftrat, in Icon, d Eufchrios 
accipiat, vel, Detur pukhriori, 



{ no ) 

who was then feeding fheep upon a mountain. They 
tell him their bufmefs ; they every one court his favour 
with great promifes. "Juno promifed to reward him with 
power ; Pallas with wifdom ; and Venus promifed him 
the moft beautiful woman in the world. In fhort, he 
obferved them all very curioufly ; but nature guided him 
to pronounce Venus the faireft, and to aflign to her the 
-apple of gold. Nor did Venus break her promife to 
Paris ; for in a little time Paris was owned to be king 
Priam s fon, and failed into Greece with a great fleet, 
under the colour of an embaffy, to fetch away Helena, 
the moft beautiful virgin in the world ; who was be- 
trothed to Menelaus, king of Sparta, and lived in his 
houfe. When he came, Menelaus was abfent from 
home ; and, in his ab fence, Paris carried away Helena 
to Troy. Menelaus demanded her, but Paris refufed to 
fend her back ; and this occafioned that fatal war be- 
tween the Grecians and "Trojans, in which Troy, the me- 
tropolis of all JJia, was taken and burnt, in the year of 
the world 2871. There were killed eight hundred 
fixty-eight thoufand of the Grecians; among whom 
Achilles, one of their generals, loft his life by the trea- 
chery of Paris 'hirnfelf. There were flain fix hundred 
feventy-fix thoufand of the Trojans, from the beginning 
of the war to the betraying of the city (for it was 
thought that Mneas and Anicnor betrayed it) among 
whom Paris himfelf was killed by Pyrrhus or Philocletes; 
and his brother Heclor^ e the pillar of his country, was 
killed by Achilles. And when the city was taken and 
burnt, king Priamus, the father of Paris and Heclor^ 
at once loft ail his children, Hecuba his queen, his king- 
dom, and his life. Helena, after Paris was killed, mar- 
ried his brother Deiphobus : yet fhe, at laft, betrayed 
the caftle to the Grecians, and admitted Menelaus into 
her chamber to kill Deiphobus ; by which, it is faid, fhe 
was reconciled to the favour of Menelaus again. But 
thefe things belong rather to hiftory than to fable ? to 
which let us return. 

e Patriae columen. 



( III J 



SECT. 5. VENUS' COMPANIONS ; HYMEN^US, THE 
CUPIDS, THE GRACES, ADONIS. 

The firfr of Venuf companions was the God Hyme- 
naus. He preftded over marriage, and was the protec- 
tor of virgins. He was the fon of Bacchus and Vtiius 
Urania, born in Attica^ where he ufed to refcue virgins 
carried away by thieves, and reftore them to their pa- 
rents. He was of a very fair complexion ; crowned 
with the amaracus or fweet marjoram, and fometimes 
with rofes ; in one hand he carried a torch, in the other 
a veil of a flame colour, to reprefent the bluihes of a 
virgin. Maids newly married offered facrifices to him, 
as they did alfo to the Goddefs Concordia, 

Cupid was the next of Venus' companions. He is 
called the God of 'Love ', and f many different parents are 
afcribed to him, becaufe there were many Cupids. Plato 
s fays, he was born of Pe?ra* the Goddefs of Poverty , 
by Poros, the fon of Counfel and Plenty. h tlefiod re- 
lates, that he was born of Chaos and Terra, Sappho 
derives him from Venus and Cesium. Alcaus fays he 
was the fon of Lite and Zephyr us. Simonides attributed 
him to Mars and Venus ; and Alcmaon, to Zephyrus 
and Flora. But whatever parents Cupid had, this is 
plain, he always accompanies Venus, either as a fon or 
as a fervant \ 

The poets fpeak of two Cupids, One of which is an 
ingenious youth ;: , the fon of Venus and Jupiter , a ce- 
leftial deity ; the other an obfeene debauchee, the fon 
of Erebus- and Nox (Hell and Night) a vulgar God, 
whofe companions are drunkerrnefs, forrow, enmity^ 
contention, and fuch kind of plagues. One of thefe 
Cupids is called Eros 9 and the other Anteros ; both cf 
them are boys, and naked, and winged, and blind, and 
armed with a bow and arrows and a torch. x They 

f Phiioftrat, in Icon. s Plato in Sympof. h Vide Nat. Com, 
et Lil. Gyr. i Cic. de Nat. Deor. k Piato in PbaeJro. * Plat, 
apud Stobseam. 



c I« ) 

Bave two darts of different natures; a golden dart>. 
which p,« cures love, and a leaden dart, which caufes. 
hatred, m Anter.os is alio the God who avenges flighted 
love. 

Although this be the youngeft of all the celeftial r 
Gods, yet his power is fo great, that he is eiteemed the: 
ftrongcft of them ; for he fubdues them all. Without 
his affiftance his mother Venus is weak, and can do no- 
thing,- as fhe herfelf ' confefles- in Virgil. 

P. But why is Cupid naked ■?. 

'M. He is naked, becaufe the lover has nothing of." 
bis own, but deprives himfelf-of. all that he has, for his-' 
mi ft re fs' fake ;,he can neither cover nor conceal any 
thing from her;., of which Sompfon is a witnefs : for he 
discovered to his beloved miftrefs- even the fee ret on ; 
which , his. fafety did depend ; and here his underftanding 
was blinded before his eyes. Another fays that Cupid '■• 
is naked, ° becaufe lovers delight to be fo. 

Cupid is a boy, becaufe he is void of judgment. His 
chariot is- drawn by lions, for the rage and fiercenefs of; 
no creature is greater than the extravagance and mad- 
nefs of violent love. He is blind, becaufe a lover does 
not fee the faults of his beloved object, nor coniider in 
his mind the mifchief proceeding from that paffion.- He 
is winged, becaufe nothing flies fwifter than. love,, for 
he -who. loves to-day, will hate to-morrow ; and the 
fpace of one day does oftentimes fee love and averfion, , 
in their turns, reigning in the -fame ■ perfon : nay, Am-. 
non, king David's fon, both loved and hated the fame- 
woman in a fliorter fpace of time p . Laftly, he is armed 
with arrows, becaufe. he ftrikes afar off. 

m Scholiafh. in Theocr, 10. Idyll. Paufan. in Bceot. Plut. in-. 
Sjrmpof. 

n Nate, me a vires , mea magna poientia 9 folus* ./En* 4*. 

Thou art my ftrength, O ion, ajid power alone. 
*■ £>uare nuda Venus % nudi pinguntur amores P 
Nuda quibus placeat> nudos dimittat ofortet. 
Why's Venus naked, and the loves a+e fo ? 
Thofe tbat like nakednefs ihould flaked go* 
P. a Sam. xiii. 



( "3 ) 

The Graces^ called ^ Charites, were three fitters, the 
daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome^ or Eunomia^ as Qr- 
pheus fays ; or rather, as others fey, the daughters of 
Bacchus and Venus. The firft was called r Aglaia, from 
her cheerfulnefs,. her beauty, or her worth ; becaufe 
kindnefs ouglit to be performed freely and generoufly. 
The fecond, s Thalia^ from her perpetual verdure ; be- 
caufe kindnefs ought never to die, but to remain freih 
always in the receiver's memory. The third, x Eu~ 
phrofyne^ from her -cheerfulnefs ; becaufe we ought to 
be free and cheerful, as well in doing as receiving a 
kindnefs. 

Thefe fillers were painted naked (or in transparent 
and loofe garments) young and merry, and all virgins, 
with hands joined. One was turned from the beholder, 
as if fhe was going from him ; the other two turned 
their faces, as if they were coming to him ; by which 
we underftand, that when one kindnefs is done thanks 
are twice due ; once when received, and again when it 
is repaid. The Graces are naked, became kinJnefies 
ought to be done in fineerity and candour, and without 
difguife. They are young, becaufe the memory of kirid- 
nefles received ought never to grow old. They are vir- 
gins, becaufe kindnefles ought to be pure, without ex- 
pectation of requital ; or becaufe we ought never to 
give or receive a bafe or immodeft kindnefs. Their 
hands are joined, becaufe u one good turn requires ano- 
ther; there ought to be a perpetual intercourfe of kind- 
nefs and affifbnce-arnong friends. 

Adonis was the fon of Cinyras, king of Cyprus ', and 
Myrrha. As he was very handfome, Venus took great 
delight in him, and loved his company. When he 
hunted, a boar gored his groin with hrs tufks, and kill- 

<? Xoc^tb<; di£be unro ryq %«£.£$, *• *• a gaudio. 1 r -AyX#j« a 
id eft, fplendor, honeftas, vel dignitas. s Socfola. (nam §u?\i\a. 

eft Mufae nomen) id eft, viriditas et concinnitas a QccXXa vireo. 
1 'EvtpfocrwYj, id eft, Icetitia et uibanitas. Vide Hefiod. in Theog. 
u xty* X"Z iV t&t«j *« e * g«^tia gratiam parit, in Adag. 



( IU ) 

cd him. Venus- bewailed his death with much forrow 
and concern, and changed his blood, which was fhed 
on the ground, into the flower anemone^ which ever 
fince has retained the colour of blood. And while fhe 
ran to affirt him, being led by his dying voice, a thorn 
pricked her foot, and the blood that came thence fell on 
the rofe, which before was white, but hereby made red* 

Some add another pleafant conceit. They fay, that 
when Venus and Proferpina contended before Jupiter 
which fliould have Adorns^ Jupiter referred them to Cal- 
liope, whom he appointed *to be judge of their quarrel. 
Calliope gave this fentence, That Adonis fhould ferve 
Venus every year fix months, and wait upon Proferpina 
the other fix. The meaning of which fable is this : 
Venus is the earth, and her Adonis is the fun. She reigns 
with him fix months, attired with beauteous flowers, 
and enriched with fruit and corn ; the other fix months 
the fun leaves us, and goes, as it were, to live with. 
Proferpina. 

Laftly, from Adonis comes the proverb, w Adonis' gar~ 
dens \ by which are fignifled all thofe things that are fine 
and gay, but ufelefs and trifling. 

SECT. 6. THE EXPLANATION OF THE FABLE. 
VENUS THE SYMBOL OF AMOROUSNESS, 

The Graces, Cupid, and Adonis, are Venus 9 compani- 
ons, whereby is defcribed the ungovernable appetite and 
inclination which is in men toward obfcene pleafures. 

I. She is called the Goddefs of Beauty and Comelinefs ; 
for beauty is the greateft fomenter of impure defires. 
She, fitting on a frail corporeal throne, fubdues the foul : 
{he, by her flattery and enticement, fteals into the af- 
fections, and drives virtue thence, and bafely enflaves 
the whole man. The Cythereans worfhipped Venus arm- 
ed. Beauty needs no weapons : fhe who poflerTes that 
is diffidently armed. Anacreon ingenioufly tells us. 



Adonidis horti, in Adag* 






( "S ) 

that nature gave women beauty, that they might ufe it 
inftead of fpears and fhields, and conquer with greater 
fpeed and force, than either iron or fire can. Helena^ 
Pbryne, and innumerable others, are witnefles of this 
truth. One lady, when -fhe was bound to the flake to 
be ftoned, with the lightning of her eyes difarmed her 
executioners : another, when her crime was proved, and 
though (lie had often offended before, when {he tore her 
garments, and opened her hreaft, flopped the judge's 
mouth ; and, when her beauty pleaded her caufe, every 
body acquitted her. 

2. Beauteous Venus rides in a chariot, as it were, to 
triumph over her fuhdued enemies, whom -love, rather 
than force, has conquered. She has her ambufhes, but 
they, are compofed of pleafure and enjoyment : fhe fkir- 
mifhes with delights, and not with fire and bullets* 
The wounds fhe gives are bloodlefs and gentle : fhe 
ufes no other flames than what {he kindles with her eyes, 
and draws the arrows which fhe fhoots from no other 
quiver. And if fhe fights thus, it is no wonder if fhe 
makes the enemy fly to her, rather than from her. 

3. She wears a crown ; becaufe fhe is always victo- 
rious. Beauty never wants fuccefs ; becaufe fhe fights 
at leifure, conquers in time of peace, and triumphs with 
her eyes. Thunder is contained even in her filence, 
and lightning in her look. She feizes the breaft, ftorms 
the mind, and takes it captive with one afiault, nay, 
with one look. Beauty fpeaks without a voice, forces 
us without violence, ties us down without fetters, and 
charms us without witchcraft ; and in her to fee is to 
overcome, and to be feen is to triumph. Auguftm re- 
fufed to fee her in Cleopatra^ left himfelf fhould be taken,, 
and the conqueror of the world fubmit to a woman : 
when therefore fhe pleaded, and made her defence, he 
opened his ears, but fhut his eyes. 

4. She carries a looking- gla is, that the brittlenefs of 
the glafe may remind her of the frailty of her beauty. 
She is crowned with flowery garlands, becaufe nothing 
is more fading; than beauty, which, like a flower, is 



( n6 ) 

blafted by the leaft breath, broken by the leaft accident, 
and dies in the fhorteft moment. 

5. She is born from the fea, becaufe as many ftorms 
and temp efts afHidt the lover, as difturb the fea : nothing 
but bitternefs is his portion y fo that we may fay, that 
x to love is to fwallow a bitter potion. This is certainly 
true, that the bitternefs of the fea is fweet, if compared 
with the bitternefs of love, But fuppofe love lias fome 
fweetnefs, ver like the fea, from which Venus fprangj 
it is full of ternpeftuous defires, and ftormy difappoint- 
ments. How many v< fiels have been fhipwrecked there ? 
how many goods loft ? 'What deftruclion not only of 
men's eftates, but of their underftandings alfo, have 
happened there"? Inftanees of which, every body who 
is not blind has cbferved. 

6. Gonfider the adulteries, rapes, and incefts of 
which Venus h accufed, and you will find which way 
her beauty tends. Lee the precipices into which that 
ignis fatuus? in her eyes, betrays its admirers. Though 
her face appears pure and cool as the ice, it creates a 
p^-lion In re ami hot as fire. From that ftream 
of fparkling fire which comes from her eyes, clouds of 
dark and hellifti impurity^ and black mifts of luft pro- 
ceed* Thi/?- by a ftmnge contradiction, many are 
blinded by others eyes, and find tumults raifed in their 
breafts from the: calm ferenity of others looks ; grow 
pale at the rcdnefs of their cheeks, lofe their own beauty 
in admiring the beauty of others, and grow imrnodeii 
by loving rriedefty. 

P. How far, I pray, will the fervour and the flow- 
ing tide of your wit and fancy carry you ? The beauty 
cf this Goc'defs, I fee, has raifed your admiration. 

M, It has rather moved my indignation : but, how- 
ever, you do well in flopping me. She hath detained 
us longer than I expected, though not without reafon ; 
becaufe fhe is one of the greateft of all the Gpdderles. 
The red are lefs illuftrious, and will by no means detain, 
us fo long. 

x Amare effe araatori amarum.. 



( "7 ) 

CHAPTER X, 

LATONA, 

LJTONJ, whom you fee {landing next to Venus^ 
7 was the daughter of Phoebe > by Cans the Titan. So 
great was her beauty, that Jupiter fell in love with her, 
and defloured her. When Juno perceived that fhe was 
big with child by him, {he caft he* out of heaven to the 
earth ; and obliged Terra^ by an oath, not to give her 
any where a habitation to bring forth in : and befides, 
15 {he fet the ferpent Python upon her, to perfecute her 
all over the world. Juno, however, was difappointed 
in every thing ; for the ifland Delos received Latona, 
where, under a palm or an olive tree, {he brought forth 
Diana ; who, as foon as {he was born, performed the 
office of midwife to her mother, and took care of her 
brother Apollo as foon as he was born. 

P. But if Terra fwore, that {he would allow no 
place to Latona, how could ihe bring forth in Delos ? 

M. Very well: a for they fay, that this ifland for- 
merly floated in the fea, and at that time was hid under 
the waters when Terra took her oath ; bu&emerged af- 
terward by the oider of Neptune, and became fixed and 
immoveable for Laiona's ufe ; from which time it was 
called b Delos, becaufe it was now vifible like other 
places. 

P. But why did the ifland Delos emerge for Latona's 
ufe ? 

M. That is not flrange : for this ifland was After to 
Latona* Some fay, that her name was formerly Afte- 
rtax whom Jupiter loved and courted, but {lie was con- 
verted into an ifland : others report, that {he was c con- 
verted into a quail, and flew into this ifland, which was 
therefore, among others names, called d Qrtygia. Niobe's 

. T Apollod. 1. i. Ovid. Met. 6. « Orph. in Hymn. a Lu- 

cian. in Dial, Iridis et Nep-unl. b A^o;, id eit, confpicua et 

inanifefta. c Ovid, Met. 1.5, d 'a%1 tSs op7vyo<;> a coturnice, 
2 



X "8 ) 

pride, and the barbarity of the countryjmen of Lycia^ 
increafe the fame of this Goddefs. 

Niobe was the daughter of Tantalus, and the wife of 
Amphion, king of Thebes. e She was fo enriched with 
all the gifts of nature and fortune, and her happinefs fo 
greaV that fhe could not bear it : being puffed up with 
pride, and full of felf* conceit, fhe began to defpife La- 
tona, and to efteem herfelf greater than her, faying ; 
Is any happinefs to be compare 4 to mine, who am out of the 
reach of fortune ? She may rob me of much wealth, but fhe 
cannot injure me, fence fhe mufl leave me Jlill very rich f . 
Does any one**s wealth exceed mine ? is any one's beauty like 
mine ? Have 1 not feven mojl beautiful daughters, and as 
many ingenious and^handfome fom ? and have I not there- 
fore reafon to be proud^ ? In this manner did fhe boaft 
of her happinefs, and defpife others in comparlfon of 
herfelf; but her rrtfid pride, in a fhort time, deprived 
her of all that happinefs which fhe had poffeffed, and re- 
duced her from the height of good fortune to the loweft 
degree of mifery. For when Latona faw herfelf defpifed, 
and her facrifices difturbed by Niobe, fhe appointed Apolk 
and Diana to punifh the injury that was offered to their 
mother. Immediately they two go, with their quivers 
well filled with arrows, to Niobe's houfe ; where firft 
they kill the fons, then the daughters, and next the fa- 

c Ovid. Met. 6. 

*" Major fum yuam cut poj/it For tuna nocere 5 

Multaque ut eripiat, multo mlhi plura relinquet. Ov. Met# 6» 

My date's too great for Fortune to bereave 5 

Though much fhe lavifh, fhe much more muft leave 

z In quamcumque domus ad<verti lumina partem, 

Immenfa fpeclantur opes. Accedat eodem 

Digna Ded fades. Hue natas adjice feptem, 

Et totidem jwvenes 5 et mox generofque nurufquet 

^uaerite nunc, habeat quam mftra fuperbia caufam f 

Throughout my court behold in evxy place 

Infinite riches ! add to this a face 

Worthy a Goddefs. Then, to crown my joys 5 

Seven beauteous daughters, and as many boys $ 

All thefe by marriage to be multiplyM, 

Behold, have we not reafon for our pride ? 



{ ii 9 ) 

ther, in the fight of Niobe^ who by that means h was 
itupified with grief, till at length foe was turned into 
marble, which, becaufe of this misfortune, fheds many- 
tears to this day. 

The ruftics of the country of Lycia in Afta, did alfo 
experience the anger of Latona with their ruin \ for 
when fhe wandered in the fields very big with twins, the 
heat of the weather and the toil of her journey brought 
fuch a drought upon her, that fhe almoft fainted for 
thirft. At laft difcovering a fpring in the bottom of the 
valley, fhe ran to it with great joy, and fell on her 
lenees ! to drink the cool waters ; but the neighbouring 
clowns hindered her, and bid her depart. She earneftly 
begged leave, and they as furlily denied it : (he did not 
defire, k fhe faid, to muddy the ftreams by wafhing her- 
felf in them, but only to quench her thirft, now fhe 
was almoft choaked with drought. They regarded not 

h . Orb a re [edit 

Examines inter natos, natafque, e viru?nque 9 

Diriguitque malts. 

She by her hufband, fens, and daughters fits 

A chiidlefs widow, waxing ft iff with woes. 

i Gelidcs potura liquores* 

To quench her thirft with the refreshing ftream. 

k Quid pr obi bet is aquis? ufus communis aquarumt 

Necfolem propnum natura, nee aera fecit, 

Nee tenues undas. Ad public a munera veni. 

Qua iamen ut detis fupplex peto, Non ego nqflros 

Abluere hie artus, laffataque membra parabam : 

Sed rele^varefitim. Caret os humor e loqueniis 9 

Etjauces arent, <vixque eft 'via <vocis in illis, 

Hauftus aqua ?nihi neclar erit : <vitamque fatebor 

Accepijfejimul. 

■ Why hinder you, faid lhe, 

The ufe of water that to all is free ? 

"Nor fun, air, nor nature, did water frame 

Peculiar 5 a public gift I claim : 

Yet humbly I entreat it, not to drench 

My weary limbs, but killing thirft to quench. 

My tongue wants moifture, and my jaws are dry $ 

Scarce is there way for fpeech. For drink I die. 

Water to me were neclar. If I live, 

'Tis by your favour.**— 




( 120 ) 

her entreaties, l but with many threats endeavoured to 
drive her away ; and left fhe fhould drink, they leaped 
into the water and mudded the ftream. This great in- 
humanity moved the indignation of Latona^ who, not 
able to bear fuch barbarous treatment, curfed them, and 
faid to them, m May ye always live in this water. Im- 
mediately they were turned into frogs, and leaped into 
the muddy waters, where they ever after lived. 



CHAPTER XL 

AURORA. 

M WHO do you think that ftately n Goddefs is, 
who is drawn in a chariot of gold, by white horfes ? 

P. Is it not Aurora^ the daughter of Terra and 77- 
ian^ the fitter of the Sun and the Moon, ancr the mo- 
ther of the Stars and the Winds ? I fancy fo ; becaufe 
her countenar.ee fhines like gold, and her fingers are 
red like rofes, and ° Homer defcribes Aurora after that 
manner. 

M* Your obfervation - is very right : it is, as you 

1 £*ue?n non blanda Dea potuiffent "verba mo v ere ? 
Hi tamen ora?item perflant probibere j minajque 9 
Ni procul abfeedat, con<viciaque infuper addunt. 
Nee faiis eji : ipfos etiam pedibufque, nlanuque 
Durban) ere lacus ; imoque e gurgiie mollem 
Hue illuc limum faltu movere maligno. 
With whom would not fuch gentle words prevail r 
Eut they, perilling to prohibit, rail} 
The place with threats command her to forfake ; 
Then, with their hands and feet, difturb the lake : 
And, leaping with malicious motions, move 
The troubled mud ; wjjjcb, rifmg, floats above. 
m JEternumftagnO) dixit , vivatis in ifio : 
E*veriiunt optata Dea. 
E'er, faid me, may ye in this water dwell ; 
And, as the Goddefs winYd, it happ'd. 
n Virg. Mxu 6» Theocr. in Hyla. Apollon, 1. 1. ? Hymn, 
in Vener, 



JHafe 70 




( **i ) * 

fay, Aurora^ whom the p Greeks call by another name ; 
you have named her parents right -, yet ? fome fay, that 
file was the daughter of Hyperion and Ttf/'tf, or elie Pal- 
las, from whom the poets alfb called her Pailantias. 

P. Does hiftory relate noth'ng done by her ? 

M. Yes, r (lie by force carried two beautiful young 
men, Cephalus and c iithonus, into heaven. - 

Cephalus married Procrls, the daughter of the king of 
jJibens. When Aurora couid by no perfuafion move him 
to violate his marriage-vow, fhe carried him into hea- 
ven \ but even there (he could not fhake his conftancy : 
therefore fhe fent him again to his wife Proms, difguifed 
in the habit of a merchant ; who, being defirous to try 
her fidelity to her abfent hufband, tempted her, with 
much courtfhip and many prefents, to yield to his de- 
fires ; and, when (he almoft confented, he call: off his 
difguife, and chid his wife for her inconftancy. She 
was greatly afhamed, and hid herfelf in the woods ; but 
afterward was reconciled to her hufband, and gave him 
an arrow, which never miffed the mark, which {he had 
received from Minoe. When Cephalus had this arrow, 
he fpent his whole time in hunting and purfuing wild 
beads. 3 Procris, fu {peeling that her hufband loved fome 
nymphs, went before, and lay in a bufh, to difcover the 
truth ; but when fhe moved carelefly in the bufh, her 
hufband heard the ruffling) and, thinking that fome wild 
beaft was there, drew his bow, and fhot his wife with 
'his unerring arrow. 

Tithonus was the fon of ' Laomedon^ and brother of Pria- 
mus : l Aurora, for his lingular beauty, carried him up 
to heaven, and married him; and, inftead of a portion, 
obtained from the Fates immortality for him ; and fhe 
had Memnon by him : but fhe forgot to afk the Fates to 
grant him perpetual youth, fo that he became fo old and 

P Graece dicitur 'hJ$ et 'Ea; unde Eous et Heous : Latlnis nomi- 
natur Aurora, quafi Aurea, Eft enim, ut inquit Orpheus in 
Hymnis, 'Ayyt^icx. ®g£ T*t£j>c?, id eft, Solis Nuncia. q Hefiod. 
in Theogon. r Ovid. Met. 7. Fa u fan. in Lacon. 8 Ovid, Met. 7, 
1 Hoiatius, 1. 2, Caim, 

G 



( 122 ) 

f i3ccrep : d, that, like an infant, he was rocked to fieep in 
a cradle. Hereupon he grew weary of life, and, wiihmg 
for death, afked Aurora to grant him power to die. She 
faid, that it was not in her power to grant it; but that 
file would do what fhe could ; u and therefore turned 
her hufband into a gra&opper, which, they fay, moults 
■when it is old, and grows young again. 

PyAnd what became of Memnon ? 

M. Memnon went to Troy, to affift king Priam, where, 
in a duel with Achilles, he was killed ; ?and in the place 
where he fe 1, a fountain arofe, which every year, on 
the fame day on which he died, fends forth blood in- 
flead of w r ater. But as his body lay upon the funeral 
pile to be burnt, it was changed into a bird by his mo- 
ther Aurora's interceffion ; and many other birds of the 
fame kind flew out of the pile with him, which, from 
his name, were called Aves Memnon ce : theft dividing 
.ihemfelves into two troops, and furioufiy fighting with 
their beaks and claws, with their own blood appeafed 
the ghoft of Memnon , from whom they fprung. 

There was a flatue of this Memnon, made of black 
marble, and fet up in the temple of Serapis at Thebes, 
in Egypt, of which they relate an incredible ftory : for 
it is faid y , that the mouth of this ftatue, when firft 
touched by the rays of the rifing fun, feut forth a fweet 
and harmonious found, as though it rejoiced when its 
mother Aurora came; but at the felting, -of the fun, it 
fent forth a low melancholy tone, as though it lamented 
its mother's departure. 

And thus I have told you, Palzcphilus, all things^ 
\vhich I thought ufeful, concerning the cehjlial Gods 
and Goddefles. 

P. How much am I indebted to you for this, my 
moft kind friend* But what .now ? Are you going 
away ? Will you not keep your word ? Did you not 
promife to explain ail the fabulous images in the Pan- 
theon t 

a Ovid. Met. i<iu * Ovid. Met. 13- f Ludan, in Philo> 

Xzetzcs Chile 6* 



M. Never trouble yourfelf ? what I undertake I will 
furely perform. But would you have us ftay here all 
day without our dinner ? Let us dine, and we will foorx 
return again to our bufinefs. Come, you fhall dine 
with me in my houfe. 

P. Excufe me, fir; I will not give you that trou- 
ble, I had rather dine at my own inn. 

M. What do you talk of trouble ? I know no per> 
fori, whofe company is more obliging and grateful. 
Let us go I fay : you are not your own mafter to-day*. 
Obey then. 

P. I do fo : I wait upon you. 



G a 



( 124 ) 

PART II. 

OF THE TERRESTRIAL DEITIES. 



CHAPTER I. 



SECT. I. SATURN. HIS IMAGE, FAMILY, ANB 

ACTIONS. 

•• P. NOW certainly, fince we have dined fo well, 
you wiil fpeak, and 1 (hall mind better. Come on: 
Whereabout would you have me look ? 

M. Look upon the wall on the right hand. On that 
Wall, which is the fecund part of the Pantheon* as well 
a§ of our difcourfe, you fee the tenjl>ial Deities 
divided into two forts; for fome of them inhabit both 
the cities and the fields indifferently, bud arc tailed in 
general a the errejirial Gods ,; but the others live only 
in the countries and the wood-, and are properly called 
> the Gods of tk> Woods. We wii) begin with the firft. 

Of thtfte'reftriai Gods (which are fo called, becaufe 
their habitation is in the.e->rthy the mod celebrated are 
Saturn. 'Janus^ Vulcan, -Mollis, and Mortm. The ter- 
reftrial Goddejfes are Ve/la^ Cybele^ Ceres, the Mufes, and 
Tkm f $ ; they are equal in number, to the celenSal Gods 
and Goddefles. We will begin with the eldeft, Saturn, 
whofe image you fee there. 

P. Is that clecrepid, wrinkled, old man c Saturn, with 
% Song beard and hoary head ? His fhoulde.rs are bowed 

• D'?i.-terreftres urbes ct campos promifcue incolunt. * D \ au- 
• teas jjiveftrcs r ure tairtum et ia fyivis degunW c Virg. JEn. 7* 



Flab 77 



Taw- i 




( 125 ) 

like an arch, his jaws hollow and thin, his eyes full of 
corruption, and his cheeks funk ; his nofe is flat, his 
forehead full of furrows, and his chin turned up 5 his 
lips are black and blue, his little ears flagging, and his 
hands crooked ; a his right hand holds a rufty lithe, and 
his left a child, which he is about to devour. 

M. It is indeed, Saturn, the fon of Terra (or Vefta) 
an] Caelum, h Caeus, or Cceiius, c who was the fon of 
JEiher and Dies, and the moft ancient of all the Gods, 
This Caelum (according to the ftory) married his own 
daughter/^/?,/, and begat many children of her. The 
moft eminent of them was Saturn, whofe brothers were 
the Cyclops, Oceanus, Titan, d the hundred -handed Giants, 
and divers others ; his fillers were Ceres, Tethys, and 
Ops, or Rhea, whom he afterward married. The lifters 
perfuaded their mother Vejla to exclude Titan, or Tlta* 
nus, the elded fon, and to appoint Saturn heir of his fa- 
ther's kingdom. When Titan faw the fixed refolution 
of his mother and fifters, he wculd not ftrive againft the 
ftream, but voluntarily quitted his right, and transferred^ 
It upon Saturn, under condition, that he fiiould not 
bring up any male children, that fo, after Saturn's 
death, the kingdom might return to the children of 
Titan. 

P. Did Saturn accept that condition ? 

M. He not only accepted, but fincerely kept it, while 
he could ; but at; laft his defign was prevented. For 
his wife Ops, perceiving that her hufband devoured all 
her male children, when (he brought forth the twins yu- 
piter and yuno, fhe fent only Juno to him, and fent 
yuplter to be nurfed in Mount Ida, by the priefteffes of 
Cybele, who were called Curetes, or Corybantes. It was 
their cuilom to beat drums and cymbals while the facri- 
fices were offered up, and the noife of them rfndered 
Saturn from hearing the cries of yuplter. By the fame 
trick fhe alfo faved Neptune and Pluto from her devour- 
ing hufband. 

a Martian, apud Lit, Gyr. b Gtasce dicitur Gv^ccvk* c Norm. 
L a-i. DioiiyX. Laa. Placid, in Thebaid. 1. 6. d Centimani. 



( 126 ) 

P. Was this artifice ever difcovered to Saturn? 

M* Yes ; and he demanded the boy of Ops : but Opt 
Wrapped up a ftone in Twaddling cloths, and delivered 
that to her hufband, to be devoured inftead of Jupiter^ 
and Saturn fwallowed it down in a moment. 

P. What did Titan do, when he faw himielf cheated, 
iand the agreement broken ? 

M.To revenge. the injury done to him, he raifed 
forces, and brought them againft Saturn^ and making 
both him and Rhea prifoners, he bounclthem, and fhut 
them up together In a hell, where they lay till Jupiter^ a 
few years after, overcame the Titans, and fet his father 
and mother again at liberty. 

P. I fuppofe that Saturn remembered this kindnefs, 
and favoured "Jupiter afterward. 

M. On the contrary, he ftroveto take away his fife ; 
b becaufe he heard by an oracle that he fhould be dri- 
ven out of his kingdom by a fon, as in reality he was 
afterward : for Jupiter depnfed him from, the throne, 
and expelled him from the kingdom, becaufe he hrd 
confpired to take away his life. c BeJide this, when he 
found Saturn almoft drunk with mead, he- bound h<m 
and gelt birr'*, as Saturn had gelt his father Caelum before 
"with his fickle. 

P. And whither did Saturn go after he had loft his 
kingdom ? 

Iff. Into Italy i d which was anciently called Saturnia 
from him. He lived there with king Janus ; and that 
part of Italy, in which he lay hid, was afterward called 
Latium, and the people Latini ; as e Ovid obferves. 
JCing Janus made Saturn partner of his kingdom ; upon 
which f Saturn reduced the wild people (who wandered 

3 In Tartaro. b Enn. in Euemero. c Stat. Theb. 8. 

'CI uid. de Rap. Prof. i. d Virg. JEvi. 8. Cyprian, de Idolorum 
Vamtate. 

e Jnde d~u -Genii man/it Saturnia nomen : 
fiifiafnit Latium terra, latent e Deo. Faft, x. 

The name Saturnia thence this iand did bear, 
And l*atium too, becaufe he (heltefd he*e« 
* -Diodor, i. j.. B.blioth, 



( "7 J 

up and down before like beafts) to civil fociety, and 
joined them to each other, as it were, in chains of brafs* 
that is, by the brafs-money wh'ch he invented; and 
therefore, on one fide of the money was (lamped kjhipy, 
a becaufe Saturn came thither in a (hip ; and, on the 
other fide, was damped a Janus Bifrms. But, although 
the money was brafs y b yet this was the Golden Agc^ in, 
which Saturn lived, when (as c the poets, who magnify, 
the happinefs of that age, would perfuade us) the eanhu 
without the labour of ploughing and lowing, brought 
forth its fruits, and all things v/ere common to ail ; 
there were no differences nor contentions among any, 
for every thing happened according to every body's 
mind. d Virgil hath given an elegant description of this 
happy age in the eighth book of his MneicL e Ovid like- 
wife defcribes it y and f VJrgil again in another place. 

a At bona pofteritas pup pirn fignavii in <zre t 
Iiofphis adnjentum tefiificata Dei. Ovid. Fait. 3., 

A {hip by th' following age was fiamp'd on coin, r 
To (how they once a God did entertain, 
t> Virg. Geo. 1. c Vide Tihulh. Helled. Pherecrat. Trng, ip>. 

J u ft i n . 1 . 41 . Mai tia 1 , v% . ep .73. \ 

d Primus. ad athereo <venit Saturnus Olymt&\ 
Arrna Jaws fugiens, et regnis txul adt?np:u. 
Is genus indocile, ac difperfiwi monUbus all is 
Compofuit, lege/que dedit. Laiiumque -Tocari 
Maluit 9 his quantum latuijfrt tutus in oris : 
- Aureaque, ut perhibent) illo fub r.-gc juers 
Specula, fie placida populos in pace regebaf. 
Then Saturn came, who fied the p nvYs of JosJ8 % 
Robb'd of his realms, and baniftfd from above ; 
The men difpers'd on bills to town he'bro'jgnr, 
The laws ordainM, and civil cniloms tai;<-lv, 
And Laiium calTd the land, where fafe he lay 
From his unduteous Ton, and his ufurping fway s 
With his wild empire, peace and plenty came j 
And hence the Golden Times derived their name, 
c Signal at nudo limit ef ojfjr hu?nu?/i. _ Amor, \i. 

The delver made nor bound, nor Balk, 
* Njc jignare quidem aut par tire iimiie camp um 
fas erat. Q tQt lm 

No fences parted fields, no marks, nor bounds 
DiitinguifliYl acres of litigious grounds, 



( xtS ) 



SECT. 2. NAMES OF SATURN. 

Many derive the name Saturnus (or Satunnus, as 
they anciently pronounced it) a from fwi?ig, becaufe he 
firft taught the art of J living and tilling the ground m 
Italy \ and therefore he was efteemed the God of Huf* 
bandry, and called Stercutius by the * Romans, becaufe he 
firft fattened the earth with dung : he is therefore painted 
with a fickle, with which the meadows are mowed, 
and the corn is cut down. This fickle was thrown into 
Sicily, and there fell within a city, then called Trepa- 
mtffl>> and fince Trcpano from b that circumftance : though 
others affirm, this city had its name c from that fickle 
which Ceres had from Vulcan, and gave the Titans when 
file taught them to mow. But others fay, the town had 
its name, becaufe it was crooked and hollow, like a 
fickle. Indeed Sicily is fo fruitful in corn and pafture, 
that the poets juflly imagined that the fickle was kept 
there, 

2. Again, Saturnus is derived from th.at d fulnefs which 
is the efrefi: of his bounty when he fills the bellies of the 
people with provifions ; as his wife was called Ops, e 
becaufe Jhs helps the hungry. Others affirm, that he is 
called Saturn, f becaufe he is fatisfied with the years that 
he devours ; for Saturn and Time are the fame. 

3. Laftiy, others think that this name is given him, 
becaufe he is g the former cf the mind; for he creates 
fenfe and understanding in the, minds of men, and per* 
feds them with precepts and prudence. 

a Saturnus di&us eft a Satu, ficut a Porta Portunus, et a Neptu 
.Neptunus. Feftus.,S?rv. in i£n. 7. Lipf. Sat. 3. b Falx,enim 

Graeci dicitur ^Ttctvov, Apollod. Argon 4. cOvid. Faft. 3* 
<* A faturando, qitafi faturet populcs annona. e Quod efnrientihus 
cnem ferat, f Q^od.ipfe faturetur annis quos ipfe dtvorat. Cic. 

de Nat. Deor. -2. S Saturnus, quafi fator j/S, id eit, qui mentem 
Xeniumque creat. Apoliophan. apud Fulgeniium, 



( m ) 

SECT. 3. THE SACRIFICES AND FESTIVALS, 
SATURNALIA. 

Men only were facrlficed to Saturn ^ becaufe he was 
delighted, as they thought, with human blood ; there- 
fore the gladiators were placed under his protection, and 
fought at his feafts. a The Romans efteemed h m an in- 
fernal God, as Plutarch fays, becaufe the planet Saturn 
is malignant and hurtful ; yet he is commonly reckoned 
a terreitrial God. Thofe who facrificed to him had 
their heads bare, and his priefts wore fcarlet garments. 
On his altar were placed wax tapers lighted, becaufe by 
Saturn men were brought from the darknefs of error to 
the light of truth. 

The feafts b Saturnalia, in the Greek language X$n* 
[Cronia] were inftituted either by Tullus, king of the 
Ro?nans, or, if we believe Livy* by Sempronius and JUfi- 
MititiSj the confuls. c Till the time of Julius Cafar 
they were finifiied in one day, on the nineteenth of De* 
cemher ; but then they began to be celebrated in three 
days, and afterward in four or five, by the order of Ca- 
ligula - y and fome write, that they have lafted feven 
'days. Hence they called thefe days d the fir-it, -the fe- 
cond, the third, &c. feftivals of Saturn : and when thefe - 
days were added to the feait, the firft day of celebrating 
it was the feventeeth of December. 

Upon e thefe feftival days, 1. The fenate did not fit. 
2. The fchools kept holyday. 3. Prefents were fent to 
and fro among friends. 4. it was unlawful to proclaim 
war, or execute any offenders. 5. Servants were al- 
lowed to be jocofe and merry toward their mafters ; as 
we learn from f Jufonius. 6. Nay, the mafters waited 

a Macrob. 1. Saturnal. c. 10. Tertull. de Tellimon. &dePallio. 
b Dion. Hai ; carn. 1. 2. c Lipf. Sat. 1. Dio. 1. 59 Sc 66. Suet. 
in Calig. Cic. ad Attic. 13. ep. 50. d Prima, itcunda, tertia, 
Saturnalia. e NJartiai. 7. ep. 27. Piin. 8. ep. 7. Mart, pafli.n 
Dio. 1. 58. A then. 14. Senec. Ep. 

f A.'.rsa mac rewocet Batumi fefla December \ 

Nwic tibi cum Scmim lurfere, wma, licet. Eel. de Men. 



( *3° ) 

on their ftrvants, who fat at table, In memory of that 
liberty which, all enjoyed in ancient times in Saturn's 
reign, when there was no fervitude. 7. Contrary to 
the cuftom, a they wa filed them as foon as they arofe, 
as if they "were about fitting down to table. 8. And 
laftly, b they put on a certain feftival garment, called 
ffnthcjls^ ! ke a cloak, of purple or fcarlet colour, and 
this gentlemen only wore. 

SECT. 4, THE HISTORICAL SENSE OF THEFABLE. 
BY SATURN IS MEANT NOAH. ' 

P. Although it is generally fa id., (hat c Saturn was 
Nimrod^ the founder of ihe empire of Babylon, yet I am 
more inclined to believe the opinion of d Bocbartus, who 
maintains that Saturn and Noahsveve the fame. Thefe 
reafons, which he brings, feem perfuafive : * 

1. in the time of Noah e the whole earth, fpake one 
language - y and the ancient mythologiits fay, that the 
beafts underwood this language. And it is faid, f that 
in Saturn* s age there v/as but one language^ which was 
common to men and brutes. 

2. Noah is called in the 'Hebrew language, g a man of 
the earthy that is, a hufbandman y according to the ufuai 
phrafe of Scripture, whicK calls a fcldier iv a man of war % 
a ftrong man, l a man of arms. ; a murderer, k a man of. 
Hood ; an- orator,, ' a man of words \ and a Oiepherd, m a 
wan of cattle. Now Saturn is juftly called a man of the 
earthy hecaufe he married Tellus^ , whofe other names werr 
Rhea and Ops.. 

3. As Noah was the fir ft planter of vineyards ^ fo'the. 
* art of cultivating vines and fields is attributed to Sa*> 
turn's invention, 

Dtecember now brings Saturn's merry feafts, 

When makers bear their fpbrtiye iervants jefti. 
* TenuJ. np. Lipf. b Petron. Asb'ifnv c Berofus, 1. 3. 

A Bochart.- in iuo Phaleg. ■]. 1. c. 1. * Genefis, xr. 1. f Plato 
in Politicis. % Vir terne, Genefis, ix. 20. k'Jofh. v. 4. * Job^ 
xxii. 8. k % 8am. xvi. 17. l Exod. iv. m Gen. xlvi, %%* 

*AnxeL Vu'br, dt Omino-Geo^s-Romanaeo,- 



( 13* ) 

4» As Noah was once overcome with wine r becaule: 
perhaps he never experienced the ftrength of.it before ;, 
a fu the Saturnalians did frequently dnnk exceilively, , 
hecaufe Saturn protected drunken mem, 

5. As Noah curled hs Coa Ham, becaule he faw his 
father's nakednefsr with delight ; b fo Saturn made a j|w ? , 
that whoever faw the Gods naked fhouid be puniihed. 

6. Rlato fays, c that Saturn ard his ivife Rhea, and 
thofe iv ih them, were born of Oceanus and .Thetis : and 
thus Ncahy and all that were with him,. were in a man- 
ner new born out of the waters of the deluge, by the • 
help of the ark. And. if a *nip was {lamped upon the.- 
ancient coin ; s, d becaule, Saturn c^me into Italy in a 
ffaip ; fu-rely this honour. belonged rather to Noah, who 
ira a ihip preferved the race of ciap.kind from utter de-~ 
ft ruction, 

7. Did Nooh'foretd the coming of ike food ?." So did . 
Saturn foretel, e that there. fioouid be, great quantities 
of ram, and an ark built \ in vjhich men, and birds, and.] 
creeping things Jhsuld all fail together * 

8. Saturn \$ .faid to have de/oured all his fons,.but: 
thefe three, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, . So Noah,, the 
pallor and prophet, and as it were the father of ail mor- 
tals, may be. faid to have condemned and deftfoyed all ■ 
men, f becaufe he foretold that they would be ddtroyed ; 
in the flood. For in the Scripture phrafe, the. prophets 1 
are faid .. to do the things ivhich they foretel jkail be done - 
hereafter. Thus when the s prophet fays, when I earner 
U dejlrcy the city ; he means, when I came to foretel, thai • 
the ciiy Jhould be dfiroyed,. But as Saturn had three fons , 

a Macrob. Sat. 1. c. 6. Luci?.n. in Ep. Sat«j b CaH"mach';s in \ 
Hy'mn. , c k.> Voc nail 'Psa q&oi (jlz?o. Tovj^vySaZi id ell, Saturn as > 
et Rhea et qui cum diss n ere ex Oceana et Thetide .naii peihibentinv . 
Plato in Tifflaso* * p] uta rch. in V^^fe e **$*** ^p- 

cyqgt\mv % l<ri§oi* wy#ifo$ Jo^qui^ &£* id ell, Saturnus. piaenunciat : 
magnam imhrium vim futuram, et fabricandajn effe arcam, et itx* 
ea cum voluciibus, rcpulibus, atque jumentis effe navi^-d;; 
Alex.. Pol} hiitor. apud Cyril, centra Julian, L j*, 
xn 7-, , s Ezek; x&i, . 



( *3* ) 

left to him not devoured ; fo had Noah three, Sem 7 
Cham, and Japhet, who were not deftroyed in the flood. 

Furthermore, thefe reafons may perfuade us that 
Noah'? fbn Cham is Jupiter : i. His Hebrew name iifoff* 
is by many called Chain, from which it is plain, the 
Egyptians had the nanie-^/i^ [^fwcwwj and the Africans 
had Ammon or Hamnwn. 2. C6tf/# was the youngeft fon 
of Noah, as Jupiter was of Saturn. 3. Jupiter is feign- 
ed to be a /0ns? of the heavens \ thus 6W///2 had Africa, 
which country is efteemed nearer the heavens than other 
countries, beeaufe it has the planets vertical. 4. Jupi- 
ter gelded his father, which ftory feems to be taken 
from the twenty- fecond verfe of the ninth chapter of 
Genejts', where it is written, and Ham faw the nakednefs 
of his father, and told \ o*5 and cut of; b for fo it might, 
by miftake, be read in the Hebrew tongue, by altering 
only one or two vowels, 

Japhet is the fame with Neptune ; c for as Neptune 
had the command of the fea, fo the iflands and peninfulas 
fell chiefly to Japhefs lot. 

But how fhall we prove that Sem was Pluto? What 
carried him into hell ? Not his piety and holinefs, by 
■which he excelled his brothers, and' glorified his own 
name : but, perhaps beeaufe he was fo holy, and fo 
great an enemy to idolatry, the idolaters hated him 
while he lived, and endeavoured to blacken his memory 
when he died, by lending him to the Stygian darknefs, 
and putting into his hand the fceptre of hell. 

SECT. 5. A PHILOSOPHICAL SENSE OF THE FABLE. 

SATURN, TIME. 

The Greek d words figniiying Saturn and Time differ 
only in one letter $ from which it is plain, that by &?- 

a Callirnach. Hymn, ad Jovem. Lncan. 2. 9. *> Et nunciavit, 
vajagged, pro quo facile legi potuit vejaggod, id eft, abfeidit 5 turn 
maxime cum vocalia pun&a riulladum erant fubferipta confonantibus, 
c Laftan. de falfa Relig. 1. »• c, x* d Kgow$ Saturnus, Xgoro; 
Tempus* 



Tlafe 7il 



J?«ye 133 




( *33 ) 

turn 9 Time may be meant. And on this account 2 Sa- 
turn is painted devouring his children, and vomiting 
them up again ; as indeed Time devours and confuroes 
all things it has produced, which at length revive again, 
and are as it were renewed. 

Or elfe days, months, and years, are the children of 
Timey which he conftantly devours and produces anew. 

Sometimes he is painted in the midft between two 
bovs and two girls ; and Time is furrounded by the differ- 
ent feafons of the year, as parents are by their children, 

Laftly, as Saturn has his Jithe 9 (o has Time too, with 
which he mows down all things ; neither can the hard- 
eft adamant withstand the edge thereof. 

CHAPTER IL 

SECT. I. JANUS. HIS IMAGE. 

P. O STRANGE ! What is this ? An image 
with two faces and one head only ! 

M. It is f o ; and by thofe faces he fees the things 
placed both before and behind him. It is Janus the 
* two-faced God ; holding a key in his right hand, and 
a rod in his left. Beneath his feet you fee twelve altars. 
If he could lay afide that rod and key, perhaps, accord- 
ing to his cuftom, -he would exprefs to you the number 
three hundred with one hand, and the number fixty- 
five by the other ; by differently moving, bending, and 
weaving his fingers. 

P. I do not thoroughly underftand your meaning. 
M. You will foon clearly and perfectly underftand 
"both what I fay, and what you fee with your eyes. 
Stay a little, till I explain the four molt remarkable 
names of this God : for in fo doing, I (hall not only 
explain this picture, but alfo tell you whatever things 
are neceffary concerning Janus in this place. 

3 Cic. de Nat". Deor. Orph. in Hymn, ad Saturn. iEfchyl. in 
Eumen. j> Bifrons Deus, Ovid. 



( m ) 

S:ECT 2. NAMES. AND ACTIONS OF JANUS.. 

Some a fay that Janus was the (on of Ccelus and He* 
mte : and that his name was given him b from a, word 
fignifying to go or pa fs through, c Whence it: is, that 
thoroughfares are called, in the plural number, jani ; 
and the gates before the doors of private houfes, januce. . 
A place at Rone w.^s called Jani^'m which d were three- 
images of Janus: and there ufurers and. creditors met 
always to pay and receive money. This place is men- 
tioned both by e Tully and f Horace, 

As he is painted with two faces, (b he is called, by, 
Virgil § Bifrons^ and by Ovid h Biceps : becaufe, fo great 
was his prudence, that he faw both ihe things pair, and,: 
thofe which were future*. Of elfe, becaufe by Janus 
the world was thought to be meant, viewing with 1 1 s : 
two faces the two principal quarters, the eaft and weft : 
he is.aifo defcribed i with four faces, from the four.; 
quarters of the world ; becaufe he governs them by his 
counfel and authority.. Or becaufe, as he is lord of the 
day, with his two faces he obferves both the morning; 
and the evening ; as k Horace fays. 

When Romulus^ king of the Romans^ made a leaguq > 

a Arnob. cont. Gentes. b Janus quafi "Ea;nus ab eundo* c Unde 
fk, ut tianikiones pervioe.Jani (plurali numeio) forefque in liminibus 
prcfanarum sedium Januas dicerentutt Cic. tie Nat. Dear. <* A-. - 
crc-n. in Horat. I. 2. fat, 8* . e Viri optimi ad .medium Janumfe-> 
denies. Cic. de Offic. 2. Dempfter. in Paralip. 'f Imus et Aun?,- 
IDUS Janus. Horat. 1. 1 . ep. i v t g -V'rg. J£n. 12. 

h 'Jane Bleep anni tacit e latent is imago, 

Solus defuperis, qui tuatcrga <vides. 

ThoUy.Double.pate, the fkimg year daft drew, } 

The only God that thine own back canft .view.. 
i Quadrifjons. 

k Matutine pater y feu Jane, HbeniioY audit, , 

lAide homines operum primos < viteeque labor es 

\njlituunt-~—~ 

Old Janus, if you pleafe, grave- two- fae'd father, 

Or eife blight God o'th' morning, choofe you whether* • 

Who iltfi\ the lives and toils of mortal men. 



( *3S ) 

with Taints, king of the Sabims, they (dt up an image 
of Janus BifronS) intending thereby to represent a both 
nations between which- the peace was concluded. Numa 
afterward built a temple, which had double doors, and 
dedicated it to the fame Janus. When FaUJci, a city of 
Hstruria^ was taken, b there was an image of Jani.i 
found with four faces ; upon which th^ temple of Ja- 
nus had four gates. But bf that temple, we -.ihall . fpealc 
by and by. 

He Was called c Clawigef, turnkey or club-bearer, from, 
the rod and key in his hands; He held the rod, becaufe 
he was the d guardian of the ways; and the key, for; 
thefe reafons : 

i. He was the inventor -of locks, doors,., and gates y 
which are called janucs r after his name; and himfelf is* 
called e Janitor^ becaufe doors were under his protcc-. 
tion. 

2. He is the Janitor of the year, and of all the 
months ; the firft of which takes the name of January* 
from him. ' To Juno belong the calends of the '.month?,, 
and fhe committed them to his care, therefore he is 
called by focnejunonius, and f Martial 'rakes notice, that 
the government of the year was committed to him ; for 
which rcafon,. g twelve altars- were dedicated to him* 
according to the number of the months ; as there were 
alfo twelve 1rn a 11 chapels in his temple. h The confute 
were, among the Romans, inaugurated in the temple oft 
Janus , who were from this fa id * to open the year. 
Upon the calends of January (and as Macrobius fays odf 
the calends of March) a new laurel was hung upon the 

a EfFecerunt firanlacnim-Jsne Bifronti qualr ad imagiriem duornm- 
popuiorum. Serv. in ./Eh. 12. b Captis Falifcis inventum eit 

limulacrum Jani Quadrifrontis. Serv. in /En. 7. c Ovid. Fa'ft. 1. 
d Re&or via; urn. Li!. Gyr. e Grasce ©fc£«?c?« 

f Aimorum, nitidique fat or fulc'mrrime mundu 3. 10. ep. z$j 
Gay founder of the world, and of our years, 
g Var. lib. Human. Sidon. Apollin. Carrn. f\ 1, Sat. c, 12* 
* Sidon. ibid, * Aperire annum. Vide Lexicogr. . 



( >3« ) 

ft-atue of J 'anus, and. the. old laurel was taken away ; of 
which cuftom a Ovid makes mention. 

P. Was this done, becaufe he was the inventor of 
laurel garlands ? 

M. Pliny thought not, but believed this cuftom was 
occafioned, becaufe ''Janus rules over the year ; b The 
Jlaiue, fays he, of Janus, which was dedicated by Numa, 
had its fingers fo conrpofed, as tofignify the number of three 
hundred fixty- five days ; to /how that Janus was a God, by 
his knowledge in the year^ and tune and ages. c He had 
not thefe figures defcribed on his hand, but had a pecu- 
liar way of numbering them, by bending, ftretching, 
or mixing his fingers ; of which numeration many are 
the opinions of authors. 

3. He holds a key in his hand, becaufe he is, as it 
were, the d door through which the prayers of mankind < 
have accefs to the Gods : for, in all facrificcs, prayers 
were firft offered up to Janus. And Janus himfelf gives 
the fame reafon, as we find in e Ovid, why, before rrjen 
facrificed to any of the other Gods, they firft offered 
facrifice to him. But Fe/ius gives another reafon why 
prayers and facrifices were in the firft place offered to 
Janiit ; to wit, becaufe men thought that all things 
took their being from Janus, therefore they firft made 

a Laurea Flam'mibus, qua toto perfiitit anno, 

Tollitur, etfrondesfunt in konore no^te. FafL 3. 

The laurel, that the former year d : d grace, 

T' a frefh and verdant garland yields his place. 
b Quod Janus Geminus a Nurna rege dicatus digitis ita flguratis 
ut trecentorum quinquaginta quinque (fexaginta quinque alii legunt) 
dierum ncta, per fignificaticnem anni, temporis, et sevi, fe Deum in- 
ch'caret. -Piinius. Vide eriam Athen. 1. 34. c. 7. & Lil. Gyr. 
F Tiraq. Lil. Gyr. Apuleii 1. Apol. Sec. d Arnob. contra Gentes. 

c ■ Cur quam c vis aliorum numlna placem, 
Jane, tibi prtmum thura merumque fero P 

Ut pojfis aditum per me, qui liminaferuo, 

Ad quofcunque 'voles, inquit, habere deos % Faft» I, 

Why is't that, though I other gods adore, 

I firft mull Janus' deity implore? 

Becaufe I hold the door, by which accsfs 

Is had to any god you would addiefs. 



'■ ( 137 J 

their {applications to him as to a common father. For 
though the name a father is given to all the Gods, yet 
y.imis was particularly called by this name. He firft 
built temples and altars, b and instituted religious rites, 
and c for that reafon, among others, in all facrifices they 
begin their rites by offering bread, corn, and wine to* 
fanits^ before any thing is offered to any other deity. 
Frankincenfe was never offered to him, though Ovid 
mentions it in the verfes adjoined, which therefore he- 
inferts either by poetical licenfe, or only in refpeft to* 
the facri frees which were in ufe in his time. For, as 
4 Pliny writes, they did not facrifice with frankincenfe 
in the times of the Trojans. Neither does Homer in the 
leaft mention frankincenfe in any place, where he fpeaks 
concerning facrifices ; which fo exacTi an author would 
never have omitted, if it had been in ufe. Neither da 
I find a Greek word that properly ftghifies thus ; for 
Svov \jhuon\ nr 9:/sioy \iheuiQ?i\ fignifies not only thus, but 
any odoriferous fmeli. Fie was a!fo called Patulcius 
and Clupus, or Patulacius and Clavjius ; from c opening 
and {hutting ; for in the time of war yanus 9 temple was 
open, but fbut in the time of peace. This temple was 
founded by Romulus and Tat his, as I fa id before. Numa 
ordained that it fiiculd be opened when the Romans 
waged war, but fhut when they enjoyed peace. It is 
open in time of war, becaufe a fpring of hot water 
arofe out of the place where this temple ftands, when 
Romulus fought with the Sabines y and forced the enemy 
to march away ; therefore in war they opened that tern-' 
pie, hoping for the fame or the like affiftance : or, it 
may be rather, f becaufe they that go to war, ought to 

a Quod fuerit omnium primus a quo rerum omnium fa£bum puta- 
bant initium: Ideo ei fupplicabant velut parenti. Feftus, 1. 3. in 
verbo Chaos. b Virg. ^Bn. 8. Juv. Sat. 6. Serv. in Geo, 2. 

« Proptereaque in omni facrificio perpetua ei praefatio praemittitur, 
faique illi et vinum praelibatur. Fab. Pitt, h 1. de* Ant. -Lar. 
d Iliacis Temporibus Thure non fupplicatum, Plin. 1. 13. c. 1. 
Vide Dempft. in Parallp. e A patendo vel patefaclendo et clau- 

<Jendo. Serv. in Mn, 1. Claud, de Hon. 6. Conf. f Seiv. in 

Miu 7, 



( 138 ) 

think of peace, and wifh for a quick reteirn Into their 
native country. 

Ovid menntions both thefe latter names of Janus in 
a a diftich; and Virgil defcribes the b manner and oc- 
cafion of opening his temple, and alfo the c conferences 
of fhutting it again. It is remarkable, that within the 
fpace of kvcn hundred years, this temple of Janus was 



■ a Nomina ri debts, mo do namque Patulcius idem, 
Et mo do facrificio Clufius ore <vocor. 
The pried this moment me Patulcius calls, and thea 
Next mpment me he Clufius names again. 
b Sunt gemtna belli porta (Jic nomine dicunt) 
Religione facra et fowl for ffiidi?te Mart is, 
tCtulum arei daudunt secies alernaque ferri 
Robora; nee cujlos cuff it limine Janus, 
Has ubi cert a pdet patrihus fententid pugna> 
Ipfe Quirinali irabea cicluque Gabino 
hifignis, referatfrideniia limina ConfuL 
Two gates of (tee! (the name of Mars they bear) 
And frill are v/oifmpp'd with religious fear, 
Before his temple. (land 5 the dire abode 
And the fear'cTiffues of the furious God, 
Are fene'd with brazen bolts j without the gates 
The weary guardian Janus doubly waits. 
Then when the (acred fenate votes the wars, 
The Roman conful their decree declares, 
And in his robes the founding gates unbars.' 
c A f per a turn pofuis mit ej cent jet cula bellis : 
Can a fides, eiVefia, Remo cum fratre Quirinus 
Jura dabunt : dira ferro et compagibus arclis 
Claudenlur belli 'porta, Furor impius intus, 
Sava fedens fuper arma, et centum <vinclus alenis 
JPefl tergum nodis, /remit korridus ore- cruen'o. 
Then dire debate, and impious war (hall ceafe, 
And the ftern age be foftenM into peace : 
Then baninYd faith (hall once again >eturn> 
Anu veftal fires in hallow'd temples burn s 
And Remus with ^uirinus mall fuftain 
The righteous laws, and fraud and force reftrain, 
Janus himfelf before his fane mall wait, 
And keep the dreadful iflTues of his gate, 
With bolts and iron bars. Within remains 
Imprifon'd Fury, bouud ill brazen chains; 
High on a trophy rais'd of ufelefs arms 
lie fits, and threats the world with vain alarms* 



^En. 7* 




( 139 ) 

fliut only a thrice : once by Numa ; the fecond time by 
the confuls Marcus Aitilius and Titus Manlius, after 
the Carthaginian war \ and laftly, by Augujlus, after the 
victory at Aclium. 



SECT, 3. AN EXPLANATION OF THE FABLEt 
JANUS, THE EMBLEM OF PRUDENCE. 

In this ftory of b Janus (whom fome call Noah, fome 
Ogyges, fome a prieft, a philofopher, and a divine, and 
fome an ancient king of Italy j who was the founder of 
the town Janicu!u?n) we may behold the reprefentation 
of a very prudent perfon ; whole wifdom confifis c in 
the remembrance of things pajl^ and in the fbre/tght of 
things to come. The prudent man ought therefore to 
were, two faces \ that, according to' his na- 
tural fagacity of mind and ripenefs of t, ob- 
serving and future, he may be able to 
difcern the catties and beginnings, the progrefs, and the 
forerunning accidents of alJ things ; that he may be able 
to draw ake corriparifons, to obferve con- 
icquences, and perceive futurities ; and, by a wife con- 
nection of cauies and events, be able to join things pre- 
ftht with things to come, and things future vvkh things 
pafr. 

The prudent perfon has the key of all things : nothing- is 
fo obfeure, that his underfianding cannot comprehend ; 
nothing is fo fecret and private, that his confideration 
and care cannot detect and lay open ; nothing is io hard 
and intricate, that his quicknefs and dexterity cannot 
explain and unfold. With this key he examines all the 
ways of bufinefs, and finds which are the moft proper; 
he fees the difpofitions of times, and the exigencies of 
affairs ; he removes the difficulties and bars that lay in 
his way; he publifhes as much as is ufeful, and con- 

a Liv. 1. 2. 0:of. t 5. c?.p. 12. . Die. 1. 5 t , b Munih 2. 

Cofm: 9. Fab. Pi5\ c In prateritoiuna memorta e^ procidentia 

fuiurorum, C'ic. de Series. 



f HO ) 

seals clofely whatever will be hurtful to him. With 
this key he lays open for himfelfa paffage into the friend- 
ship of others ; he infinuates himfelfinto the inward re- 
cefies of their breafts ; he learns their moft fecret coun- 
fels, their moft referved thoughts ; he folves myfteries, 
penetrates things unknown, and feeks and finds, and 
views objects the moft remote from the common fenfe 
of the world. 

yanus firft introduced altars, temples, and facrifices. 
Thus it is a fign of the higheft prudence and undemand- 
ing to pay due homage to the Almighty, to reverence 
his power, to propagate his worfhip, and magnify his 
glory. And as men offered firft to Janus in all facri- 
fices, faecaufe of his exemplary holinefs and piety ; fo by 
how much the more worfhip men pay to God, by fo 
much the rhore honour fhall they receive both from God- 
and men; as the precepts and examples in the Holy 
Scripture do abundantly teftify. 



CHAPTER III. 

SECT. I. VULCAN. 

P. O HEAVENS ! I think I fee a blackfmith a- 
mong the Gods. 

M. Very true : he is both a fmith and a God, by 
name. Vulcan. He had a fhop in the ifland Lemnos^ where 
he exercifed his trade, and where, though he was a God 
himfeif, he made Jupiter's thunder and the arms of the 
Other Gods. 

P. If he was a God, what misfortune drove him to 
the forge, and tied him to fuch a nafty employment I 

M. His deformity, I believe. a He was born of 
Jupiter and Juno\ fome fay of Juno only ; and being 
contemptible for his deformity, he was caft down from 
heaven into the rfland Lemnos^ whence is he called Lem- 
nius : he broke his leg with the fall, and if the Lemnians 

*Phurnut. de Nat. Deor. Hefiod. Lucian, de Sacrifk. Virg. 2En< 6* 



JPtatc /3 



Jh</e //Ht 




( »4* ) 

iad not caught him when he fell, he had certainly broke 
his neck ; he has ever fince been lame. In requital of 
their kindnefs, he fixed his feat among them, and fet up 
the craft of a fmith ; teathing them the manifold ufes of 
iire and iron; and from foftening and polifhing iron, 
* he received the name Mukiber, or Mulcifer. 

This nafty deformed fmith, you will wonder to hear s 
■obtained in marriage the moft beautiful Goddefs Venus ; 
and not long after, when he caught her and Mars com- 
mitting adultery, he linked them together with chains, 
and expofed them to the laughter of all the Gods. He 
defired mightily to marry Minerva, and Jupiter con- 
fenteTi, yielding up the virgin to the will of this nafty 
Wretch. But fhe refilled his attempts, and in the drug- 
gie his nature fell from him upon the earth, and produced 
the monfter Erichthonius, Erichtbeus, or Erichihon\cus y 
who was a boy with dragon's feet; to hide the mon- 
ftrous deformity of which, he fir ft invented chariots. 
Jupiter (as I faid) confented that Vulcan (hould marry 
Minerva, if he could overcome her modefty. For when 
Vulcan made arms for the Gods, Jupiter gave him leave 
to choofe out of the Goddefles a wife, and he chofe Mi~ 
nerva : but he admonifhed Minerva , at the fame time, 
to refufe him, and preferve her virginity ; as fhe did 
admirably well. 

At Rome were celebrated the Vulcania, b feafls in ho- 
nour of Vulcan ; at which they threw animals into the 
fire to be burnt to death. The Athenians inftituted o- 
ther feaffs to his honour, called Chalcea. A temple be- 
fide was dedicated to him upon the mountain c /Etna^ 
from which he is fometimes named Mtnaus, This 
temple was guarded by dogs, d whofe fenfe of fmelling 
was fo exquifite, trrit they could difcern whether the 
perfons that came thither were chafte and religious, ©r 
whether they were wicked : they uftd to meet, and 

a A imilcendo ferro. Vide Lucan. 1. i. & Ita di&us £tto t% 

if * Jo 5 xui x&wti ex content,one et terra * Vide Virg, Geo* 3, 
« Var« ap» IaU * Pollux 1. 7. apud Lil. Gyr. 



( I 4 2 ) 

flatter, and follow the good, efteeming them the ac- 
quaintance and friends of Vulcan their mafier ; but they 
barked and flew at the bad, and never left off tearing 
them, until they had driven them away. 

P. I have heard, unlefs I am miftaken, that this VuU 
can^ by yupiter's command, made a living woman. Is 
it true ? 

M. It is a comical thing to expe& truth in fables. It 
is indeed feigned, that the firft woman was fafhioned by 
the hammer of Vulcan^ and that every Gcd gave her 
fome prefent, whence fhe was called Pandora. Pallas 
gave her wifdom, Apollo the art of mufic, Mercury the 
art of eloquence, Venus gave her beauty, and the reft 
of the Gods gave her other accornplifliments. a They 
fay alfo, that when Prometheus ftole fire from heaven, 
to animate the man which he had made, ^Jupiter was 
incenfed, and fent Pandora to Prometheus with a fealed 
box, but Prometheus would not receive it. He fent her 
with the fame box again to the wife of Epimetheus, the 
brother of Prometheus ; and fhe, out of a curiofity natu- 
ral to her fex, opened it, which as foon as (he had 
done, all forts of difeafes and evils, with which it was 
filled, flew among mankind, and have infefted them 
ever fince. And nothing was left in the bottom of the 
box, but Hope. 

SECT. 2. THE CYCLOPS, SERVANTS TO VULCAN. 

P. What black, nafty, one-eyed fellows are thofe ? 

M. They are Vulcan s fervants, and work with him 
in his fliop. They were called b Cyclops^ becaufe they 
had but one eye, which was in the middle of their fore- 
heads, of a circular figure : Neptune and Amphitrite were 
their parents. The c names of -three of them were 

a Paufan. in At. b A xvzfos circulus, et %$, oculus. 

c Fcrrum exercebant <vafio Cyclopes in antro> 
Bt'Gntejque, Steropefque, et nudus membra Pyr demon, JEx\> $» 
On their eternal anvils here he found 
The brethren beating, and the blows go round* .. . 



( 143 ) 

Brorfrs, Steropes. and Pyracmm ; befide thfcfe were many 
more whofe frames are not mentioned, who all txercifed 
a the art of fmithery under Vulcan^ as we are taught by 
Virgil. 

SECT. 3. CACUS AND CJECULUS, SONS OF VULCAN; 
AND POLYPHEMUS. 

Cacus w?s the vileft of rogues ; his name wa<= given 
him b from his wickednefs. He tormented all Latium 
with his fires an J robberies ; living like a beaft in a dif- 
mal cave. He ftole Hercules' oxen, and dragged them 
backward by their tails into his cave, that the track of 
their feet might not difcover this repdfitqry of his thefts. 
But Hercules paffing by, heard the lowing of the oxen 
in the cave, broke open the doors, and feizing the vil- 
lain, c put him to death. d His cave was fo dark that it 

a Alii <veniojis follibus auras 

Accipimit redduntque 1 alii fir identia iingu.nt 
Mra lacui gemii mgofiris incu.ibus antrum. 
Lit in!er fefe mult a i/i brae ia tollunt 

In numerutn, ^verjanfqiid tencd ! or ripe ie-y-um, JEa. 8» 

Ore ftirs the fire, and one the hallows blows. 
The hilling iteei is in the fmithy drown' d ; 
The grot with bearen anvils groans around : 
By turns their arms advance, in equa'. tim?i* 
By turns their hands descend, and hammers ch"m?$ 
They turn the glowing mafs with crooked tongs : 
The fiery work proceeds with luitic fbngs. 
b 'atto t3 xuxx, a male, 
c Hie Cacum in tenebris incendia *oana vcmentem 
Corri/it, in nodum cmplexus \ et anget inharens 
Elijos oculos, etfuewn fanguine guttw. Viig. /En. 8. 

The inciter fpewing fruitlefs flames he found ; 7 

He fqueez'd his throat, he wrea'h'd his neck, arou.id, r 

And in a knot his cripple.! members bound : J 

Then from the fockets to;e n ; s burning eyes j 
RolTd on a heap the brearhlefs robber lies. 
d Hie ipelunca fait V'fio .'ubmota recejfii i 
Semibominis Caci fades quam .Ira tenebant 
Solis i*mc€iffam *adm ; iemp?rquc recall 
Caede icpeha r kumus y jO'-i'n^qu? apfixa Juperris 
Ora <v,rkm tnjii pendsbant pallida tabo. 



( 144 ) 

admitted not the Ieaft ray of light: the floor of it was 
xed with the blood perpetually flied upon it 5 and the 
Jieads and limbs -of .the men he had murdered were fatt- 
ened to the pods of the doors. 

Calculus alfo lived by plunder and robbery. He was 
fo called from the fmallnefs of his eyes : it is thought 
the noble family of the Cacilii at Rome derived their ori- 
ginal from him. While his mother fat by the fire, a 
fpark flew into her lap ; upon which ihe grew big with 
child, and at the ufual time brought forth this fon j who 
was afterward the founder of the city Pranejle. a O- 
thers fay, that the fhepherds found Caculus unhurt in the 
midft of the fire, as foon as he was born ; from which 
he was thought to be the fon of Vulcan. 

To thefe fervants and fons of fulcan, add the fhep- 
lierd Polyphemus, a monfter not unlike them, born of 
Neptune. For he had but one eye in his forehead, like 
the Cyclops, and he procured his living by murders and,. 
robberies, like Cacus and Cacuius* b This monfter drew 

Muic monftro Vulcanus erat pater ; illius atros 
Ore womens ignes, magna fe molejerebat. 
'Twas once a robber's dtn, inclos'd around 
With living (tone, and deep beneath the ground. 
The- monfter Cacus^ more than half a heaft, 
This held, impervious to lie fun, pofTeis'd 5 
The pavements ever foul with human gorej 
Heads, and their mangled members, hung the door, 
Vulcan this plague begot ; and, like his fire, 
Black clouds he belch'd, and flakes of livid fire, 
* Virg- Mn. 7. 
> Vifceribus mifercrum, et f anguine njefcitur atre» 
Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora noftro 
Prenfa manu magna, medio rtfupinv.s in antro 
Vr anger et ad faxu?n i janicque a per fa natarent 
Limina : njidt, atro cum membra fiueritia tabo 
Mandrel, et upidi tremermt jub dentibus artus, 
Haud impune quidem : n:c talia fajfus Uljjfes^ 
Oblitufque fui >J} lihacus difcrimine ian'o. 
Jfamjimui ex- ' tetus dapiiu>, <virtoque frpultus 
Ctr<vkem inflexam fojuit, jacuiique per antrum 
lmtnenfusy f anient eruclans, ac frufira cruento 
Per fomnum commixta mero 5 nos magna precati 
Vumwa, fortitique vices, una undique circum 
2 




( ns ) 

Wyjjes and Tome of his companions into his den, in Sl- 
aty, and devoured two of them. He thouoht too that 
the re& of Ulyfes' fcrvants could not efcape his 'few* 
BxitUIyffes made him drunk with wine, and then" with 
a firebrand quite put out his fight, and efcaced. 

SECT. 4. THE SIGNIFICATION OF THE FABLE. 
VULCAN A SYMBOL OF TWO SORTS OF FIRE. ' 

That by Vulcan is underftood fire, the name itfelf 
;Jtcovers, if we believe *Varro, who fays that the word 
/ ulcanus is uenved from the force and violence of fir- • 
and therefore he is painted with a blue hat, b a {ymbof 
of the celejhal or elementary fi re , which is by nature cUr' 
J ana unmixed ; whereas the common fire, that is u fed on 

Fundlmur, et telo hme7i terebramus aculo 

Ingens ; quod tcrvdfolum-fub front 'e latebat, 

jrgGLci clypn aui Pbcebe* lampadls inflar ViVp- *Rn - 

The joints of flaughter'd wretches are 51s food *' 

And for bis wine he quaffs the Reaming blood! 

Theft eyes beheld, when with his fpacious hand 

Us Ivz d two captives of our Grecian band • ' 

StmchMon his back, he " dafliUagainft the '(tones 

1 heir broken bodies and their crackling bone. 

With /pouting blood the purple pavement fwjms, 

Whi.e the d.re glutton grinds the trembling limbs. . 

Not unteveng'd Uiyffes bore their fate, 

Nor thoughtless of his own unhappy fhte • 

For gorg'd with Mi, and drunk with human wine, 

While fait afleep the giant lay fupine, 

Snoring aloud, and belching from his maw 

His undigefted f am and morfels raw; 

We pray we caft the lots ; and then furround 

The monftrous body, ftretcrfd along the ground : 

Each, as he could approach him, lends a hand 

I o bore his eyeball with a flaming brand : 

Beneath his frowning forehead lay his eve, 

For only one did this vaft frame fupply/ 

But that a globe fo large, his front it filfd, 

Like the fun's difc, or like the Grecian ihield. 
m Vu.canus quafi Volicanus, quod ignis per aerem volicet '• vel a 
v. ac violent* ignis. Var. ap. Lil. Gyr? *b Serv. in jfin 8 £1 
fcb. de Prwp, Evang, I m ^ n * 8 ' <bu " 



H 



{ *46 ) 

earth, is weak, and wants continual fuel to fupport it, 
and therefore Vulcan is faid to be lame. a He is faid to 
have been caft down from heaven, becaufe the lightning > 
comes from the clouds ; and to, have fallen into Lemnos y 
becaufe lightning often falls into that ifland. 

But let us a little confider the flames of love ; for 
Vulcan married Venus. If you admire then, why fo fair, 
fo delicate, fo beautiful a Goddefs ihould be a wife to fo 
deformed and black a GW, you muft fuppofe than Vul- 
can is the fire and Venus the flame : And is not the 
union between fire and flame very proper ? But this fire 
is kindled in hell, and blowed by Cyclops : and thofe 
who are addicled to venery, are fet on fire with thefe 
flames ; for when a flame kindled by the eyes of a beau- 
teous woman fets the breaft on fire, how violent is the 
eombuftion, how great the havock, how certain the 
deftruclion ? Hence comes the lover's anguifh : dead- 
nefs and faintnefs oyer fpread his face, his eyes are dull 
and heavy, his cheeks meagre and wan, his countenance 
puts on the palenefs of afhes \ thefe are fatal arguments 
of a fpreading fire within, which confumes and preys 
upon the interior parts. But when impudence has blown 
the fire, fo that modefty can put no further flop to the 
rage and violence of this flame ; when this hellifh ofl> 
fpnng breaks forth, and by degrees gathers ftrength ; 
how does it fpread, rage, and increafe ? With what 
fury and violence does it bear down and deftroy every 
thing ? By this flame Semele was confumed ; Hercules 9 
ilrength was an eafy prey to it ; and by it the flrongeft 
towers and ftatelieft palaces of Troy were confumed and 
reduced to afhes* 

Have you given yourfelf up to Venus? She will make 
you a Vulcan. She will make you filthy, nafty, and 
black as hell ; fhe will darken your under {landing, 
though you are in the midft of fire : for the fire of Venus 
gives no ligr^t, but brings the greateft darknefs $ it 
freezes and flupifies the foul, while the body is thawed 

■; Servius in JEn* Z 



J%A> /+ 



jPagrss+Y 




( 147 ) 

and melted into pleafures. How fad is the fate of au 
effeminate man ? His toil and labour is like the work 
of Vulcan \ for he who defperately loves a woman, takes 
a burning iron into his breaft, his houfe is a forge, he 
labours and toils to foften her temper, more than Vulcan 
fweats to fafhion the hardeft fteel ; he negle&s the care 
of himfelf to make her fine and handfome. Again, how 
many eftates are melted in luft's furnace ? How many 
pofleiHons reduced to afhes, till nothing but drofs is 
left, and the nobility and honour of their families dif- 
appear and vanifh in fmoke ? 

No fuel can fatisfy this fire ; the heat of it never de- 
creafes, it never cools ; for Venus blows it with fighs, 
kindles it with tears, and foments it with proud difdain 
and coldnefs. Her kindnefs is cruelty, her pride is in- 
-fnarino;. What wonder is it then, that fo many Vul- 
cans, not only in Lemncs y but every-where, make thun- 
der at this forge, which will fall on their own heads ; 
by which they are caft headlong from -heaven to earth 9 
that is, from the higheft degree of happinefs to the low- 
eft vale of mifery ; from which fall comes lamenefs ne- 
ver to be cured. Thefe are the effe&s of the love of 
Venus. If you will not believe me, believe the poet f 
who in a witty a epigram fays the fame thing. 

CHAPTER IV. 

JEOLUS. 

LET us now blow out the fire with the wind, and 
bring up /Eolus after Vulcan : for he who ftands next 
him is b Molus the Gdd of the Winds, begotten by Ju- 
piter, of Acejla or Segefta, the daughter of Hippota ; 
from whom he is named Hippotadzs. He dwelt in one 

a Ytov e%Eiq Toy *E%u)Tot,, yovocuu ^S ryv 'A^goSWwt 
Ovx. udi)i<m<; yoO\yLiv rev m^oL ftw'Kcv ?%£*£• 
Cupid is Vulcan"* fon, Venus his wife, 
No wonder then he goes lame all his life, 
Ovid. Met-. 1 1 , 

H 2 



( 148 ) 

of thofe (even iflands, which from him are called Molta ; 
and fometimes Vulcanite, He a was a fkilful aftrono- 
mer, and an excellent natural philofopher • he under- 
ixood more particularly the nature of the winds : and 
becaufe from the clouds of fmoke of the Moiian ljlands } 
he foretold v/inds and temp-efts a great while before they 
arofe, it was generally believed that they were under his 
power, and that he could raife the winds, or Hill them, 
as he pleafed. And hence he was flyled Emperor and 
King of the Winds, -the children of Ajiraus and Juror a* 
b Virgil defcribes "Juno coming to him, at his palace^ 
of which he gives a defcription in beautiful verfe. 

* Falaephat. de incredibil. Var. et Stiabo ajj Serv. 

b Nimborum in patriam, locafoslafurentibus Auj\rv 9 
JEoliam <venit. Hie njafio rex Aiolus antro 
Luff- antes vent os, tempejiatefque finorat 
Jmperio premit, ac vine lis et car cere frcenat. 
Jilt indign antes magno cum murmur e fnoptii 
Circum claujlra fre?nunt. Celfafedet Molm arce, 
Sceptra tenem $ mollitque animosy et temperat iras* 
Nifaaat, maria ac terras, ccelumque profundum 
^utppe ferant rapidifecum, <verran\que per auras, 
Sed pater otnvipolens fpeluncis ahdidit a iris. 
Hoc metuens ; mohmque, et mentes infuper alios 
Impofuit 5 regemque dedil, qui feeder e certo 
Et prettier e> et laxas fciret dare jujfus habenas. 
Thus rajfd the Goddefs, and, with fury fraught, 
The relilefs regions of the (terms (he fought. 
Where, in a fpacious cave of living tfone, 
The tyrant Molus, from his airy throne, 
With pow'r imperial curbs the fkmggYifig winds, 
And founding tempefts in dark priibns binds. 
This way and that, th' impatient captives tend, 
And, preffing for releafe, the mountains rend. 
High in his hall th* undaunted monarch (tands, 
And (hakes his fceptre, and their rage commands | 
Which did he not, their unrefitted fway 
Would fweep the world before them in their way : 
Earth, air, and Teas, through empty (pace would roil, 
And heav'n would fly befoie the driving foul. 
In fear of this, the father of the Gods 
ConnVd their fury to ihefe dark abodes, 
And lock'd them fafe, opprefs'd with mountain* loads j 
Impos'd a king, with arbitrary fway, 
To ioofe their fetters, or their force allay* 
2 




} 



( H9 ) 
CHAPTER V. 

MOMUS. 

P. WHO is this man, and what is his name ? 

M. Do you expe£t a man among the Gods ? The 
name of this God is Momus, - a which word in the Greek 
tongue fignifies a jefter, a mocker, a mimick; for that 
is his bufinefs. He follows no employment, but lives 
an idle life, yet nicely obferves the actions and fayings 
of the other Gods, and when he finds them doing amifs* 
or negle6tmg their, duty, he cenfures, mocks, and de- 
rides them with the greateft liberty. 

Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva may witnefs the truth 
of this. They all contended which of them was the 
molt fkilful artificer ; whereupon Neptune made a bull, 
rva a houfe, and Vulcan a man : they made Momus 
judge between them ; but he chid them all three. He 
accufed Neptune of imprudence ; becaufe he placed not 
the bull's horns in his forehead before' his eyes ; for then 
the bull mkrht-givea ftronger and a furer blow. He 
blamed Minervft, becaufe her houfe was immoveable; 
fo that it could not be carried away, if by chance it was 
placed among bad neighbours. But he faid, that Vul- 
can was the rnoft imprudent of them ail, becaufe he did 
not make a window in the man's breafr, that we mip-ht 
fee what his thoughts were, whether he deiigned feme 
trick, or whether he intended what he fpoke. 

P. Who were the parents of Momus ? 

M. b Ngx and Somnus begat him. And, indeed, it 
is a iign of a dull, drowfy, fottifh difpoiition, when we 
fee a man cen Turing and difl;king the actions of all 
other men ; when nothing but God is wholly perfect-, 
fomething is wanting to every thing, fo that every thing 
is defective^ and liable to cenfure. 

a M£ ( uoc irriforem (ignificat. b Hefiod. in Theog. 



( *5<> ) 
CHAPTER VI. 

SECT. I. THE TERRESTRIAL GODDESS, VESTA. 

FESTd*, whom you fee fitting and holding a drum> 
is the wife of Caelum, and the mother of Saturn. She 
is the eldeft of the Goddeffes. 

P. If fhe is the wife of Caelum, why is fhe placed 
^rnong thefe terrejlrial Goddefles, and not among the 
€clejiial rather ? 

M. Becaufe this Goddefs b Vejla is the fame with 
Terra, and has her name from c clothing, becaufe plants 
^nd fruits are the clothing of the earth. Or, d accord- 
ing to Ovid, the earth is called Vejla from its ftability> 
becaufe it fupports itfelf. She fits, c becaufe the earth 
is irnmcveabje, and is placed in the centre of the world. 
Yejia has a drum, becaufe the earth contains the boif- 
terous winds in its bofom; and divers flowers weave 
themfelves into a crown, with which her head is 
crowned. Several kinds of animals creep about and 
fawn upon her. Becaufe the earth is round, Vejla's 
temple at Rome was alfo round, and fome fay that the 
image of Vejla was orbicular in fome places,- but f Ovid 
fays her image was rude and fhapelefs. And hence 
round tables were anciently called g vejla', becaufe, like 
the earth, they fupply all neceilaries of life for us. h It 
is no wonder that the firft oblations in all facrifices were 
offered to her, fince whatever is facrificed fprings from 

a Virg. i£n. 9. b Piut. 1. 1. Prim, frige. c C110J plantis 
frugibuJque terra veftiatur. 

d Stat <vi terra fuci) wiflando Vefla vacatur. Faft. 6. 

By its own ihength fupported 'Terra Hands ; 
Hence it is Vefla nanVd. 
e Var. ap. Aug. de Civ. Dei. 7. Cic. de Somno Hecat. Miitf. 
general. Phurnuiius. < 

f Ejflgiem nullum Vefla nee ignis habei. Fall* 6. 

No image Vefla 's fhape can e'er exprefs, 
Or fire's—- 
* Plut. in Sympof, h Kom. in Hymn* 



JVato / 



JP, f ?e / 



ye tso 




(' /Si ) 

the earth. And the a Greeks both began and concluded 
their facrifices with Vjiay becaufe they efteemed her 
the mother of all the Gods, 

P. I wim that you would re fol ye one doubt, which 
I ftill have concerning- this Goddefs. How can Vejia be 
the fame with Terra, when nothing is more frequent 
among mythologifts, than to fignify^n? by Vejia ? 

M. I perceive I do not deal with a novice: I will 
fatisfy your doubts. There were two Vcjian the elder 
and the younger. The firft, of whom 1 have been 
fpeaking, was the wife of Caelum, and the mother of 
Saturn. The fecond was the daughter of Saturn by his 
wife Rhea* And as the fir ft is the fame with Terra* as 
I have already faid, fo the other is the fame with Ignis i 
and b her power was exercifed about altars and houfes. 
The word Vejia is often put for fire itfelf, for it is de- 
rived from a c Greek word which fig nines a chimney, a 
houfe, or houfehold goods.- d She is efteemed the prefi- 
dent and guardian of hovfes, and one of the houfehold 
deities, not without reafon ; fince fhe invented the art 
of building of houfes : and therefore an imag€ of Vejfa^ 
to which they facrifleed every day, was placed before 
the doors of the houfes at Rome ; and the places where 
thefe ftatues were fet up were called vejiibuh^ from 
Vejia. 

This Goddefs was a virgin % and fo great an admirer 
of virginity, that when Jupiter her brother gave her 
liberty of afking what fhe would, fhe afted, that fhe 
might always be a virgin, and have the firft oblations 
in all facrifices. She not only obtained her defire, bat 
received this further honour f among the Romans,' that 
a perpetual 'frc was kept in her temple, among the facred 
pledges of the empire; not upon an altar, or in the 

Ap. Lil. Gyr. i. Strabo. b Hujns vis omn's a*? ?.\-\% et fo* 

cos ptrtir.et. Cic. de Nat. Deor. 2. « Duciuu a Giseco nomine 

| r ia quqdfocum, fenj.tem, domum fignifkat. ^ Horn, in Hymn. 
Virg. ^n. 2. et Geo. 1. Eu^rnphios in And. T?>e>v. s;t. 4.. fc. 3. 
e Ariftdt. J. 2. Ar flop!.. ?n VHpi*. f Liv. 5. dec. 1, V»U 

Max, ]. 4. c. 4. pap. Sot. I. +. Svl. 3, 



( *52 ) 

chimnies, but in earthen vefiels, hanging in the air ; 
which the veftal virgins tended with fo much care, that 
if by chance this fire was extinguifhed, all public and 
private bufmefs was interrupted, and a vacation pro- 
claimed, til! they had expiated the unhappy prodigy with 
incredible pains: * and if it appeared that the virgins 
were the occafion of its going out by carelefnefs, they 
were feverely punifhed, and fometimes with rods. Upon 
the kalends of March^ every year, though it was not 
extinguished, they ufed to renew it, with no other fire 
than that which was produced by the rays of the fun. 

Ovid mentions both the elder and the younger Vefta y 
* in the fixth book of his Fa/It, 

SECT. 2, AN EXPLANATION OF THE FABLE. THE 
YOUNGER VESTA THE VITAL HEAT IN THE 
BODY. 

From th's we may conjecture, that when the poets 
fay, that Vefta is the fame wither*, the terrible, fcorch- 
ing, blading fire of Vulcan's forge is not underftood ; 
nor yet the impure and dangerous flames of Fenus^ of 
which we fpoke above ; but a pare, unmixed, benign 
flame ; fo neceiTary for us, that human life cannot pof- 
fibly fubfift without it ; whofe hear, being dififufed 
through all the parts of the body, quickens, cherifhes, 
refreshes, and nourifhes it: a flame really facred, hea- 
venly, and divine \ repaired daily by the food which we 
eat ; on which the hkiy and welfare of our bodies de- 
pend. This flame moves and actuates the whole body ; 
and cannot be extingirifhed but when life itfelf is ex- 
tinguifhed together with it : and then comes a lading 
vacation, and a certain end is put to all our bufinefs m 
this world. But, if by our own faults it is extinguished, 

a Idem. c. 1. Ovid. Fad. 3. 

b Vepa eaie??t eft, et Terra ; fubeft vigil ignis utrique } 
Sign [fie ant fed em Terra foe uf que fuam , 
Vefta, and Earth are one, one fire they (hare, 
Which does the centre of them both declare* 



JP&tte /6 



Jp«?c 45$ 




( m ) 

we nre guilty-of our own death, and defer ve that our 
memories fiiou'd rot with our Bodies in the grave, and 
that our names fhould be entombed with our carcafes ;. 
which would be an affliction no lefs (evere, than was 
the pur.ifhment of the guilty veftal virgins, who. wera 
buried alive. 



CHAPTER VIL 

SECT. I. CYBELE. HER. IMAGE./ 

P. STRANGE ! Here is a Goddefs whofe a heatf 
K cf owned with- towers ; what means this i Is fhc the 
Goddefs of Cities and Garnfons- ? 

M, She is the Goddefs not of cities only, but of all 
things which the earth fuftains. b She is the Earth 
iifeij\ On the earth are built many towels and catties* 
fo on her head is pked a crown of towers In her hand 
Ihe carries a key, which perhaps you did riot ohlene, 
c - becaufe in winter the earth locks up, thofe. treafures, 
which (he brings forth and difpenfes with, (o much 
plenty in fummer. She rides in a. chariot, beraufe ths 
earth hangs fufpended in the air, balanced and poifed 
by its own weight. But that, chariot is fupported by 
wheels, becaufe the earth is a voluble body, and turns 
round; d and it is drawn by lions, becaufe nothing is 
fo fierce, fo favage, or fo ungovernable, but a motherly; 
piety and tendernefs is able to tame it, and make it fub- 
mit to the yoke. 1 need not explain why her e gar- 
ments are painted with diverfe colour, and figured with, 
the images of feveral creatures, fince every body fees 
that fuch a drefs is fui table to the^rth. 

a Luc. 1. 2. de Regn. b-Seiv. in JEn.yk io, « IfidJ, 8i, 
d OvUU Fail. 4. e Martian. Lil. Gyr,. 



HJ 



( XS+ ) 



$ECT. 2. NAMES OF CYBELE^ 

P. Is then this Goddefs called Terra ? 

M. No ; a (he is called Cyheky and 0/>i, and i?£^ 

and Dyndymenci) and Bereeynthta^ and J5<?/2tf Z)^? (the 
good Goddefs) and T^tf, and PeJJinuntia^ and Magna 
Deorum Mater (the great Mother of the Gods) and 
fometimes alfo Ptjia* All thefe names, for different 
reafons, were given to the fame Goddefs, who was the 
daughter of Calum y by the elder Vcjla^ and Saturn's 
Wife. 

She is called Cybek, b from the mountain Cyhelus in 
Phryghy where her facrifices were inftituted firflv Or 
elfe this name was given her from the behaviour of h:r 
priefts, who ufed c to dance upon their heads, and tofs 
about their hair like madmen, foretelling things to come, 
and. making a horrible noife. They were named Gallt r 
and this fury and outrage in prophefyirig is defcribed by 
d Lucian in his fir ft book. 

Others again derive the word Cybete from a e cube ; 
becaufe the cube, which is a body every way fquare. 
Was dedicated to her by the ancients. 

She is called f Ops, becaufe fh'e brings help and aflift- 
ance to evjery thing contained in this world. 

Her name $ Rhea y is derived from the abundance of 
benefits, which, without eeafing, flow from her on 
every fide. 

h Dyndymem and Dir.dymey is a name given her from 
the mountain Dindymus in Phrygia. 

yirgil calls her ' mater Berecynibia y: . from- Berecynthus^ 

z Propert. 1. 3, eh 16. h S-'eph^nus. Struho. c ' Arro t» 

stvQifoiv vel yjjQiXiTv, id eft, in caput Jal.tare. Said. Serv. in I£n. p 

d r Crinetnque rot-antes 

San^uineum populis utularunt trifila Galli, 
Shaking their bloody tidies, fome fad ipe.il 
The priefts of Cybel to the people yell. 
« 'Awo ry xv'gy, Feftus. f (Vodcptm ferat. * A fa* 

flyo, q«od bonis omnibus circumflun:. h Hor&tt 1» I. Carm, 

i _ — t gualis Berecjnthia piater 



( *55 ) 

a cadle in that country ; and in the fame place defcribes 
her numerous and happy offspring. 

She was by the Greeh called * Pafithea \ that is, as 
the Romans ufually named her, the Another of all the 
Gods ; and, from the b Greek word, fignifying a mo- 
ther, her fccrifices were named Metroa^ and to celebrate 
them was called Metrazein^ in the fame language. 

Her name Bona Dea c implies, that all good things ne- 
ceffary for the fupport of life proceed from her. She is 
alfj called Fauna , d becaufe fhe is fa id to favour all 
creatures ; and Fatua, e becaufe it was thought that new- 
born children never cried till they touched the ground. 
1 It is faid, that this Bona Dea was the wife of king Fau* 
rms ; who beat her with myrtle rods till fhe died, be- 
caufe fhe difgraced herfelf, and a£ied very unfuitable to 
the dignity of a queen, by drinking fo much wine that 
fhe became drunk. But the king afterward, repenting 
of his ieverity, deified his dead wife, and paid her divine 
honours. This is the reafon affigned, why it was for- 
bid, that any one- fliould bring myrtle into her temple. 
g And in her Sacrifices, the veflels of wine were covered ; 
and when the women drank out of them, they called it 
milk, not wine. h The modefty of this Goddefs was fo 
extraordinary, that no man ever faw her except her huf- 

Ifimebitur curru Pbrjgia iurriia per urbes 

Lata Deum part*, centum complexa nepotes, 

Omnes calicolas, cmnes fupera alia teneuies.- ./En. Co 

Kigh as the mother of the Gods in place, 

Ana proud, like her, of an immortal race ; 

Then, when in pomp (he makes the Phrygian round, 

With golden turrets on her temples crown'd, 

A hundred Gods her f weeping train flip ply, 

Kcr offspring z\), and all command the iky. 
* Pafuhea, id eir, ^Sccn Bco7<; p?7*j£, omnibus diis mater. Luc. 1. 2. 
t> A j*>;Tr^, mater, derivantur ^rp^cc Cybeles facta, et ^rfe^tiv 
facra ea celebrare. Coel. Rhod. 1. S. c. 17. c Bona quod omnium 
nobis ad viftum bonorum czufa lit. Labeo. ap. Lil. Syntag. 4. p. 14.3. 
d Fauna quod animmtibus/hwrt' dicatur. e Faiud a fando, 

quod infantes non prius vocem emittere crederentur quam terram ip- 
fam attigiilent. f Sext. Clod, apud. La&anU « Flut, in 

Fiobl. * Juyeual, fat, 9. 



( *56 ) 

band ; or (carce heard her name: wherefore her fa.crU 
fices were performed in private, a and all men were Ex- 
cluded from the temple. From the great privacy ob- 
served by her votaries, the place in which s her facrifi- 
ces were performed was called b Operium, and the Sacri- 
fices theroSelves were irykd c Qpertanea, for the fame 
reafon ttut Pluto is by the poets called d Qpertvs. Si- 
lence was obServed in a moft peculiar manner in the Sa- 
crifices e -of Bona Dea^ as it was "in a lefs degree in all 
Other Sacrifices ; according to the doctrine of the Pytha^ 
goreans- and Egyptians- who f taught that God was to be 
worihipped in Silence, becauSe Srom this, at the fir ft 
creation, all things took their beginning. To the Same 
purpofe, Plutarch Says, g ~ Men were our mafiers to teach, 
w to fpeak, but we learn filence from the Gods : from tbefe 
we learn- to hold our peace, in their rites and initiations. 

She was called h Ida a Mater^ Srom the mountain Ida 
in Pkrygia, or Crete, Sor {he was at both places highly, 
honoured : as alSo at Rome, whither they brought her, 
from the city Peffinus in Galatia y by a remakable mira- 
cle. For vyhe-n the (hip, in which (he wasv«arried, flop-* 
ped in the mouth of the Tiber, the veftal Claudia t 'whofq 
fine drefs and free behaviour made her modefty fufpec-. 
ted) eafily drew the (hiptofhp^e with her girdle, wherq 
the GoddeSs was received by the hands.of virgins, and 

a Sacra bon^maribus npnadeunda De^» Tib. 2. el. S» 

.No men admitted were to Cyt-eie's rites.. 
\ Cic. 1. ad Atricum et in E^VaJox, c Plin. 1, 1.0. c. 56. 

A Nojfe domos Sjjgias, arcanaque Dilis. Operiu Luciai\. i. 6* _ 

To.he;r hejl's fecrtt caunftls, and to kjiow 

iBark Pluto's .rites and myifenes below. 

c. Mine mater Quiir'm \bele. Cor bantiaqus ara* 

Idaumque nemus 1 h nc Jidajuentia facris, 

Etjun'n currum Domini fubte re Leones*_ e^Sneid. 1* 3* 

Kei\. tybele, die mother ol the Gods, 

With tinkling cymbal? chavm'd th* Idaan woods, 

She fc.cret rues and ceremonies taught, 

And to tile yoke the lavage; 1 ons brought. ' 
f Ap. De la Cerda in JE eid. 3. " s Loquendi magUt'os ho- 
^ane$ habemus, tacendi Deos : ab illis flkntium accipiemes .in ina*. 
iiauo».ibus et myfteriis, Plut, de Lpquac*. b Lu.c, 1? % % 



( HI ) 

the citizens went out to meet her, placing cenfers wuhi 
frankincenfe before their doors, and when ihey had light-*- \ 
ed the frankincenfe, they prayed that (he wouU enter 
freely into Rome, and be favorable to it. And becaufe 
the Sibyls had prophefied, that Idaa Mater, flapid I be. in- 
troduced by the beji man amtfrig the Romans, U a 
was a little billed to fa\s a judgment in the tofe y and re- 
folp^i who was the heft man in the a: cry one icas 
a??;biti:us to get the viclcry in a difuie of that nature + ?nore 
than if they flood to be elected to u .:ands or honours 
by i er of the fenate* o? Mz 
refolved that P. Scipio, the fen of Quzus wh&.WA$ killed in 
Spain, a young gentleman who had never been quajhr^ zujs. 
the lejl man in the whole city. 

bhe was called Pejjhiuntia y b from a certain field in. 
Phrygia, into which an image of her fell from he iven y 
from which fill c the place was called Pefftma* and the 
Goddefs Peffnuntia. And. in rhis place firft the Phry- 
gians began to celebrate the Sacrifices Orgia to this God- 
defs, near the river Galium, from which her priells were 
called d Galli\ as I thai! teil you, after 1 have obfe?ved 5 
that when thefe priefts defired a great refpecft and adora- 
tion fhould be paid to any thing, they pretended that 
it fell from heaven; and they called thofe images ^z-rrirr, 
[Dispete'] that is, feni from Jupiter. Of which foct wer§* 
the e Ancihy the Palladium^ and the effigies of this God-- 
defs concerning which we now fpeak, 

a Hand parvs rei judicium itnatum teneba% qui w. optimus ip 
civitate effet :. verum certe vicloriam ejus rei fibi quifque mallet, qnam, 
ulla imperia, honorefve, iumagio feu Patmm, feu Plebis, delator 
Patres Coniciipti P v Sc:pitntm, Cnei filiusn ejus, qui in Hiipama. 
occidebat, adolefcentem, nondum Quaeilorem, judicaverunt in tota 
civitate vt^um optimum effe. b Hefiod, J. i. c '^^ T j ^^^^ 
a cadendo ^ Feiius, e Herod, \^% M 



( 158 ) 



SECT. 3, THE SACRIFICES OF CYBELE. 

Her facrifices, like the facrifices of Bacchus, a we re 
celebrated with a confufed noife. of timbrels, pipes, and 
cymbals; and the facrificants howled, as if they were 
mad; they profaned both the temple of their Goddefs. 
and the ears of their hearers, with their filthy words and 
actions. The following rites were peculiarly obferved 
in her facrifices : b her temple was opened not by hands, 
but by prayers ; none entered who had tafted garlic ; the 
priefts facrificed to her fitting and touching the earth, 
and offered the hearts of the victims. And laftly, among 
the trees, the box and the pine were fac red to her. The 
box, becaufe the pipes ufed in her facrifices were made 
of it : c the pine, for the fake of Jtys, Aties, or Attines, 
a boy that Cybele much loved, and made him "prefident 
of her rites, upon condition that he always preserved his 
chaftity inviolate, But he forgot his vow and toft that 
virtue. d Wherefore the offended Goddefs threw him 
into fuch a madnefs, that he emafculated hirhfelf (though 
c Luc tan fays that Cybele did it) and when he was about 
to Jay violent hands upon himfelf, fhe, in pity, turned 
him into a pine. 

But take notice that there was a true Atys* the fon of 
Croefus ,king of Lydia. He was born dun>b : but when 
he few in the fight a foldier at his father's back, with a 
fword lifted up to kill Tiim, the firings of his tongue, 
which hindered his fpee,ch, burft ; and by fpeaking clear- 
ly, he prevented his father's deftruction. 

a Apulei. 8. Metam. Claud, de Rap. Prof. *. b Serv. in 

JEn. 6. Athen. ap. Lil. Gyr. fynt. 4. La&ant. p. in 8; Theb. 
« Serv. in JEn. 9. d Aug. de Civ. Dei. 7. e Lucian, de 

Pea Syria. 



( *59 ) 



SECT. 4. THE PRIESTS OF CYBELE. 

I just a now told you that her pricfls were called 
Gallic from a river of Phrygicr t of that name. Such 
was the nature of the water of this river, that whoever 
drank of it, immediately grew mad to fuch a degree as 
to geld himfelf. This is certain, that the Gahl were 
caftrated, and thence ca\hd Stmiviri : as often as they 
facririced, they furioufly cut and lLfhed their aim'; 
knives ; and thence all furious and mad people were call- 
ed GallarUes. b Be fide the name of GfaUi^ they were 
alfo called Curetes^ Cdrybantes^ Telchines, Gabirt^ and 
Idai Daolyll. Some lay, that theft 

from the Galli ; but, becaufe rhem 

to be the fame, and fay that thev were all priefts ... 
bele, therefore I will (peak fonaething of each of them. 

The Curetes were either Cretans^ or /EfotianS) or 1 
bceam, and had their names from c (haying'; (o that Cv- 
retes and Detonfi fignify alflioft t::e fame thing. For they 
fhaved the hair of their heads before, but ir be- 

hind, that they might not be taken (as it has 
pened) by the forelocks, by the enemy; or, peri 
they were called Curetes, d bec'aufe thee 
lone: vefts, like young maidens; or Lniy, e became chey 
educated Jupiter in his infancv. 

Her priefts were alio called Qqrybant^ hccu.fe in the 
facrifices of their Goddefs, they toiled their heads and 
danced, and butted with their foreheads like rams, after 
a mad fafhion. Thus, when they initiated any oj 
their facrifices, f they placed him in a chair, and danced 
about him like fools. 

Another name of her priefls was TeLhines. Thefe 

* Lil. Gyr. p. 14T. b Var.. apud Norm, in verba Ca.lns. 

c 'A7ro t»§ Ktyas, a tonfijra Curetes dictbantor. d 'Atto t?s r$pnc % 
apuella, quod pucllarum ttolam inducbanr. e '^^. s rvt%x 
ab educatione iuvenum, quod Jovem infantem akiiflfe perhibentur. 
Strabo. f 'attq ru K.fvTTsiVy acomibus feiiendo, et $u{tm 

incede&<fo« Strabo 1.x, Piato in Euthid, 



f & ) 

were famous magicians and enchanters *, and they came 
from Crete^o Cyprus, and thence into Rhodes, which lat- 
ter ifland was called Telchhics from them. a Or, if we 
, believe others, they were defer ving men, and invented 
many arts for the good of the public : for they firft fet 
ijp the ftatues and the images of the Gods. 

The Cablri, or Ca'beri r fo called from Cabiri, moun- 
tains of Pbryria, b were either the fervanrs of the Gods,, 
or Gods themfelves, or rather iamvm* or the fame with ' 
the Corybaritn \ for the people's opinions concerning them 
are different.. 

The Idai Dafiyli c were the feryants and aff'Jlants of 
Magna Mater ; called Idai from the Mountain Tda^ 
where they lived , and Daclyli d from the fengtys y for 
thefe priefts were ten, hke the fingers: e they, ferved 
Rhea every -where, and in every things as if they were 
fingers to her.. f Yet many affirm, that, there, were, more,: 
than ten.. 

CHAPTER Vlfft 

SECT. X. GERES. HER IMAGE,. 

P. YOU have faid enough, dear fir, of Cybele\ pray 
tell me, who that tall majeftic lady is, who ftands- 
there, g beautified w.i h^yellow hair, and crowned with 
a turban corn po fed of the ears of corn i her bofom fvvells 
with hreaiis as white as fnow ; her ri^ht hand is full of 
poppies and ears of corn, and in her left is a lighted 
torch. 

M. It is Ceres ^ my Palaophilus^ h the daughter of Sa~ 
turn and Ops ; whofe lingular beauty made the Gods 
themfelves her lovers and admirers. Her brothers Ju- 
piter and Ntpiune Tell in love. with her, and debauched 

a Strabo 1. i. b Idem ibid. c Sopbocl. apud. Lil. Gyr. . 

d Dfgiti enim Grxce 'dicuntur cWri^oi- . e Jul- i 3 oh 1. i. f Strabo. 
33icd. ap. Gyr. £ Ovid. Fa/t, 4. Arnobius 5, cpntia Gentes* 

Martian, % t de Nupt, * JEMcd, in Theog, 






lYafc // 



Tat/v /oo 




( i6i ) 

her. a She had Prefer pine by Jupiter ; and by Nep- 
tune it is uncertain whether fhe had a daughter cr a 
horfe: for, b as fome fay, when fhe avoided the purfuits 
of Neptune, who followed her, fhQ caft heifelf among a 
drove of mares, and immediately put on the fhape of a 
mare; which Neptune perceiving, he made himfelf a 
horfe; and from her he begat the horkdrion. c Cvid 
himfelf is of this opinion : and hence I fuppofe the {lory 
comes, which ,l Pau/anfas relates. Upon the mountain 
/Eieus in Arcadia, an altar was dedicated to Ceres \ her 
image had the body of a woman, but the head of a 
horie ; it remained entire and unhurt in the mid 
fire. Yet others have told us, that C not bring 

forth a horfe, but a daughter: e the Arcadians thought 
it a wicked thing to call this daughter by any other 
name than f the lady, or the great Gcddefs, which were 
the ufual nair.es of her mother Ceres. 

Ceres was greatly afhamed of this diigrace : fhe ex- 
ceedingly lamented the lofs of her honour, and teftified 
her for row by the mourning clothes, which afterward 
fhe wore ; whence fhe was named Melcsna, 
nigra: fhe retired into the dark receffes of a cave, where 
fhe lay fo privately that none of the Gods knew where 
fhe was, till Pan, the God of the woods, difcovered 
her by chance, and told Jupiter ; who, fending the Fates 
to her, perfuaded her at taft to lay afide her grief, and 
rife out of the cave, which was a happy and joyful thing 
for all the world. For \n her abfence, a great infection 
reigned throughout a!i forts of living creatures, which 
fprang from the corruption of the fruits of the earth, and 
the granaries every where. 

a Hefiod. in Theog, b Prod, in Georg. Vfrg. 

c Et te, fla-va comas frugum mitijfima ?naier> 

Sen/it eqiium. Met. 6. 

The gold- hai r^d gentle goddefs Ceres knew 

Thee in a horiVs ihape. 
d Paufan. in.Arcad. e I&m ibid. f Afemw* Dcmiiu, 

et Magna Dea, 






( 162 ) , 

JP. But why were the fruits of the earth corrupted in 
her abfence ? 

' M. Why ! Do you not know that (he is the Goddefs 
ef the Fruits^ and that her very name is derived a from 
her care, in producing or preferving the fruits of the 
earth? And have you not heard that fhe firft invented 
and taught the art of tilling the earthy and fowing corn, . 
and all pulfe (except beans) and of making bread there- 
with, when before they only eat acorns ? This you may; 
learn from b Ovid v who tells us that Ceres was the firft 
that made laws ; provided ' whoJefome food y and taught 
the art of hufbandry, of ploughing and fowing. For 
before her time, the earth lay rough and uncultivated,, 
covered with briars, .and unprofitable plants ; when there 
were no proprietors of land, they negle&ed to cultivate 
it; when nobody had any ground of his own, riiey did < 
not c care to fix landmarks : but all things were com- 
mon to all men, till Ceres who had invented the art of" 
husbandry, taught men how to exercife it; and then 
they began to contend and difpute about the limits of 
thofe fields, from the culture of which" they reaped fo ; 
much profit : and hence it was neceffary that laws fhould 
be enacted to determine the rights and properties of thofe 
who contended. For this reafon Ceres was named the 
^ foundrefs of laws. 

a Ceres dkhvv quafi Geres agerendis frucHbus : aufc<$iafi Serens, „ 

vel ab antique verbo Gerec, quod idem eft ac Creo, quod cun&)arum 
frugum cicatrix fit et altr-ix. Cx. Na . Deo. 2. Mater), de prof. ReU 
6. i8« Scaligsi ■ ct Serv. in Geo. 1. Cajhmach. Hymn, in Ger. fiin. 
f. q, 50. 

b Prima Ceres unco *glebam dlmow'.t arairo, 

Prima dedit fruges atimentaqye mittCi t err is, 

Prima dedii. leges. Gereris [tint omnia mtinuss 

Ceres -was Che who firft our furrows ploughed j 

Who gave fweet fruits, and eafy food allow'd. , 

Ctres m& tarr.M us with her gentle laws. 

From her kind band the world fubfiftante draws. 

c Antjignare qiiidepi> aut partin litmU campum* } 

Or to imke landmarks, or to balk their nei Is. 
d L.egifera, et Gr&ze SgcrpoQopic ; ejufque facia dicebantur $£$•- 
(lotpopia. : Vocabatur etiam Ceres Av^jjTijp, qi^afi Tvpmvfi >*" e ^» 
Terra Mater. Vlrg. Mn, 3, & Servius ibid. 



( 163 ) 

p T underftand now the meaning offer crcOTm ? .de 
of Ln • but yet I do not fee what the handful of pop- 

P #?|m explain the Unification of that alfo in its 

i u ^ firfr let me foeak of forne other things. 

Pk r ke" s bSuti uTa/rwel. fhaped, becaufe the .earth 
w hich Lrefembles, appears beautiful and dehghtrul o 
To the beholders; rfpSally when it ,, **W ** 
rfants, diverged with trees, adorned with Bowers, en* 
fchdwith fruits, and covered wnh greens ; when t 
difplays the honours of fpring, and pours forth the gilts 
of autumn with a bountiful hand. 

"Kir is yellow, and when the ears of corn are 
rioe they are adorned with that golden colour. 

P ; HeTbreafts fwell with milk, * whence (he s ftyled 
ji^iometimes, « becaufe after Ajg*""^ 
r.ated with feed, and big w.th the fruit thereof, it t nng? 
forth all things out of itfelf in abundance, and, hkrj 
mother, feeds'and nouriihes us ; and hence fne » caned 
* ^Aiw, and d Altnx nojha. p f 

4 . She holds a lighted torch, becaufe **™f"J' r 

S^LuLa" V«, and «tth them IBbgta her e.e» S h. 

heard wheift Pr*fe*fin* was; as you wnl hear in its 
proper place. 

a L1I. Gy, f>t. x 4 ^ic.Nat^eo,^ J™* 

Geo. i . * Ci<?. Nat. I>eor. %. e Cic m Ye, rem* 
in Geo. * . 



( i6 4 ) 

P. But what is that young man, who fits in a cha- 
riot drawn by flying ferpents ? 

M It is Triptolemus, in the chariot which Gmpave 
him. He was the fon of Gr^j, k,Wgo£j&kfi t xnAt- 

tica. Ceres brought him up from his infancy, upon 
this occafion. Wh,ie fte fought Projerpine b/'fea and 
land, upon the way- fte came into the city Eleufis, 
where kmg &/,«, entertained her ; whofe kindnefs fte 
requited, by breeding up his young fon, whom in the 
daynme fte fed with ceiefti,i and divine milk, but in 
the night covered him all over with fire. The child in 
a iew days Decame a beautiful young man, by this ex- 
traordinary manner , t Jon. Meganlra his mother, 
gteatly wonaenng at this fpeedy progress, was very de- 
Jirous to jcnow how Geres dealt with her fon • fi ;e 
therefore* looked through a fmail hole, and faw Ceres 
cover her fon TnptcUmm with burning coal. This af- 
frighted her fo, that fte cried out that Ceres was mur- 
fler.ng her fon j and fte ran into the room to flive him. 
C^pumfted her imprudent curiofity with death ; 
jqea_ putting Iriptokmus into the chariot that you fee, 
Ihe lent aim throughout the world, to ftow mankind 

flV t? rf \ HS ex L eCU£edher commands fo faith- 
iu.Jy, and taught men the art of husbandry, of fowinir 
reapmg, and pf thrashing the corn fo well, that hence 
he obtained his name ' Triptolemus. " Ovid gives us an 

» Callimacb. Hymn, in Cer. » Serv. in Geo. i. c Tripto. 
leimis dicitnr quali r f ^cct. r ^^ u id eft, hordeum terens. By- 

gm. fab. 147. J 

— j- Geminos dea fertilis anvues 
Curribus admovit : franifque coercuit ora ; 
Et medium cceli, terra: que per aera vedae/i: 
A/que le<vem currum Tritonida mifit in arcem 
Triptolemo ; partimqae nidi datafeminajuffit 
Spargere bumo, partim poji tempora lon»a reculta. 
teres her chariot mourns : yok'd dragons ftand, 
i sine and obedient to her gentle hand : 
With ftiwcHM out wings, through yielding aft they fly, 
i ill Ceres (ends her chariot from the fky, 
To fto'-d triptolemus, her Athenian friend ; 
triptolemus, whofe ufeful cares intend 



( i6s ) . 

excellent description of this in the fifth book of his Me- 
tamorphoies. 

P. But what evet is that near the wheel of Geres* 
chariot ? for I fancy I fee an evet there. 

AL That creature was once a boy, whom Cere's , for 
his malapertnefs, changed into a little beift like a lizard. 
For when Ceres was very weary with travelling, and 
thirfty, fhe came to a cottage, and begged a little water 
to waih her mouth, of an eld woman that lived there : 
the old woman not only gave her water, but a!fo bar- 
ley-broth ; which when the Goddefs fuppecj up greedily, 
the woman's fon Stellio* a fancy boy, mocked her. This 
railed Ceres 9 anger fo far, that in a rage fhe flung fome 
of the broth into the boy's face, a who was thereby 
changed into an evet or newt. 

But do you fee the man rolling himfelf upon the 
ground, and tearing and eating his own fiefh ? 

P. I pbfeive him: what is his name, and why is he 
fo cruel to himfelf? 

$/. They call him Erijichthon, In contempt of the 
Sacrifices of Ceres^ he defiled her groves, and cut down 
one of her oaks; for which he was punifhed with per- 
petual hunger: fo that 5 when he has devoured all the 
meat and food which he can by any ways procure, he 
is forced to eat his own flefh to fupport his own body ; 
and to bring upon himfelf a horrible death, the better 
to fuftain his life. 

The common good : Ued was the chariot's load, 

Which Hie on him for public life beftow'd : 

Part fhe for fallow fields new ploughed defign'd, 

-And part -for lend by frequent tilth re-fir. 'd. 

a Fmit anu??i y lattbmmque petit, aptumque cohrl 

Nomen habet> warns ft ettaius corpora guttis. 

Files the old wife, and creeps into a hole, . 

And from .his fpeckkd back a name he gets* 



( 1 66 ) 



SECT* 2. THE SACRIFICES OF CERES. 

Among al! the Cerealia, or facrifices inftituted to thg 
honour of Ceres, thefe which follow are the chtef: Eleu- 
: finia (by which a name the Goddefs herfelf was alfo 
known) were fo called, becaufe they /we re fir ft celebra* 
ted in the city Eleufis. b Of thefe were two forts ; the 
Majora^ confecrated to Ceres, and the Minora, to Pro-' 
ferpine. c It was a cuftom, that thofe who were initia- 
ted in the Major a, never pulled off the clothes which 
they then wore, till they fell off in rags. d ln both the 
Mojora, and Minora, a perpetual and wonderful filence 
was kept : to publilh any thing concerning them was a 
crime; whence came the proverb concerningy?/W per* 
fons, 'ArTixa^^vcrtvia, [ rfttica Elevfinia'] and the word 
myjierium fignifies a religious rite, from pw [muo] os clau- 
do. Lighted torches were ufed in their facrifices, e be- 
caufe Ceres with them fought Proferpine \ and up and 
down the ftreets and the highway?, they cried out, Pro- 
ferpine! till they had filled all places with their difmal 
howlings. Games were celebrated in thefe facrifices, 
in which the vigors f were honoured with a barley 
crown. 

The * Thefmophoria were inftituted by Triptolemus : 
2nd thofe women, who vowed perpetual chaftity, were 
initiated in them. For fome days a fail was kept; and 
wine was h altogether baniftied from her altar ; whence 
this expreffion came, Cereri nuptiasfacere, which (among 
the ancients) fignifies a feafi where there was no wine. 
Swine were facrificed to this Goddefs, } becaufe they 

a Paufan. in Attic. b p] u t. in Demetrio. c Ariftoph. in 

Pluto. d Seneca 1. 7, oat. quseft. c. 31. 

e NoJIurnifque Hecate triviis ulitlata per urbes. 

JEn. 4. vide Servium. 
And Hecate by night ador'd with fhrieks. 
f Pindar, in Ifthm. g Pliny, 1. 24. h Serv. in JEn. 3. 
* Prima Ceres avida ga^vifa efl f anguine porca, 
Ultafuas merit a caede noc entes opes % Ovid. Faft. *• 



( 16 7 ) 

•hurt the fruits of the earth. And garlands, a compofed 
of ears of corn, were offered to her. 

Ajnhervalm were initituted to purge the fields, and to 
beg fruitfulnefs and plenty. They were fo called, b be*. 
■ caufe the facririces were led about the fields ; as the fub- 
i urbs [amburbinm | were efteemed facred, becaufe the fa- 
crifice was carried round the city. Thefe facrifices were 
performed by hufbandmen, c who carried a fow big with 
.young, or a cow-calf, through the corn and the hay 5 
i in the beginning ofharveft, thrice; the countrymen fol- 
lowing him with dancing, and Jeaping, and acclamati- 
ons of joy, till all the fields rung with the roife. In' 
the mean time, one of them, adorned with a crown, 
i fung the praifes of Ceres y and after they had offered an 
oblation of wine mixed with honey and milk, before they 
i began to reap, they facrificed the fow to her. d The rites 
. of thefe Ambarvalta are beautifully defcribed by VirgiU 

■ Ceres with blood of Twine we beft atone, 
Which thus requite the m fchi -fs they have done,, 
a Fla za Ceres , tibijit noftro de rare corona 
Spicea, qua: tempi pendeat ante fores, TibuIIus* 

To thee, fair Goddtfs, we'll a garland {plait 
Of ears of corn, f adorn thy temple gate. 
b Quod vicliraal -.mbiretarva. Serv. in Geo. i. ** Vitg. Eel. 3. 
d Cuncla tibi Cererem pukes agreftis adoret : 
Cut tu laclefazos. et mti dilue Baccho, 
Ter que novas cir cum fell x eat kofiafruges\ 
Omnis quant chorus et focii comitentur ov antes, 
Et Cererem clamor e -ocent in tecla : neque ante 
¥ ale em maiuris quifquam Tupponat arifiis, 
£ltfam Cereri, toria redlmitus iemfora quercu y 
Det motus incompofitos^ et carmina dicat. Geo* i* 

Let every Twain adore her power divine, 
And milk and honey mix with fparkling wine : 
Let all the choir oT clowns attend this fhow, 
"In long proceffion, (homing as they go 5 
Invoking her to bleis th-ir yearly ftores, 
Inviting plenty to their crowned floors* 
Thus in the Tpring, and thus in Tummer's heat, 
^Before the Tickles touch the ripening wheat, 
On Ceres call, and let the labYing hind 
With oaken wreaths his hollow temples bind : 
On Ceres let him call, and Ceres praife, 
With uncouth dances, and with country -lays* 

3 



( i68 ) 



CHAPTER IX. 

SECT. I. THE MUSES. THEIR IMAGE. 

P. O WHAT beauty, what fweetnefs, what ele- 
gance is here ! 

M. You mean in thofe nine virgins^ a who are crown- 
ed with palms \ do you not ? 

P. Certainly. How pleafantly and kindly they 
fmile ! How decent and becoming is their drefs ! How 
handfornely do they fit together in the fhade of that lau- 
rel arbour! How fkilfully fome of them play on the 
harp* fome upon the cithern, fome upon the pipe, fome 
upon the fymbal, and fome harmonioufly fing and play 
at once ! Methinks I hear them with united minds, 
voices, and hands, make an agreeable concord arife from 
their different inftru merits, governing their federal voices 
infuch a manner, that they make the moft noble har- 
mony, whofe pleafing charms, entering into my ears, 
ravifh my mind with pleafure. 

M. They are the Mi/fes •> b the miftrefles of all the 
fciences, the prefi dents of the muficiam and poets^ and 
the governors of the feafts and folemnitics of the Gods. 
c Jupiter begat them of the nymph Mnemojyne, who 
afterward brought them forth upon the mountain Pteri- 
ns. d Some affirm that they had other parents, and e 
ancient writers fay, that they lived before Jupiter^ and 
were the daughters of Ccelum* They are called the 
daughters of Jupiter and Mnemofyne f which in Greek 
fignifies memory) becaufe all ftudents and fcholars ought 
not only to have great ingenuity, but ready memories. , 

a Corint. apud Li!. Gyi\ b Orpb. in Hymn. Muf. * He- 
fiod. in Theog. d Tzetzes Chil. 6, hilt. 50. e Muf. ap. Lil. Gyr. 



Z%i& /s 



T«?r/&8 




C 169 ) 



SECT. 2. THE NAME OF MVS JG. 

The Muf& were formerly called Mofcz, and were 
fo named from a a Greek word, that figniftes to inquire ; 
'becaufe men, by inquiring of them, learn [he things of 
'which they were before ignorant. But others fay, they 
had their name from b their refemblance, becaufe there 
is a fimilitude, and an affinity and relation between all 
the fciences; in which they agree together, and are 
oinited with one another. Wherefore the Mufes are 
often painted with their hands joined, dancing in a ring; 
in the middle of them "fits Apollo, their commander and 
prince. The pencil of nature defcribed them in that 
manner upon the agate which Pyrrhus, who made war 
agalnft the Romans, wore in a ring: for in it was a re- 
prefentation of the nine Mufes? and Apollo holding a harp ; 
and thefe figures were not delineated by art, but by the 
G fpontaneous handy work of nature ; and the veins of 
die ftone were formed fo regularly, that every Mufe had 
&er particular diftinclion. 

SECT. 3. THE PROPER NAMES OF THE MUSES. 

P. What was the proper name of each of the 
Mufes ? 

M. They had each a name derived from fome parti* 
•cular accomplifliment of their minds, or bodies. 

The firft, Calliope, was fo called from d the fiueeinefs 
of her voice ; (he prefides over rhetoric, and is efteemed 
the mod excellent of all the nine. 

The fecond, Clio, is fo named from e glory. For (he 
is the hiflorical mufe, and takes her name from the fa* 
\ -moufnefs of the things file records. 

. 

» 'Atsro t3 pucrcu, id eft, ab inquirendo. Plato in Cratyky 
b Mxa-oa, qnafi l^ i0 vcrou, id eft, fimiles. CalTiodor. c Pii a , 

i. 37. c. 1. d 'akI qfis x.&7$s otty.^ a fuavitate vocis. c '& v l 
t£ kTUhu a gloria fc. rei um geftarum quas memQrau Schol. Ap. L 

I 



( *7o ) 

The *hird, Erato, has her name from a /bs/iV becaufe 
fhe fings of amours ; or becaufe learned men are beloved 
and praifed by others. She is alfo called Soltatrixi 
for (he firft invented the art of dancing, over which 
fhe prefided. She was alfo the inventrefs of poetry. 

The fourth, Thalia, from b her gayety, brifknefs,' arid 
,fleafantry\ becaufe flue fings pleafantly and wantonly* 
Some afcribe to her the invention of comedy, others of 
geometry. 

The fifth, Melpomene, from c the excellency of her fong^ 
and the melody Jhe makes when Jhe fwgs. She is fuppofed 
to prefide over tragedy, and to have invented fonnets. 

The fixth, Terpjichor^ has her name from d the plea- 
fur e {he takes in dancing, becaufe ihe delights in balls. 
Some call her ' Chharijlria. 

The feventh, . Euterpe^ or Euterpia, from e ihefweet- 
nefs of her finging. Some call her Tibicina, becaufe ac- 
cording to them, (he pref.des over the pipes : and fome 
Jay, logic was invented by her. 

The eighth, Polyhymnia, or Polymni a, or Polymneia^ 
from [ her excellent ?nemory : and therefore g the invention 
of -writing hijlory is attributed to her ; which requires 
a .good memory. It was owing toher, h that the fong- 
llersadd to the vcrfes that they fing^ hands and fingers 
which fpeak more than the tongue;, an expreffive ii- 
lence \ a language without words \ in fhort,. gefture and 
a£Uon.. • 

The ninth, * Urania, was fo called either becaufe 

,4he fings of divine things \ or becaufe, through her 

affiftance* men are praifed to thejfeVij or becaufe, by 

a 'A7ro t« ^t©$, ab amore. Ovid. Art. Am.-z. b 'Atg 

*re SaMsiv, id eft, vireie, germinare, et flprere. Piocl. in Heiiod. 
c A /xEA^o/xaj canto et moduIor,rvel u^o tS ^7.q<; ^o^Tv concen- 
turafac^re. d 'Awl ri^wsiv ^cTq %opm> <l uoe * chords delecletur. 
<* Ab eJt£^>j?, jucunda r>eriipe in concentu. f & 'sroAi^ mu!tus 

et uveTu memoiia. 6 Pint, in Sympof. h Quod carmmibus 

additae fint orcbeltiarurh loqusciflimoe manus, linguofj digiti, filen- 
s,tium dam fum, expofitic tacita^ uno verbo geftus et a£bo. * 'Ara© 



( m ) 

the fcknces, they become converfant in the contempk* 
lion of celeflial things. 

Bahufius, a modern poet, has comprifed the names of 
all the Mufes in a a diftich : that is, he has made the 
nine Mufes to {land, which is fomething ftrange, but 
upon eleven feet. Perhaps you will remember their 
nanres better, when they are thus joined together in two 
verfes. 

•SECT. 4. THE COMMON NAMES OF THE MUSES. 

P. What names have the Mufes common to them 
all ? 

M. The moft remarkable are, 

Heliconide, or Heliconiades^ from the mountain -Hell- 
-con, in B&otia. 

Parnaffides^ from the mountain Parnajfus, in Phccis^ 
which has two heads; b where if any perfon flept, he 
prefentiy became a poet. It was anciently called Lar~ 
■najfusy from Larnace, the ark of Deucalion, which refted 
here ; and was named ParnaffiiSj after the flood, from 
>an inhabitant of this mountain fo called. 

Citherides, or Ciiheriades % from the mountain Cithe* 
ron, where they dwelt. 

Aonides, from the country Aonia. 

Pierides, or Pierice, c from the mountain Pierus, or 
Pieria, in Tkrace ; or from the daughters of Pterins 
and Anippe, who, daring to contend with the Mufes % 
were changed into pies. 

Pegafides and Hippocremdes, from the famous foun- 
tain Helicon, which by the Greeks is called d Hippocrene^ 
and by the Latins^ e Caballinus^ both which words fig- 
nify the horfe's fountain : it was alfo named Pegafeius 3 
'from Pegafus the winged borfe, f which by ftriking a 

a -Calliope, Polymneia, Erato, Clio, atqus c fhaUa, 
Melpomene, Euterpe, Terpfichore, Urania, 1. 4, epig. !• 

b Perfius in Prooemio. c Idem ibid. d Ab iW'sr&s equus, et 
je^i/tj fons. « Csballinus, a Caballus, id eft; equus # f Ovid* 
Met. 5. 

X Z 



<■( i 7 2 :) 

'it one in this place with his foot, opened the fountain 

5 and the waters of it became vocal. 

Aganippides, or Aganippecs, fr om the fountain Aga* 
•nippe. 

CqftalideS) from the- fountain Cajlalius at the foot of 

:Parna(Jus. 

SECT, 5. THE NUMBER OF THE MUSES. 

P. What was the number of the Mufes? 

21/1. Some write b , that they were but Three in the 
'beginning; becaufe found., out of which all finging is 
formed, is naturally threefold ; either made by the voice 
alone; or by blowings as in pipes ; or by linking, as 
in citherns and drums. .Or it may be, becaufe there 
are three tones of the voice or other inftruments, the 
t bafs, the tenor ) and the treble* c Or becaufe three is 
the moft perfect of numbers ; for k agrees to the perfons 
of the Godhead. d Or Jaftly, becaufe all the fciences 
-are diftributed into three general .parts, philofphy, rhe- 
toric, and mathematics ; and each, three: parts are fubdivi- 
ded into three other parts ; philofophy into logic, ethics^ 
and pbyfics ; rhetoric into the demonjlr alive, deliberative^ 
and judicial kind ; mathematics into mufic, geometry^ and 
arithmetic a and hence it came to pzfc, that they reckon- 
ed not only Th ree Mufes, hut Nine. 

Others give us a .-different .-reafon why they. are Nine. 
e When the citizens of Sicyon appointed three fkilful 
artificers to make the ftatues of the Three Mufes, pro- 
mifing to choofe thofe three ftatues out of the nine, 
which they liked beft, they were all fo well made that 
they could not tell which to prefer ; fo that they bought 
them all, and placed them in the temples : and Heftod 
afterward affigned to them the names mentioned/above* 

P. Were they virgins ? 

M. * Someaffirrp it; and others deny it, who reckon 

* Sidonlus Apollin. b Var. apud Auguft. « Cenfor : n. d« 

die natali. d Phur. de Deorum Natura. e Var. apud Augufi, 
ex hi. Gyr. f Plato ap. eyndem» Vide Nat# Conn 



( nz' ) 

up their children. But however, let no person defpife 
the Mufes, unlefs he defigri to bring definition upon 
hicrifclf by the example otThamyras or Tbamyrh a ; who 
being conceited of his beauty and fldfl in imging, pre- 
fumed to challenge the Mufis to fmg, upon condition, 
that if he was overcome, they fhould punifh him as they 
plea.'ed. And after he was overcome, he was deprived 
at once both of his harp and his eyes. 

CHAPTER X. 

THEMIS, ASTRiEA, NEMESIS. 

P. THESE three GoddefTes, I fee, contrive and 
cenfult together on affairs of great moment. 

M. I fuppofe fo ; for the buiineis of them is almofi: 
the fame: the fame function is incumbent upon each 
of them. But, however, let us infpect them all ilngly. 

Themis^ the firft of them, b is the daughter of Caelum 
and Terra. According to the c fignification of her 
jiame,, her office is to inftruct mankind to do things 
honeft, juft, and right. d Therefore her images were 
brought and placed before thofe who were about to 
fpeak to the people, that they might be admoniflied 
thereby to fjy nothing in public, but what was juft and 
righteous. Some fay, e ihe fpoke oracles at Delphi^ 
before Apollo - y though f Homer fays, that fhe ferved 
Jtolh with ne£lar and ambrofia. There was another 
Themis of whom JujVr:e, Lan\ and Peace y are laid to 
be born. Hefiod, by way of eminence, calls her 5 mo- 

?, becaufe fhe was afhamed to fee any thing that 
was done agaihft right and equity. Eufehim calls her 
Carmenta ; h becaufe by her verfe and precepts fhe di- 
rects every one to that which is juft. But here he 

a Hom. Iliad 2. Pint, de Mufica. b Hefiod. in Theog, 

* Grajr enmi figniFcat/tf/. d Ex Lil, Gyr. e N , ;d. Met. 1. 

f Hymn, in Apollinem. £ ' A,c: /..;:, id c'i, pudibundam. He* 

fiod. in Theog. k Quod carminihus tdittiiqne (iris prsecipiat uhi- 

cuique quodjuilum eft. Eu&b. Prep. Ev^r.g. i. 3, 



( i74 ) 

means 'a different Carmenta from the Roman Garmenta* 
who was the mother of Evander^ otherwife called The^ 
mis Nicojlrata^ a prophetical lady. a She was worfhip- 
ped by the Romans^ becaufe fhe prophefied ; and was 
called Carmenta ) either b from the verfe in which (he 
littered her predictions, or c from the madnefs which 
feemed to poffefs her when fhe prophefted; To this 
lady an altar was dedicated near the gate Garmentalis % 
by the Capitol ; and a temple was built to her honour 
alfo upon this occafion : When d the fenate forbad the 
married women the ufe of litters or fedans, they combi- 
ned together, and refolved, that they would never bring 
children, unlefs theip hufbands refcinded that edi£t : 
they kept to this agreement with fo much refolution, 
that the fenate was obliged to change their fentence, 
and yield to the women's will, and allow them all fe- 
dans and chariots again. And when their wives con- 
ceived, and brought forth fine children, they erected a 
temple in honour of Carmenta. 

Ajlraa^ Q the daughter of Aurora and AJlraus the 
Tit am (or, as others rather fay, the daughter of Jupiter 
and Themis) was efteemed f the princefs oj Jujiice. The 
poets feign, that in the Golden Age fhe defc ended from 
heaven to the earth; and being offended at laft by the 
wickednefs of mankind, g fhe returned to heaven again, 
after all the other Gods had gone before her. She is 
many times dire&ly called by the name oiJuJiitia* 9 as 
particularly by h Virgil. And when (he had returned 
to heaven again, fhe was placed where we now fee the 
conftellation 5 Virgo. 

a Solinus in defcriptione Romae. b A Carmine. Ovid. Fa(h 

« Quafi carens mente. d Vide Ovid, in Faft. 1. 2. * e Hefiod, 

in Theog. f Juftitise antiftita. 

g Ficlajacet pet as ^ et <virgo cede madentes 

Ultima cceleftum terras Aft r a a reliquit. 

All duty dies, and weary M juftice flies 

From bloody earth at laft, and mounts the fkies* 

fc . Extrema per illos 

Juflitia excedens terris vefligia fecit. Geo. 2* 

Juftice laft took her flight from hence, and here 

The prints of her departing fteps appear, 
* Boccat. Gem Deor. 4. 



( 175 )■ 

The parents of Nemefts were a Jupiter and Neceffttyy 
Of, according to others, Nox and Oeeanus. She was 
the Goddefs that rewarded virtue, and punifhed vice 5 
and fhe taught men their duty, fo that fhe received her 
name b from the diftrihution that fhe made to every 
body. Jupiter enjoyed her, as the ftory fays, in the 
fhape ot a goofe ; c and afterward (he brought forth an 
egg, which fhe gave to a fhepherd whom fhe met, to 
be carried to Leda. l&da laid up the egg in a box, and 
Helena was foon after produced of that egg. But others 
give us quite different accounts of the matter. The 
Romans certainly facrificed to this Goddefs, when they 
went to warj whereby they fignified that they .never 
took up arms, unlefs in a juft caufe. She is called by 
another name, Adrajiaa^ from Adrajius^ a king of the 
ArgiveS) who firft built an ?1tar to her : or, perhaps, from 
d the difficulty of efcaping from her : becaufe no guilty 
perfon can flee from the punifhment due to his crime, 
though Ju/tice fometimes overtakes him late. She has 
indeed e wings, but does not always ufe them ; but then 
f the flower her foot is, the harder is her hand. Rham- 
nufia is another name of this Goddefs, from RhdmnuSy 
a town in Attica g , where fhe had a. temple, in which- 
h there was a ftatue of her made of one ftone, ten cubits 
high ; fhe held the bough of an apple-tree in her hand, 
and had a crown upon her head, in which many images 
of deer were engraven. l She had alfo a wheel, which 
denoted her fwiftnefs when fhe avenges. 

a Paufan. in Arcad. b 'A^o r£ faars emvE(M<rsvq,a diftru 

butione quae unicuique fit. Plato de Legibus Dial. c Apoliod. 

L 3. Bibl-oth. d Ab & non, et i^^a-Ka fugio, quod videlicet nemo 
nocens effugere queat poenam fuis fceleribus debitam. « Paufan. i$i 
Attic. 

f Ad feeler urn fcenas ultrix 'venit ira tonantis^ 

Hoc graviore manu 9 quo gr&viore pede. 

Vengeance divine to punifh fin moves flow, 

The flower is its pace, the furer is its blow, 
g Strabo 1. 9. & In Atticis. 

1 Sed Dea, qua n'tmiis obftat Rbamnufia votis, 

lngemuit, fexitque rot am, Claudian* 

Th' avenging Goddefs, t' our defires unbent, 

Fiiftgroan'd, then turn'd her wheel. 



CHAPTER XL 

THE GODS OF THE WOODS, AND THE RURAL GODS. 
SECT. I* PAN. HIS NAMES. • 

WE are now come to the fecond part of the right- 
hand wall, which exhibits the images of the Gods and 
GoddeJ/es cf the Woods, Here you may fee the Gods 
Pan, Silvanus, the Fauni, the Satyri, Silenus, Priapus^ 
Ariftczus, and Terminus. 

And there you fee the Goddefies, Diana, Pales, Flo- 
ra, Feronia, Pomona y and an innumerable company of 
Nymphs. 

P. What Gods do you fhovv me ? Do you call thofe. 
cornuted monfters, Gods, who are half men, and half 
beafts, hairy, and ftiaggy, with goats feet and horfes 
tails ? 

M* Why not, fince they have attained to that ho- 
nour ? Firft, let us examine the prince of them all, Pan, 

Pan is called by that name, either, as fome tell us, 

* becaufe he was the fon of Penelope by all her wooers ; 
or, b becaufe he exhilarated the minds of all the Gods 
with the mufic of the pipe, which he invented ; and by 
the harmony of the cithern, upon which he played fkil- 
fully as foon as he was born. Or, perhaps, he is call- 
ed Pan, c becaufe he governs the affairs of the unlverfal 
world by his mind, as he reprefents it by his body, as 
we .(hall fee by and by. 

The Latins called him Inuus and Incubus, the night** 
mare ; d becaufe he ufes carnality with all creatures. 

And at Rome he was worfhipped, and called e Lu~ 
percus and Lyceus. To his honour a temple was built 

a A ftzrav omne, quod ex omnium procorum congreflu cum Pene- 
Icpe fit natus. Samius. b Horn, in Hymn. c Pbutnnt. 

d Ah inewndd pa dim cum omnibus animalibus. Serv. in J¥mu 

* Jaitin. L 4j. 



( 177 ) 

at the foot of the Palatine hill, and fefHvals called Lu- 
percalia were inftituted, in which his priefts, the Lu~ 
perci) ran about the itreets naked. 

SECT. 2. THE DESCENT OF PAN. 

His defcent is uncertain; but the common, opinion 
is, that he was -born of Mercury and Penelope, a For 
when Mercury fell violently in, love with her, and tried 
in vain to move her, at lair, by changing hirpfelf into 
a very white goat, he obtained his dehre, and begat 
Pan of her, when fhe kept the fheep of her father lca~ 
rius in the ixfount Taygetur. Pan^ after he was born, 
b was lapt up in the fkin of a hare, and carried to hea- 
ven. But why do I here detain you with words ? Look 
upon the image of him. 



SECT. 3. THE IMAGE OF PAN. 

P. Is that Pan? c that horned half goat, that refem- 

bles a bead rather than a man, much lefs a God ; whom 

I fee defcribed with a fmiling ruddy face, and two 

horns : his nofe is flat, his beard comes down to his 

breaff, his fkin is fpotted, and he has the tail, thighs, 

legs , and feet of a goac ; his head is crowned or girt 

; about with pine, and he holds a crooked ftafFin one 

hand, and in the other a pipe of uneven reeds, with the 

rnuiic of which he can cheer even the Gocis themfelves. 

O ridiculous deity, tit only to terrify boys ! 

j M. Believe me, he has frighted the men too: for 

j when the Gauh, under Brennus their leader, made an 

irruption into Greece, and were juft about to plunder 

j the city Delphi, Pan in the night frightened them fo 

1 much, that they all betook themfelves to flight, when 

j nobody purfued them. Whence we proverbially fay 3 

a Herod, in Euterpe, b Horn, in Hymiu c Luciaa. ia 

sBacch, 

35 



( 178 ) 

that men are in * panic fear y when we fee them affright- 
ed without a caufe. 

: Now hear what the image of Pan fignifies. Pan 9 
they fay, is a fymbol of the univerfal world, as I inti- 
mated before. b In his upper part he refembles a man, 
in his lower part a beaft ; becaufe the fuperior and ce- 
leftial part of the world is beautiful, radiant, and glori- 
ous; as is the face of this God, whofe horns refemble 
the rays of the fun* and the horns of the moon : the 
rednefsofhis face is like the fplendor of the fky; and 
the fpotted fkin that he wears, is an image of the ftarry 
firmament. In his lower parts he is fhagged and de- 
formed, which reprefents the fhrubs, and wild beafts, 
and trees of the earth below : his goats feet fignify the 
folidity of the earth; and his pipeoffeven reeds, that 
celeftial harmony which is made by the feven planets. 
He has a fheephook, crooked at the top, in his hand^ 
which fignifies the turning of the year into itfelf. 

SECT. 4. ACTIONS OF PAN. 

P. But what mean thofe young ladies that dance 
about bim ? 

M. They are nymphs, who dance to the mufic of 
Ills pipe ; c which inftrument Pan firft invented. You 
will wonder when you hear the relation which the poets 
give of this pipe, to wit, d as oft as Pan blows it, thfe 
dugs of the fheep are filled with milk : for he is the God 
if the Shepherds and Hunters y the Captain of the Nymphs % 
the Prefident of the Mountains and of a Country Life, and 
the e Guardian of the Flocks that graze upon the moun- 
tains. Although his afpedt is fo deformed, yet when 

a Terrores Panici eorum funt qui fine causa perterrentur. Paufan, 
Plutarch* b Serv. in Eel. 2. 

c Pan primus calamos cera cenjungere plures 

InfiituiU Virg. Eel. a 

Pan taught to joip with wax unequal reeds, 
• Orph. in Hymn. Ibicus, Poeta Grsecus, 

< 1 Pan curat o<ves y oviumque mag[ftras. Virg, Ecl» %i 

fan loves the fhepherds* aad their flecks he feeds* 



( *79 ) 

he changed himfelf into a white ram, he pleafed and 
gratified Luna, a as it is reported. The nymph Echs 
fell alfo in love with him, and brought him a daughter 
named fringes, who b gave Medea the medicines (they 
fay) with which flie charmed Jafon. c He could not 
but pleafe Dryope, to gain whom, he laid afide, as it 
were, his divinity, and became a fhepherd. But he 
did not court the nymph Syrinx with fo much fuccefs : 
for flie ran v, away to avoid fo filthy a lover ; till coming 
to a river (where her flight was flopped) fhe prayed the 
Naiades, the Nymphs of the Waters, becaufe fhe could 
not efcape her purfuer, to change her into a bundle of 
reeds, juft as Pan was laying hold of her, d who there- 
fore caught the reeds in his arms inftead of her. e The 
winds moving thefe reeds backward and forward occa- 
sioned mournful but mufical founds, which Pan perceiv- 
ing, he cut them down, and made of them reeden pipes. 

a Munerejic niveo lana, Ji credere dignum ejf f 
Pan Deus Arcadia captam te y Luna, fefellit. Vlrg. Geo. 3.* 
'Twas thus with fleeces milky white (if we 
May truft report) Pan, God of Arcady, 
Did bride thee, Cynthia, nor didft thou difdain, 
When calPd in woody (hades, to eafe a lover's pain. 
*> Theaetet. Poeta Graecus. c Horn, in Hymn. 
<* Hicfe mutarent liquidas ordjfe forores : 
Panaque cum prenfamfibi jam Syringa putaret 
Corpore pro nympha c alamos trivife paluflres. Ov. Met, t « 
When, that (he might avoid a luitful rape, 
She begg'd her fitter nymphs to change her (hape : / 

Pan thought h' had hugg'd his miftrefs, when indeed 
He only huggM a trufs of moorifh reed. 
« Dumque ibifufpirat, moios in ar undine wenios 
Effecijfe fonum tenuem fimilemque querenti. 
Arte no<vdy <vocifque Deum dulcedine capturn % 
Hoc mihi concilium tecum, dixiffe, manebit \ 
* Atque ita difparibus calamis compagine cera 
Inter fe junclis nomen tenuijfe puella. 
He fighs, his (ighs the tofftng reeds return 
In (oft fmall notes, like one that feemM to mourn* 
The new, but pleafant notes the God lurprife, 
Yet this (hall make us friends at laft, he cries : 
So he this pipe of reeds unequal fram'd 

;With wax J jtfui Sjrinn frsm his miftrefc nam'd* 



( *i8o ) 

But a Lucreiim afcribes the invention of thefe pipes not 
to Pan y but to fome countrymen, who had obferved, 
on fome other occafion, the whittling of the wind 
through reeds. In the facrifices of this God, b they 
offered to him milk and honey in a fnepherd's bottle. 
He was more efpecially worfliipped in Arcadia, for 
which reafon he is fo often called c Pan Deus Arcadia. 
Some derive from him d Hifpania, Spain, formerly 
called Iberia l , for he lived there, when he returned from 
the Indian war, to which he went with Bacchus and th$ 
Satyrs. 

CHAPTER XII, 

SILVANUS. 

ALTHOUGH many writers confound the Silvani, 
Fauni, Satyri, and Sileni, with Pan, yet many diftin- 
guifh them ; therefore we will treat of them feparately, 
and begin with Sihanus.. 

That okl man is -Silv-anus, whom you fee placed next 
to i Pan, with the feet of a. goat, and the e face of a man, 
of little ftature % f he holds cyprefs in his hand ttretched 
out. He is fo called homjihcs, the woods ; for he pre- 
fides ever them. g He mightily loved the boy CypariJJus y 
$yho had a tame deer, in which he took great pleaJure. 

a — miL Zepbyri cava per calamorumjibilaprimum 
Agrees docuepecoiv'as inflare cicii'as j 
Inde mlnutaiim dukes didicer't querelas ', 
Tibia quas jundit digiiis fid at a ctimentutk: 
Avia per nemora ac fytVas jaUujque reperta, 
Per loca pajhrum d»<eria> atque otia Dia. Lucr. I. 5« 

And while (oft ev'ning gales blew o'er the plains, 
And (hook th^ founding reeds, they taught the i wains j 
And thus the p pe was franrfd, and tuneful reed ; 
And white the tender docks 'ecu rely feed, 
The harmiefs (hep-herds tune their pipes to love, 
And Amaryllis founds in ev'ry grove. 
t Theocr. in Viator, c Virg. Geo. 3. et Eel. 4. d Lil. Gyr« 

« i^iian. Hilt. Vari». f Martin, de Nuptiis. S Sew. in <£En* 

et Geo. 



( i8i ) 

Silvanut by chance killed it ; upon which the youth 
died for grief. a Therefore Sihanus changed him into 
a cvprefs-tree, and carried a branch of it always in his 
,hand, in memory of his lofs. 

There were many other Silvani, who endeavoured, 
as much as they could, to violate the chaftity of women, 
St. b Auguftin fays, that they and the Fauni (commonly 
called lnawi j were oftentimes wicked to women, de- 
Tiring and enjoying their embraces. And Varvo fays 3 
that thevwere mifchievous to big-bellied women. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

SILENUS, 

THAT old fellow, who follows next, with a Hat 
nofe, bald head, large ears, and with a feiall, flat, 
gorbellied body, is Sttenm ; ib called c from his jocular 
temper, becaufe he perpetually j efts upon people. He 
fits upon a d faddlefoacked afs"; but when he walks he 
leans upon a ftaff. He was Bacchus' fofler father, his 
mafter, ,and his perpetual companion, and confeqUentJy 
almoft always drunk, as we find him deicribed e in the 

a EltemratnaradiceJerinS) $ifcvdne % cufrejfum, Geo.i. 

A- it.' nder c y p rt is p I a n t S 
b Eos cum Faunis (quos vulgo (ncubo 
extitiiTe iW.jeiibus, et eaium appetifle^ et peregifig concubitum. 
Dei. 1. 15. c. i\. c ' A<zro r&? (rt.'KK&lvzw 3 id eft, dielena In ali- 

quem dicere. ^Ii-n. 3. Var. Hut. c. ior d Pando Ateilo. 

e Silenum puerifomno wider) jacmtem, 

Iriflatum boflerno <ve>uu-> Utj<mper s I cho 5 

Scrta proculy tanlum caput dtlapjaj \ -jbant^ 

E> gravis atirita pendebat cantbarus a 

■— Two Satyrs] on the ground, 

Stretch'd at his eafe, their fire Site nits found ; 

DosM with his fumes, and heavy with his load, 

They found -him lhoring in his dark, abode j 

His roiy wreath was dropp'd not iong before, 

Bom by the tide of wine, and floating on the floor* 

IJis empty can, with eats half worn away, 

Was hung on high, to boait ihe triumph of the day 4 



( i8a ) 

fixth Eclogue of Virgil. The cup which he and Bac- 
chus ufed, was called Cantharus\ and the ftaff with 
which he fupported himfelf, a Ferula : this he ufed when 
he was fo drunk, as it often happened, that he could 
not fit, b but fell from his afs. 

The Satyrs were not only conftant companions * of 
Silenus^ but very affiftant to him ; for they held him in 
great efteem, and honoured him as their father ; and, 
c when they became old, they were called Silent too. 
And concerning Silsnus 9 - afs, they fay, that d he was 
tranflated into heaven, and placed among the ftars ; be* 
caufe in the giants war, Silenus rode on him, and help- 
ed Jupiter very much. , 

e But when Silenus once was taken, and afked, What 
was the bejl thing that could befall man ? he, after long 
filence, anfwered, // is bejl for all never to be born^ but 
being born^ to die very quickly. Which expreflion Pliny 
reports almoft in the fame words : f There have been 
many who have judged it happy never to have been 
born, or to die immediately after one's birth. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

THE SATYRS. 

BEHOLD ! g Thofe are Satyrs who dance in lafci- 
vious motions and poftures, under the ffaade'of that tall 
and fpreading oak; they have heads armed with horns, 

a Quln que fenex ferula iitubanies ebrius artus 

Suftinety et pando nonfortiter beret afello. Ovid. Met. 4. 

His ftaff dots hardly keep him on his legs, 

When mounted on his afs, fee how he fwags. 

b Ebrius ecce fenex ^ pando delapfus afello, 

Clamarunt Satyri/furge, age,/urge 9 pater. Ov. Art. Am, a* 

TV old foker*s drunk, from 's afs he's got a fall, 

Roufe, father, roufe, again the Satyrs bawl, 
cpaufan. in Attic. <* Aratus in Phcenomen. * Rogatus 

quidnam ejfet ho minibus optimum ? refpondit, omnibus effe optimum 
non nafciy et natos. quam citiffime interne. Plut. in Confolatione 
Apol. f Multi extitere qui non nalici optimum cenferuat, aut 
quam citiffime aboleri. In Pr$fot, 1, 7, s Paufen, in Attk ft 



( i8 3 ) 

and goats feet and legs, crooked hands, rough hair^ 
bodies, and tails not much fhorter than horfes tails. 
There is no animal in nature more falacious and libidi- 
nous than thefe Gods. Their a name itfelf fhows the 
filthinefs of their nature : and Paufanias gives a proof of 
it, by relating a ftory of fome mariners, who were drove 
upon a defert ifland by ftorm, and faw themfelves fur- 
rounded by a flock of Satyrs : the feamen were frighten- 
ed, and betook themfelves to their fhips, and the Satyrs 
left the men, but they feized the women, and commit- 
ted all manner of wickednefs with them. 



CHAPTER XV. 

THE FAUNS. 

THE Fauns, whom you fee joined with the Satyrs^ 
differ from them, in the name only ; at leaft they are not 
unlike them in their looks: b for they have hoofs and 
horns, and are c crowned with the branches of the pine. 
When they meet drunken perfons, they ftupify them 
(as it is faid) with d their looks alone. The boors of 
the country call them the e rural Gods ; and pay them 
the more refpefl:, becaufe they are armed with horns 
and nails, and painted in terrible fhapes. 

Faunus, or Fatuellus, f was the fon of Picus king of 
the Latins. g He married his own fifter, whofe name 
was Fauna, oxFatuella: he confecrated and made her 
prieftefs, after w T hich fhe had the gift of prophecy. Hif- 
tory likewife tells us, that this Faunus was the father 
and prince of the other fauns and thefatyrs. h His name 
was given him from his (kill in prophefying ; and thence 
alfo fatus fignifies both perfons that fpeak rafhly and 

a Satyrus derivator u^o ryq crMs a veretro. Eufeb. Praep. Evan, 
t> Ovid. Faft. a. c Idem in Epift. Oenones. d Idem, in Epift. 
Phaedrae. o Dii agreftes. Virg. Geo. x. f Serv. in Mi). 6. 

« Nat. Comes 1. 5. h Faunus dicitur \fanfa feu vaticinando. 

Serv, in /En f 7, Ifid, Hifp. Epifcopus, 



( i«4 ) 

inconfulerately, and enthufiafts; becaufe they, who 
prophefy, deliver the mind and will of another, and 
fpeak things which themfelves, many time?, do not 
undeiftand. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

PRIAPUS. 

P. HA ! What means that naked God, with his 
fickle, behind the trunk of that tree ? Why does he 
hide the half of his body fo ? 

M. The painter was modef}, and therefore painted 
but half of him, becaufe he is a fhamelefs and obfeene 
deity. His name is Priopus. I am alhamed to tell the 
ftory of him, it is fo very filthy; and therefore I (hall 
only fay, that he was the fon of Venus and Bacchus^ 
born at Lawpfacus^ where his mother, hating his defor- 
mity and the difproportion of his members, rejected 
him. Yet he pleafed the women of Lampfacus^ info- 
much, that their hufbands banifhed him from the city, 
till by the oracle's command he was recalled, and made 
God of the Gardens^ and crowned with garden herbs. 
He carries a fickle in his hand, to cut off from the trees 
all fuperfluous boughs, and to drive away thieves and 
beafts, and mifchievous birds; whence he is called 
Avijlufor. Therefore his image is ufuiliy placed in 
gardens, as we may learn from a Tibullus^ b Virgil^ and 
c Horace. He is called Hellefpontiacus by the poets | 



a Pcmofifque rubor cufi^s ponatur in hortis, 

Arceat ut f ansa fake Priapus anjes. 

With the fwarthy guardian God our orchards grace ; 

"With his (lift fickle he the birds will chace. 

b Et cvfios jurum air.ue a«uium cum fake faligna 

Jiellefponiiaci fernjet tutela Priapu Geo, 

Bolide the God obfeene, who frights away, 

With his lath Avoid, the thieves and birds of prey. 

e Olim truncus eram ficulnus, inutile lignum, 

Cumfaber incerius fcamnum facer elne Priapum, 



( **5 7 

becaufe the city of Lampfacus, where he was born, was 
fituate upon the Heliefpont. All agree that he was very 
deformed; and they fay, that this was the occafion of 
the deformity of this God. When Juno- faw Venus was 
big with child, (he was jealous y and therefore, under 
pretence of aflvfting her in her labour, {he fpitefully 
mifufed her, £o that the young child was fpoiied and de- 
formed, and from his deformity called Priapus^ Phallus, 
and Fafcinum ; all which three names favour of obfeeni- 
ty \ though by fome a he is called Bonus Damon, or 
Genius: Indeed Juno's touch was not neceffdry to make 
the child monftrous; for, can any beautiful offspring be 
expected from a fot and a whore ft 

CHAPTER XVII. 

ARISTJfcUS. 

HE is called Artjlaus, whom you fee bufied in that 
nurfery of olives, fupporting and improving the trees. 
He is employed in drawing oil from the olive, which 
art he firft invented. He alfo found out the ufe of ho- 
ney, and therefore vou fee fome rows of beehives near 
him. b For which two profitable inventions, the anci- 
ents paid him divine honours. 

He was otherwife called Nomius and Agraus, and 
was the fon of c Apollo by Cyrene ; or, as Cicero fays, 
the fon of Liber Pater ', educated by the nymphs, and 
taught by them the art of making oil, honey, and cheefe. 
He fell in love with Euridice^ the wife of Orpheus, and 
purfued her into a wood, where a ferpent ftung her lb, 

Malult ejfe Devm, Deus fade ego fur um aviumqje 
Maxima formido . Sat. 8. 

'Till afttfts doubting, which the log was good 
For, ftool, or God ; relblv'd to make a God : 
So I was m.-;de ; my form the log receives ; 
A mighty terror I to birds and thieves, 
a Vide Phurnutiuna, ; b Paufan. in Arcad, c ApolJon. 1. 6- 
in Verr, 



( i£6 ) 

that fhe died;. The nymphs hated him fomuch for this,:, 
that they deftroyed all his bees, to revenge the death of 
Euridue. This lofs was exceedingly deplored by him ;,, 
and afking his mother's advice, he was told by the ora- 
cle, that he ought by facrifices to appeafe Eundice. 
Wherefore he facrificed to her four bulls, and four hei- 
fers, and. bis lofs was fupplied ; for fuddenly a fwarm of-~ 
feees burft forth from the carcafes of the bulls. 



CHAPTER XVIIL 

TERMINUS. 

p BUT, pray, what is that ftone or log placed ^ 
there ? It is fo far off that I cannot diftinguifh whether- 
of the two it is* 

M. It has a place among the rural Gods, becaufe it- 
is a God itfelf. 

P. A God, do you fay ? Surely you jeft, fir. 

M. No;-, it^is hot only a God, but a God greatly 
honoured in this city of Rome. They call him Termi~ 
nusj and imagine that the boundaries and limits of men's' 
eftates are under his protection. His name, and the di- 
vine honours paid to him by the ancients, are mentioned 
by a Ovid, b Tibullus, and c Seneca. The ftatue of this 
God d was either a fquare ftone, or a log of wood 

a T ermine, five lapis, five es defertus in agro 
Stipes, ab antiquis tu quoque nomen babes. Faft. %• 

Terminus, whether ftump or ftone thou be, 
The ancients gave a Godhead too to thee. ' 
*> Nam verier or, feu ftipes habet defertus in agris, 
Seu njetus in trwiis florida ferta lapis. 
For I my adoration freely give, 
Whether a ftump forlorn my vows receive. 
Or a beflowerM ftone my worfhip have, 
c — Nullus in campo facer 

flfatifit agro arbiter populis lapis. Hippol. a£l. ** 

The facred landmark then was quite unknown. 
<* Arnobius contra Gentes, 1. i. Clemens Alex. Strom. 7. 



JP/erfr 20 



J&f* /<f 7 




C 187 ) 

pTainedf which they ufually perfumed with ointments 
and crowned with- garlands. 

And indeed the Lapides Terminates fthat is, land- 
marks) were efteemed facred ; a fo that whoever dared 
to move, or plough up, or transfer them to another 
place, his head hecame devoted to the Diis Terminalibus^ 
and it was lawful for any body to kill him. 

And further, though they did not facrifice the lives 
of animals to thofe ftones, becaufe they thought that it 
was not lawful to ftain them with blood ; yet they offer- 
ed wafers made of flour to them, and the firft fruits of 
corn, and the like : and upon the laffc day of the year 
they always obferved feftivals to their honour 3 called 
Tarminaiia. 

Now we pafs to the GoddeJJes of the Woods* 



CHAPTER XIX, 

THE GODDESSES OF THE WOODS. 
DIANA. 

P. IT is very well. Here comes a Goddefs* b taller 
than the other Goddeffes, in whofe virgin looks we may 
cafe our eyes, which have been tired with the horrid 
fight of thofe monftrous deities. Welcome, Diana; 
€ your hunting habit, the bow in your hand, and the 
quiver full of arrows, which hangs down from your 
fhoulders, and the (kin of a deer faftened to your breafl^ 
difcover who you are. * Your behaviour, which is free 
and eafy, but modeft and decent ; your garments, which 
are handfome and yet carelefs, fhow that you are a vir- 
gin. Your e name indicates your modefty and honour. 
I wifh that you, who are the talleft of the Goddeffes, 
f to whom women owe their ftature, would implant in 

* Dion. Halicarn. 1. 2. b Virg. JEn. 1. c Idem ibid. 

d Paufan. in Arcad. « "A^re^, ab ^ Tg/x „V, perfefius> pudi- 

citiam integritatemque Dianx indicat, Strabo 1. 14. * Horn, 

OdyfT. 20. 



( m y 

them alfo a love of your chaft-ity. For I know ybtt* 
hare, y-xt abhor the converfation of men, and fly from- 
the very fight of them : you reject the temptatrons of 
delight, and abhor the charming witchcraft of pleafure- 
with all your- heart. 

Mfaon^ iht fori of ■■ Arijiaui^ that famous huntfman,< 
a fatally iearneci this, - when he impudently looked upon- 
you, when you were naked' in the fountain ; you defer- 
ed not the punifhinent of his impurity for a moment $> 
for,... fpr inkling him with the water, you- changed him 
into a deer, which, was afterward torn in pieces by his. 
own dogs. 

Further honour is due to- you 5 becaufe you are the> 
Moon, b the glory of, the ftars, and the only Goddefs* 
c who obferved perpetual chaftity. 

Nor am I ignorant of that famous and defervmg ac- 
tion which you did, to avoid the flames of Alpheus^ d when * 
you fo haftily fled to your nymphs, who were all toge- 
ther in one place ; and fo befmeared both yourfelf and 
them with dirt, that when he came he did not know* 
you: whereby your- honeft deceit fucceeded according 
to your intentions; and the dirt, which fouls every 
thing elfe, added a new luflre to your virtue. Welcome 
once again, O ! e guardian of the mountains, by whofe- 
kind ailiftance women -in child-bed are .preferved from 
death. 



a Ovid. Met. 4, b Aftronim clecus. VWg.JBh. 9. 

c /Eternum tclorum et Virgi nit ails amGrt?n 

Iniemcr aia coin. Virg. JEr). zi« 

— — Heifelf untainted ft ill. 

Hunting and chaitity (he always loy , cL 
d paufan. in poller. Eliac. 

e Montium cufios\ ncmo'rumqve <virgo 9 

Qute labor an' es u'ero paellas 

^Ter <vocata audit admifqua leth. 

Diua triformis* Hor. Carro. 1. 3. 

Queen of the mountains and the groves I 

V/hofe hand the teeming pain removes, 

Whofe aid the i;ck ancj w:':v: implore, 

And lb* ics- invoke thy threefold power. 



( is* ) 

M. So ! Palaopbilus, you have thus long cheated me ! 
P. What, I cheated you ! 

M* Yes, you ; who have fo dexteroudy concealed 
-your knowledge, and endeavoured to mate me relieve 
-fo long, that you are ignorant ana unfkl al in the my- 
thology of the Heathens. 

P. I am as unfkiiful as [ pretended. You may be- 
lieve me when I declare, that 1 am altogether ignorant 
■of thofe things which you teach me. Nor can you fup- 
-pofe otnerwife from what i have now repeated about 
-Diana, For from a-biy i have loved this Goddefs for 
her rnodefty ; and out of refpecl to her I learnt thofe few 
•tilings which you heard me fpeak. I am wholly blind, 
-and beg, that by your affiftance you would guide me. 
"I fpeak imcerely, I am. a mere frefh-man. 

M. You can fcarce make me believe fo. But, how- 
-ever, I will verify the old proverb, a and teach one 
that -knows more than rnyfelf. I -will begin from the 
.words that you laff. mentioned. 

Diana is called b Trtformis and Tergemina. Fi-rft, 
-becaufe though fhe is but one Goddefs, yet file has three 
^-different names, as well as three different offices. In 
.the heavens fhe is called Luna ; on the earth fhe is 
-named Dlana^ and in hell fhe is ftyled Hecate or Pro- 
iferpine. in the heavens fhe enlightens every thing by 
her rays; on the earth, fhe keeps under her power all 
wild hearts by her bow and her dart ; and in hell fhe 
keeps all the ghofts and fpirits in fubje&ion to her by 
her power and authority. Thefe feveral names and of- 
fices, are comprifed in an ingenious c diftich. But al- 
though d Luna, Diana, and Hecate are commonly 
-thought to be only three different names of the fame 
Goddefs, yet 2 Mefiod efteem-s them three ciftincT: God- 
■defles. Secondly, becaufe fhe has, as the poets fay, 

a Sus Minervam. b Nat. Cic. Deor. 3. 

c ferret, luflrat, avit : P^oferpina, Luna, Diana $ 
Ima, fuprema, feras 5 figptro 9 fulgore, fagktd. 

Dempfter in Paralip* 

^ In Theogoru e Oipheus in Argon, 



■."( 19° ) 

three heads; the head of a horfe on the right fide, of a 
dog on the left, and a human head in the midft: whence 
fome call her a three- headed, or three-faced. And b 
others afcribe to her the likenefs of a bull, a dog, and 
a lion. c Virgil &x\& d Claudion alfo mention her three 
countenances. Thirdly, according to the opinion oif 
fome, (he is called Triformis> e becaufe the Moon hath 
three phafes or fhapes: the new moon appears arched 
*with a femieircle of light; the half moon fills a femi- 
circle with light ; and the full moon fills a whole circle 
or orb with its fplendor. But let us examine thefe 
*mames more exactly. 

She is named Luna f from -fhining, either becaufe fhe 
only in the nighttime fends forth a glorious light, or elfe 
becaufe fhe fhines by borrowed light, and not by her 
own ; and therefore the light with which fhe fhines is 
always s new light. Her chariot is drawn with a white 
and a black horfe; or with two oxen becaufe fhe has 
got two horns ; fometirnes a mule is added, fays Fe/lus? 
becaufe fhe is barren, and fhines by the light of the fun. 
Some fay, that Luna of both fexes have been worfhip- 
ped, efpecially among the -Egyptians ; and indeed they 
give this property to all the other Gods. Thus both 
■Lunus and Luna were worfhipped, but with this differ- 
ence, that thofe who worfhipped Luna were thought 
fubje£t to the women, and thofe who worfhipped Lunus 
were fuperior to them. h We muft alfo obferve, that 

a T%u?(rox£<pca>ov xcu rptzrocrwwov, Cornut. et Artemidor. *» 
Oneirocr. b Porph. ap. Gz> 

c Tercentum tonal ore Deos, Erebumque, Cbaofque, 
fTevgeminamque Hecaem, tria tirgm/s ora Diana. JEn. 4» 
Night, Erebus, ard Chaos (he proclaims, 
* And threefold Hecate with her hundreu names, 
And three Dianas. 

d Ecce proculternis, Hecate, *variatajiguris. *De Rap. Prof. 
Behold far off the Goadeis Hecate 
In threefold fhape advances, 
e Ap Lil. Gyr. * A lucendo, quod una fit qua? noclulucet, 
Cic. Nat. Deor. i. % Quod luce aliena fplcndeat, unde Gra?oe 

dicitur SiXttyji a ai'KoK veq9 9 id eft, lumen novum. Id. ibid, * Serv. 
in^Bn. a, Philocor* Spanian. in Imp. Caracal* 



X *9* ) 

the men facrificed to Venus, under the name of Luna? 
in women's clothes, and the women in men's clothes. 

This Luna had a gallant who was named Endymion^ 
and he was mightily courted by her; a infomuch that, 
, to kifs him, fhe defcended out of heaven, and came to 
the mountain Latmus, or Lathynius, in Qaria ; where 
he lay condemned to an eternal fleep by Jupiter ; be- 
caufe, when he was taken into heaven, he impudently 
attempted to violate the modefty of .^#0. In reality,' 
-Endymion was a famous aftronomer, who firft defcribed 
the courfe of the moon, ana he is reprefented lleeping, 
becaufe he contemplated nothing but the planetary mo- 
tions. 

Hecate may be derived from etccthv \Joehaihen\ eminus% 
becaufe the moon darts her rays or arrows afar off, 
b She is faid to be the daughter of Ceres by Jupiter^ 
who being cart out by her mother, and expofed in the 
- ftreets, was taken up by fhepherds, and nounihed by 
them j for which reafbn c fhe was worfhipped in the 
ftreets, and her ftatue was ufually fet before the doors 
of the houfes, whence fhe took the name Propylaa. 
Others derive her name from £*«*•* [hckaton] centum be- 
caufe they facrificed a hundred victims to her : d or be- 
. caufe, by^ her edict, thofe who die, and are not buried, 
vwander a hundred years up and down hell. However, 
it is certain, ihe is called Trivia, from triviis^ thejireets ; 
for fhe was believed toprefide over the ftreets and ways 5 
fo that they facrificed to her in the ftreets; e and the 
Athenians^ every new moon, made a fumptuous fupper 
for her there, which was eaten in the night by the poor 
people of the city. f They fay that fhe was exceffive 
tall, her head covered with frightful fnakes inftead of 
,hair, and her feet were like ferpents. g She was repre- 
sented encompailed with dogs ; becaufe that animal was 

! a Apoll. Argon. 4. PUn B 1. 2. c. 9. b Hefiod. in Theog. 
c Noftumifque Hecaie iri<viis ululataper urbes. Virg. JEn, 9* 
And H-cate by night ador'd with (hrieks. 
d Paufan. in At*ic. e Aiiftoph. in Pltuo, f Lucian. Pfeudoph, 
g Apud Gyrald. Apollin, 



X 192 ) 

facred to her; and Hefychius fays, that fhe was feme* 
times reprefented hy a dog. We are told that fhe pre- 
sided over inchantments, and that a when fhe was called 
feven times, file came to the facrifices : as fobft as thefe 
were finiflied, b Several apparitions appeared, called from 
her Hecate a. 

She was called by the Egyptians \ c Buhajlis ; her feafts 
were named Buba/lte ; and the city where they were 
•yearly celebrated, was called Buhajlis. 

Brimo is another of the names of Hecate and Diana% 
which is derived from d the cry that fhe gave, when 
Apollo or Mars offered violence to her when fhe was a 
hunting. 

She was called Lucina and Qpis* becaufe e fhe helps 
to bring children into ihe world, which good office (as 
they fav) fhe firft performed to her bro her Jpolh: for, 
as foon as fhe herlelf was born, fhe affifted her mother 
Latona^ and djd the office of a midwife; f but was fo 
affrighted with her mother's pain, that fhe refolved ne- 
ver to have children, but to live a virgin perpetually. 

She is called Chitone and Chitonia^ %> becaufe women 
after childbirth ufed fir ft to facrifice to *Juno, and then 
offer to Diana their own and their children's clothes. 

She was named Diclynna., not only from the h nets 
which fhe ufed, • for ihe was a huntrefs, and the prin- 
ce-fs of hunters (for which reafon all woods were dedi- 
cated to her) but alfo becaufe k Britomartis the virgin, 
whom fhe hunted, fell into the nets, and vowed, if fhe 
efcaped, to build a temple for Diana* She did efcape, 
and then confecrated a temple to Diana Diclynna, O- 
thers relate the ftory thus ; When Britomartis^ whom 

a Argonaut. b Ovid. Met. 9. c Apoll. Argon. 3, * A 
Peseta;, fremo, ira exardefco. « Quod infantibus in lucem veni- 
entibus opem ferat, Aug. de Civ. Dei. 4. c. 1. *" Callimach. 

Hymn, in Dian. £ Xiwjj, quafi tunicata a xireiv 9 tunica-} 

fokbantenim fceminae partus laborious perfuntfae Junoni facrificarej 
&as autem et infantium veites Dianas confecrare. Piut. ,3. Symp. c. 
ult. h Retia enim & X ti/« dicuntur. i Ovid, Met, a, La&. Piae* 
* Schol. Arittoph. . 






( *93 ) 

Diana loved became (he was a huntrefs, fled from Mi- 
nos her lover, and caft herfelf into the Tea ; fhe fell into 
the fifliermen's nets, and Diana made her a Goddefs* 
Since we are talking of hunting, give^ne leave to add, 
that the a ancients thought that Diana left off hunting 
on the ides of Auguft\ therefore at that time it was not 
lawful for any one to hunt, but they crowned the dogs 
with garlands, and, by the light of torches made of 
ftubble, hung up the hunting inftruments near them. 

We fhall only adjoin, to what has been faid^ the two 
ftories of Chime and Meleager. 

Chione was the daughter of Dadalion, the fon of Da- 
dalus: fhe was defloured by Apollo and Mercury , and 
brought forth twins; namely, Pbilammon, a fkilful 
mufician, the fon of Apollo; and Autolycbus, the fon of 
Mercury, wh /ed a famous b juggler, and an art- 

ful thief. She j (o far from thinking this a fhame, 
that fhe grew very proud ; nay openly boafted, c that 
her beauty had charmed two Gods, and that fhe had 
two fons by them. Befides, fhe was d fo bold as to 
fpeak fcornfully of Diana's beauty, and to prefer her- 
felf before her ; but Diana punifhed the infolence of this 

* Brodaeus in Anthol. ex Schol. Pindari. 
k ■ Furtum ingeniofus ad omne> 

Qui facer e ajfuerat, p atria non degener artis, 
Candida de nigris et de candentibus atra* Ovid. Met. ii« 

Cunning in theft, and wily in all Heights, 
Who could with iubtlety deceive the fight, 
Converting white to black, and black to white. 
c — — Se pep erijje duos, et D'ds placuijfe duobus r . 
That (he two fons had brought, by having pleas'd two Gods# 
d ■ Se praferre Diana 

Suflinuit, faciemque Dea culpavit. At Mi 
Iraferox mota eft, faclifque placabimus, inquit. 
Nee mora curvavit comu, nervufque fagittam 
Impulity et meritam trajecit arundine linguam* 
She to Diana's durft her face prefer, 
And blame her beauty. With a cruel look, 
She faid our deed (hall right us. Forthwith took 
Her bow, and bent it 5 which fhe fhongly drew, 
And through her guily tongue the arrow flew. 



( *94 ) 

"boaftcr, for fhe drew her, Bow, and fiot an arrow 
through her tongue, and thereby put hei to (iience. 

Meleager was punifhed for the fault of his father 
a Oenens, who, when he offered his firfl-fn.its to the 
Gods, wilfully forgot Diana ; therefore fhe was angry, 
and fent a wild boar into the;, fields o'f his kingdom of 
Caledonia, to defuoy them. Meleager, accompanied 
-with many chofen youths, immediately undertook either 
to kill this boar,, or to drive him out of the country, 
The virgin Atalanta was among the hunters, and ^ave 
the boar the iirft wound ; and loon after Meleager killed 
him. HevAiizd.Jtalanta more who wounded him, than 
himfelf who killed him, b <md therefore offered her the 
boar's fkin. But the uncles of Meleager were enraged 
that the hide was given to a Granger, and violently took 
it frornjier ; upon which Meleager killed them. As foon 
as his mother Althcea underftood that Meleager had killed 
her brothers, fhe fought revenge like a mad woman. 
In Akkra's chamber was a billet, which, when. A4ele- 
oger^ was born ,- c the Fates took, and threw it into the 
;fire, faying, The new-born infant fhall live as long as 

* Ovid. Met. 8. 

t> „ ExwviaS} rigidis horrentta fells 

"Terga dat. el ' magnis tnjignia deniibus or a, 

Jlli la?iiii<2 eft cum munere muneru au^or, 

Jwvidere alii, toicque erat agmine murmur. 
■ Then gave the brimed fpoil, and ghatliy head 

With monftrous tufhes arm'd, which terror bred. 

She in the gift and giver pleaiure took, 

Ail murmur, with piepofterous envy ftruck. 

c 'Tempora^ dxerunti eadem Hgnoque tibique, 

O modo nate^ damns : quo fOjiqua?n carmine diclti 

ExceJftre.Dea ; flagrant em mater ab tgne ^ 

Eripuii ramum, fparfiique liqueniibus undis 5 

Servatufque diuju enis jer-vaz erat annos. 

O la ely Born, one period we aflign 

To thee ?.v.d to the brand. The charm they weave 

Into his fate, and then the changes leave. 

His' mother fnatcfi'd it with a hafty hand 

Out of the fire* mid qirench'd the flaming brand. 

This in an Inward ciofet ciofely jays, 

And by preferring it prolongs his days. t 



( 195 ) 

this ftick remains unconfamed. The mother matched 
it out of the fire, and quenched it, and laid it in a'clo- 
ic-t. But now moved with rage, fhe goes to her cham- 
ber, and fetching the ftick a fee threw it into the fire: 
as the log burned, Meleager^ though abfent, felt fire in 
his bowels, winch confumed him, in the fame manner 
that the wood was confumed ; and when at laft the log 
was quite reduced to allies, and the fire quenched, M&~ 
ledger at the fame time expired, and turned to dull. 

CHAPTER XX, 

PALES. 

THAT old lady, whom you fee b furrounded by 
fliepherds, is Pales* the Goddefs of Shepherds end Pas- 
tures. Some call her Magna Maier, and Vefia. To 
this Goddefs they facrificed milk, and ©wafers made of 
millet, that fhe might make the paftfcres fruitful. They 
inftituted the feafts called Pahlia or Parllla to her ho- 
nour, which were bbferved upon the eleventh or twelfth 
day of the calends of May^ by the fliepherds, in the field, 
I on the fame day in which Romulus laid the foundation 
of the city. Thefe feafts were celebrated to appeafe I 
Goddefs, that fhe might drive -away the wolves, 
prevent the difeaies incident to cattle. The folemnieies 
obferved in the palilian Feafts were many : the fhepherds 
placed little heaps of ftraw in a particular order, and at 
a certain diftance ; then they danced and leaped over 
them ; then they purified the fheep, and the reft of the 
cattle with the fume of rofemary, laurel, fulphur, and 
the like ; as we learn from Ovid> c who gives a defcrip- 
tion of thefe rites. 

* ■ Dextraque aver/a trementi % 

Tuner eum torrem.med '■■:. in ignes. 

■ With eyes turn'd back, her quaking hand 

To trembling flames exposed the funVal brand. 
k Virg. Eclog. 

c Alma Pales, foveas pafioria facta canentig 
Profequar efficioji iua facia meo. 
K 2 



( *9* 1 
CHAPTER XXL 

FLORA. 

P. YOU need not tell me who that Goddefs is, 
a whom I fee adorned with fo much finery and grace- 
ful nefs, fo drefled and beautified with flowers. It is 
Flora, the Goddefs and Prefident of Flowers* Is it not? 

M. It is true, the Ramans ga^e her the honour cf a 
Goddefs; but in reality fhe was a famous {trumpet, 
who, by her abominable trade, heaped up a great deal 
of money, and made the people of Rome her heir. Par- 
ticularly, fhe left a certain fum, the yearly intereft of 
which was fettled, that the games, called Florales, or 
Floralia y might be celebrated annually on her birthday. 
But becaufe this appeared fcandalous, impious, and pro- 
fane to the fenate, as it really was, they covered their 
defign, and worfhipped Flora, under the title of God- 
defs of Flowers ; and pretended that they offered facrifice 
;to her, that the plants and trees might flourifii. 

Ovid follows the fame fi&ion, and relates b that Chlo- 
vis an infamous nymph was married to Zephyrus, from 
whom ihe received the power over all the flowers. But 
let us return to Flora and her games. Her image, as 
we find in Plutarch, was expofed in the temple of Caf- 
tor and Pollux^ drefled in a clofe coat, and holding in 
her right hand the flowers of beans and peas. c For 
while thefe fports were celebrated, the officers, or adiles^ 

Certe ego de vitulo cinerem, flipulamque fabalem 

Sape tuli 9 lava, februa tojia, manu, 
Certe ego tmnfilui pqfitas ter in or dine flammas, 

Virgoque r or ales laurea mi/it aquas. 
Great Pales, help 5 the paft'ral rites I fing, 
With humble duty mentioning each thing. 
Afhes of calves, and bean-ftraw oft I've held, 
With burnt purgations in a hand well fill'd. 
Thrice o'er the flames, in order rang'd, I've leapt, 
And holy dew my laurel twig has dript. 
* La&ant* 1. 1 . c, 24, b Ovid, in Faftis. * Val. Max. 1. a, c. 5* 



( *97 I 

fcattered beans, and other pulfe among the people, 
Thefe games were proclaimed and begun by found ofc* 
trumpet, as we find mentioned in ^ "Juvenal. Then the 
lewd women came forth in public, and fhowed tricks 
naked. Strange! that fuch filthinefs fhould be called 
FloreSy and fuch games Floralia* 

CHAPTER XXII. 

FERONIA. 

FERONIA the b Goddefs of the Woods, is juftly pla- 
ced near Flora the Goddefs of Flowers. She is called 
Feronia^ from the care flie takes in c producing and pro- 
pagating trees. Their higher place is due to her, be- 
caufe fruits are more valuable than flowers, and trees 
than fmall and ignoble plants. It is faid, flie had a grove 
facred to her, under the mountain Soraffe $ this was fet 
on fire, and the neighbours were refolved to remove 
the image Feronia thence, when on a fudden the grove 
became green again. d Straho reports, that thofe who 
were infpired by this Goddefs, ufed to walk barefoot 
upon burning coal without hurt. Though many be- 
lieved, that by the Goddefs Feronia, that virtue only is 
meant by which fruit and flowers were produced* 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

POMONA. 

POMONA is the Goddefs, the Guardian, the Preft- 
deni, not of the e Apples only, but of all the Fruit and 
the Producl of trees and plants. As you fee, fhe fql- 

a — Digmffima certe 

FloraH matrona tuba. Sat. 6. 

■ " A woman worthy fure 

Of Floral feilal trumpet. 
b Virg. JEru 7. c Feronia a ferendis arboribus di£h. 

* Geogr. 1. 5. « Pomona a pom'.s dicitur. 



( i 9 8 ) 

lows after Flora and Feronla in order; but in the great- 
nefs of h^r merit file far furpailes them ; and has a prieffc 
who only ferves her., called Flumen Pomonalis. 

P. What toothlefs hag is that, which is fo obfequi- 
ous to Pomona ? 

M. It is not an old woman, but a God. I do not 
wonder that you are deceived, iince in this difguife he 
deceived Pomona herfelf. When fhe was very hufy in 
looking after her gardens and orchards with great care, 
and was wholly employed in watering and fecuring the 
roots, and lopping the overgrown branches ; a Fertum- 
nusy a principal God among the Romans (called fo be- 
caufe he. had power to turn himfelf into what fhape he 
pleafed) fell in love with Pomona y and counterfeited the 
fhape of an old gray-headed woman. He b came lean- 
ing on a fcaff into the gardens, admired the fruit and 
beauty of them, and, commending her care about them, 
he faluted her. He viewed the gardens, and from the 
obfeFvatipns he had made, he began to difcourfe of mar- 
riage, telling her that it would acid to the happinefs even 
of a God, to have her to wife. Gbferve, fays he, the 
trees, which creep up this wall : how do \h+ - ' 
plums flriee w h; ^ K '■< ~ <*pptes and 

M-1V i, tudii excel the other in beauty and 
colour ! whereas, if they had not c props or fupports, 
which like hufbands hold them up, they would perifh 
and decay. All this did not move her, till Fertumnus 

■ a Vertumnus a vertendo, quod in quas vellet figures tee vertere 
poterat. > _ . 

b hmitenshaculo., pojitis ad temper a^canis. ^ Ovid. JVieU 14.* 

With gray-hair'd noddle, leaning on a itaff. 

*_AtJiflareti ait, Calebs Jine palmite tr uncus % 

Nil prater frondes, quafe peteretur, haberet% 

Jiac quoque, qua j unci a *vitis requiefcit in ulmo, 

Si non juncla foret, terra acclindta jaceret : 

<Tu tamen exemplo non tangeris arboris hujtis. 

Yet, faith he, if this elm fhould grew alone, 

Except for ihade, it Would be prtz'd by none 5 

And fo this vine in am'rous foldings wound, 

If but disjoined, would creep upon the ground s 

Yet art not thou by fuch examples led, 

But fljuni-fft the pteafdres of a happy bed, 



( m r 

a - changed hwnfelf into a young man ; and then fhe be- 
gan alio to feel the force and power of love, and fubm it- 
ted to his willies. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE NYMPHS. 

NOW obferve that great company of neat, pretty, • 
hnnaforne, beautiful, charming virgins, who are very 
near the gardens of Pomona. Some run about the woods, 
and hide themfelves in the trunks of the aged oaks ; 
fome plunge themfelves info the fountains, and fome 
fwim in the rivers. They are called by one common 
name b Nymphs^ c became they always look young; or 
d becaufe they are handfome : yet all have their proper 
names betide, which they derive either from the places 
where they live, or the offices they perform ; they are 
efpecially diftributed in three claffes, celeftial> terrejirial^ 
and mar ins. 

i The cdejllal Nymphs were thofe genii, ihok fmh and 
intelUofs^ e who guided the fpheres of the heavens, and 
difoenfed tV*~ ; - ' - ru_ &&** *- a^^^^ H r-a*V- 
earth. 

a ■ In jwvenem red Jit ; et aralia demit 

Inftrumenta Jibl : talifque apparuit Ml, 

Quails ubl oppofaas niudijjima foils Imago 

E-vlclt nubes, nuUdque Xibftante reluxit : 

Vimque par at ; fed <w non eft cpus, inque figurd 

Capta Del Nymph e eft, et mutua uulnerafetifit. 

» Again himfelf he grew j 

Trf infirmities of heatiefs age deposed 5 

And fuch himfeif unto the nymph difcios'd, 

As when the fun, fubduing with his rays 

The muffling cloud, his golden brow difplays j 

He force prepares 5 of force there was no need, 

Struck with his beauty, mutually they bleed. 
b Phurnut. c y A ^ T g ££ v ' lOL c (pctivto-Qai quod femper juvenes 
appareant. d 'Attg tS Qct'vuv fplendere, quod forms; decore pre* 
fulgeant. * Ex. Piut» Macrob. Procl. 



( 200 ) 

Of the terrejirial Nymphs fome prefide over the woods, 
and were called Dryades from a Greek word a , which 
principally fignifies an oak^ but generally any tree what- 
ever. Thefe Dryades had their habitations in the oaks. 
Other Nymphs were called b Hamadryades, for they were 
born when the oak was firft planted, and when it pe- 
rifhes they die alfo. The ancients held ftrange opinions 
concerning oaks, they imagined that even the fmalleft 
oak was fent from heaven. The c Druida^ priefts of 
the Gauls) elteemed nothing more divine and facred, 
than the excrefcence which flicks to oaks. Others of 
thofe nymphs were called d Oreades or Oreftiades^ be- 
caufe they prefided over the mountains. Others e Na- 
ptea^ becaufe they had dominion over the groves and 
vallies* Others f Limoniadesy becaufe they looked after 
the meadows and fields. And others g Melics^ from the 
afh, a tree facred to them ; and thefe were fuppofed to be 
the mothers of thofe children, who were accidentally 
born under a tree, or expofed there. 

Of the marine Nymphs^ thofe h which prefide over the 
feas, were called Nereides or Nerincz^ from the fea god 
NereuSy and the fea nymph Doris^ their parents ; which 
Nereus and Doris were born of Tethys and Oceanus^ from 

of thofe nymphs prefide over the fountains, and were 
called l Naides or Naiades : others inhabit the rivers, 
and were called Fluv'iales or k Potamides : and others pre- 
fide over the lakes and ponds, and were called ! Limnades. 
AH the Gods had Nymphs attending them. "Jupiter 
fpeaks of his m in Ovid. Nettune had many nymphs, 

* &$u id eft, quercus. Virg. Geo. 4. *> Ab ^ a , fimul, et 

hvc 9 quercus. c Lil. Gyr. fynt. 1. <* Ab opoq, mons. 

« A poem, faltus vel vallis. f A As^wy, pratum. B A ^eaU, 
fraxlnus. h Orph» in Hymn. * A yaw, fluo. k iaoroc^l<;» 
fluvius. ] A hi(jwv 9 lacus. 

m Sunt mihi Semidei, funt rufiica numina Fauni, 
EtNympha, Satyrique, et montlcola Syl<vani. Met. i» 

Half Gods and ruitic Fauns attend my will, 
Nymphs, Satyrs, Sylvans that on mountains dwell. 



( 201 ) 

rnfomuch that Hefcd and Pindar call him a Nymphagetr, 
that is, the Captain of the Nymphs ; the poets generally 
gave him fifty. Phoebus likewife had nymphs called 
Aganippidcs and Mufas, Innumerable were the nymphs 
of Bacchus, who were called by different names, Baccha % 
Bajfarides, Eloides, and Thyades. Hunting nymphs at- 
tended upon Diana ; Tea nymphs, called Nereides, waited 
upon Tethys ; and b fourteen very beautiful nymphs be- 
longed to Juno. Out of all which I will only give you 
the hiftory of two. 

Jrethufawzs one of Diana's nymphs: her virtue was 
as great as her beauty. The pleafantnefs of the place 
invited her to cool herfelf in the waters of a fine dear 
river: Jlpheus, the God of the river, affumed the fhnpe 
of a man, and aroie out of the water: he fir it fa! u^e* I 
her with kind words, and then approached near to her ; 
but away fhe flies, and he follows her ; and, when I12 
had almoft overtaken her, fhe was dilTolved with fear 
(by the affiftance of Diana, whom fhe implored) into a 
fountain. c Alpheus then refumed his former ftiape of 
water, and endeavoured to mix his ftream with hers, 
but in vain \ for to this day /frethufa continues her flight, 
and by her pafTage through a cavity of the earth d fhe 
goes under ground into Sicily. Alpheus alfo follows by 
the like fubterraneous paffages, till at laft he unites and 
marries his own ftreams to thofe of Arethufa in that 
ifl^nd. 

Echo e was a nymph formerly, though nothing of her 

a Nvufxyirr/Cy id eft, Nymphaium dux. Heiiod. et Ptnd. in 
Mhm. 

b Bis feptemprafanti corpcre Nymph a. Virg. JEn. i„ 

Twice (even the charming daughters of the ma'n, 
Around mv per fort wait, and bear my train. 

c Sed enun csgnofcit am at as 

Am»' s aquas \ fqfitpqueinri, quod fUmpferat, ore, 
Vertitur m prcpriasi utfe 11 mifceat, undas. Ov. Met, p 
The river his beloved waters k ew ^ 
And putting off th' affumed Jia ; >.- of man, 
Relumes his own, and in a current ran. 
* Virg. JEn. 3. 

e Corpus adhuc Echo, non vox erat ; et tamenjifwn 

K 5 



{ 202 ) 

but her voice remains now* and even when flie was 
alive, fhe was fo far deprived of % her fpeech, that fhe 
could only repeat the Jaft words of thofe fentences which 
lHe heard. a 9V$* inflicted this punifhment on her for 
her taikativenefs : for when fhe came down to difcover 
Jupiter* <s amours with the nymphs, Echo detained her 
very long with her tedious difcourfes, that the nymphs 
might have an opportunity to efcape, and hide them- 
felves. This Echo by chance met Narciffus rambling 
in the woods ; and file fo admired his beauty that fhe 
fell in \o\q with him : fhe difcovered her love to him, 
courted him, followed him, and embraced the proud 
youth in her arms ; but he broke from her embraces, 
and haftily fled from her fight : upon which the defpifed 
nymph hid herfelf in the woods, and pined away with 
grief, b fo that every part of her but her voice was con* 
fumed, and her bones were turned into ftones. 



■ Garrula non alium, quant nunc habef, er'is habebat ; 

Redder e de multis ut 'verba no^vijfuna pojfet . Ov. Met, g« 

She was a nymph, though only now a ibund 5 

Yet of her tongue no other vAh was found, 

Than now fhe has ; which never could be more, 

Than \o repeat what me had heard before. 

51 Fecerat hoc Juno, gum cum deprendere pojfet 

Sub Jo<ve f&pe fuo nymphas in monte jacentes, 

Ilia deam longo prudent fermone tenebat y 

Dumfugerent nympha. 

This change impatient Juno's anger wrought, 

Who, when her Jo<ve (he o'er the mountains fought, 

Was oft by Echoes tedious tales .milled, 

Till the (hy nymphs to caves and grottos fled. 

b Vox tanium, atque cjja fuperfunt : 

Vox manet : ojfaferunt lapidis traxijfe figurant $ 

Inde latet Jyl<vis 9 nulloque in monte ^videtur, 

Omnibus auditur : fonus eft qui ^viuit in ilia* 

Her fle(h con fumes and moulders with defpair, 

And all her body's juice is turn'd to air ; 

So wondVous are the effects of reftlefs pain, 

That nothing but her voice and bones remain 5 

Nay, ev'n the very bones at laft are gone, 

And metamorphosed to a ihougbtfcfs ftone, 

Yet ftili the voice dots in the woods fuvvive 5 

The form' iftve* 



( 203 ) 

NarciJJus met with as bad a fate ; for though he would 
neither love others, nor admit of their Jove, yet he fell 
fo deeply in love with his own be uty, that the love of 
himfelf proved his ruin. His thirft led him to a a foun- 
tain whofe waters were clear and bright as filver : when 
he ftooped down to drink, he faw his own image; he 
ftayed gazing at it, was wonderfully pleafed with the 
beauty of it, infomuch that he fell paffionately in love 
with it. A b little water only feparated him from his 
beloved object. He continued a c long time admiring 
this beloved picture, before he difcovered what it was, 
that he fo paffionately adored; but at length d the un- 
happy creature perceived, that the torture he fuffered 
was from the love of his own felf. In a word, his paffion 
conquered him, and the power of love was greater than 
he could refift, fo that, by degrees, e he walled away 

a Tons erat i Hi mis nitidis argent eus undis. Ovid, Met, 3^ 

There was by chance a living fountain near, 

Whole unpolluted channel ran To clear, 

Tint il feem'd liquid filver. 

b Exigudprobibcturaqua—— 

A little drop of water does remove 

And keep him from the object of his love* 

c — S d opacajufus in herba 

Speclat inexphto mendacem lumine formam* 

Perque oculos perit ipfe luos. 

He lies extended on the ihady grafs, 

Viewing with greedy eyes the piclurM face, 

And on himfelf brings ruin. 

* — Fiammas, inquit, moveoque, fsroque : 

£>uod cupio me cum eft : inopem me c opt a fecit, 

O uiinam a nofiro jecedere corpore fajfem ! 

Votum in amante novum eft, <vellem quod amamus abejjef* 

My love does vainly on myfelf return, 

And fans the cruej flames with which I burn. 

The thing dehYd I ftill about me bore, 

And too much plenty has confirmY! me poor, 

O that I from my much-lovM felf could go, 

A ftrange requeft, yet would to God 'twere fb I 

c , Attenuatus am re 

Liquitur 7 et caco faulatim carpitur igne. 

No vigour, ftrength, or beairy does remain, 

But hidden flames confume the waiting twain. 



( 204 ) 

and confumed, and at Jaft, by the favour of the Gods, 
was turned into a daffodil, a flower called by his own 
name. 

Now let us proceed to the inferior Rural Deities, as 
they muft not be entirely neglected. 

, CHAPTER XXV, 

THE INFERIOR RURAL DEITIES. 

THE images of thefe Gods rnd Goddefles are fo 
fmall, that we cannot difcern their figures : therefore I 
will only recount their names. 

Rufina, the Goddefs to whofe care all the parts^>f the 
country are committed. 

Collina, (lie who reigns over the hills. 

Vallonia, who holds her empire in the vallies. 

Hippona, a who prefides over the horfes and ftables. 
b This was the name alfo of a beautiful woman, begot- 
ten by Fulvius from a mare. 

Bubona, who hath the care of the oxen. 

Seia, c who takes care of the feed, while it lies buried 
in the earth. She is likewife called d Segetia, becaufe 
file takes care of the blade, as foon as it appears green 
above the ground. 

Runcina is the Goddefs of weeding. She is invoked 
c 'when the fields ate to be weeded. 

Occator is the God of harrowing. He is worfhipped 
i when the fields are to be harrowed. 

Sat or and Sarritor are the Gods of g /owing and rak- 
ing. 

To the God Robigus were celebrated feftivals called 
Robigalia, which were ufually obferved upon the feventh 

a Ab lWc$, equus. Apuleius Afin. aur. L y. b Tertullian. 
Apbi. c A ferendo ncmen habet Seia, ut d Segetia a fegete. 

Plin. I. 8. e Cum runcaniur agri, f Cum occantur agri. 

Serv. in Geo. i. Plin. 1. x8. c. iy. S Ita di&i a ferendo et 

far r Undo. 



( 205 ) 

of the kalends of May, to avert the a Waiting of the 
corn. 

Stercutius, Stercuius, or Stercidius, called likewife 
Sierquilinius and PifumnuSj is the God who firfi invent- 
ed the art of h dunging the ground. 

Proferpine is the Goddefs who prefides over the corn, 
c when it is fprouted pretty high above the earth. We 
fliall fpeak more of her when we difcourfe concerning 
the infernal Deities. 

Nodofus, or Nodotus, is the God that takes care of 
the d knots and the joints' of the ftalks. 

Volujia is the Goddefs who takes care to fold the blade 
round the corn, before the beard breaks out, which 
e foldings of the blade contain the beard, as pods do the 
feed. 

Paielina, who takes care of the corn, f after it is 
broken out of the pod, and appears. 

The Goddefs Flora prefides over the ear, when it 
* blofioms. 

Lacfura, or Laftueina, who is next to Flora, prefides 
over the ear when it begins h to have milk. 

And Maiura takes care that the ear comes to a juft 
maturity. 

HojVilina was worfhipped that the ears of the corn 
might grow * even, and produce a crop proportionable 
to the k^d fown. 

Tutelino, or Tutulina, hath the tutelage of corn when 
it is reaped. 

Pilumnus invented the art of k kneading and baking 
bread. He is commonly joined with Picumnus, his 
brother, whom we mentioned above. 

a Ad avertendsm a fatis rubigbzem. b Tta dftitur zJiercore, 

Cum fuper tetram feges proferpferif. d Pisepormur nodis ge- 

niculifque culmorum. e Folliculorum in*wlucri$ praefkitur. 

f Cum Cp\capafet poftquam e folliculis emerfit. s C\ifnfloreJcit, 
h Cum lafiefcere. i Ab b'^ire, quod veterum lingua fignificabat 
idem quod square, Auguflinus de Civitare jam laudatus. k A 

filandoy id eft, condeniando et farinam fubigendo. Vid. Serv. in 
/En. 9. 



( 206 ) 

Mellona is the Goddefs who invented the * art of 
making honey. 

And Fornax is efteemed a Goddefs ; becaufe, before 
the invention of grinding the wheat, the bread ccrnwas 
parched in a furnace. Ovid b makes mention of this 
Goddefs * 

Thefe mean Deities are but the refufe of the Gods. 
Let us leave them, and turn our eyes to the left-hand 
wall in this Pantheon^ where we fhall fee the Gods of 
the Sea. 



* Artem mellificii excogitavit. 

b Faff a Dea efl Fornax, latifornace coloni 

Or ant, ut <vires temper et iliafuas. Faft. 6$ 

A Goddefs Fornax is, and her the clowns adore, 

That they may 've kindly batches by her pow'r* 






( 207 ) 

PART III. 

OF THE GODS OF THE SEA. 



CHAPTER I. 

SECT. I. NEPTUNE. HIS NAME AND DESCENT, 

P. THIS is a glorious and beautiful fcene. Are 
thefe the Gods of the Waters ? Are* thefe the Marine 
Gods, whofe numerous companies are carried all over 
the liquid plains of the fea in fheils ? 

M. Thefe are the Gods? the Preftdents> the Princes^ 
of the vaft Finny Regions, and the moderators of the 
flowing waves. 

P. And who is that king, with black hair and blue 
eyes, who holds a fceptre in his right hand like a fork 
with three tines, and is fo beautifully arrayed in a mantle 
of blue, clafping his left hand round his queen's waift ? 
He Hands upright in his chariot, which is a large efca- 
lop-fhell drawn by fea horfes, and attended by odd kind 
of animals, which referable men in the upper parts, and 
filh in the lower. 

M. It is Nepiune r whofe name is derived, by the 
change of a few letters, from the word a nubo y which 
fignifies to cover ; becaufe the fea encompafles, embra- 
ces, and, as it were, covers the land. Or, as others 
believe, he is fo called from an Egyptian word (nepthen) 
which fignifies the coafts and promontories, and other 

J A nubendo, quod mare terras ohnubat, Varro. 



( 208 ) 

parts of the earth wi ich are wafhed by the waters. 
So that a Cicero, who derives Neptune from nando (fwim- 
ming) is either miffoken, b or the place is corrupt. 

It is Neptune, I fay, the Governor of the Sea, the 
Father of the Rivers and the Fountains, and the fori 
of Saturn by Ops. His mother preferved him from 
the devouring jaws of Saturn, who, as we remarked 
before, eat up all the male children that were born to 
him, by giving Saturn a young foal to eat in his f ead. 
In the Greek he is called Uoaa^v [Pofeidon] becaufe he 
fo binds our c feet that we are not able to walk within 
his dominions, that is, on the water. 

When he came to age, Saturn's kingdom was divi- 
ded by lot, and the maritime parts fell to him. He 
and Apollo, by Jupiter's command, were forced to ferve 
Laomedon, in building the walls of Troy : becaufe he and 
fome other Gods had plotted againft Jupiter* Then he 
took d Amphitrite. to wife, who refufed a long time to 
hearken to his courcfhip, and comply with his defires ; 
but at laft, by the affiftance of a dolphin, and by the 
power of flattery, he gained her. To rccompenfe which 
kindnefs, the dolphin was placed among the ftars, and 
made a conftellation. Amphitrite h^d two other names ; 
Salacia, fo called from/alum, the fea, e or the fait water 
toward the lower part and bottom of the fea ; and Vem-* 
lia, fo named from veniendo, becaufe the fea goes and 
comes with the tide ? or ebbs and flows by turns. 

SECT. 2. ACTIONS OF NEPTUNE. 

The poets tell us, that Neptune produced, a f horfe 
in Attica out of the ground, by s flriking it with his 

a DeNat. Deor. 2. b Lipiius et Bochartus. c Qui & G( rl 

hap.ov, hoc eft, pedibus vinculum injicit, ne pedibus aquas ambule- 
rnus. Plato in Cratyh <* Dscitnr ^tpxr^m nza>& to a, {j,(p it %i£w, 
a circumterendo, quod ferrarn mare circumterat. e Aug. de Civ. 
Dei. f Soph, in CfidiV. 

g ■ - ~ Magno teilus t>ercuffa triienti. Virg, Geo. x. 

With his huge trident having (truck the ground. 



( ^cg ) 

trident ; whence he is called Hippius, and a Hippodre- 
mus, and is efteemed the prefident over the horfe-races. 
At his altar in the Circus of Rome, games were inftitu- 
ted, in which they reprefented b the ancient Romans by 
violence carrying away the Sabine virgins. His altar 
was under ground, and he was facrificed unto by the 
name of c Confus, the God of Counfel; which for the 
moft part ought to be given privately ; and therefore the 
God Confus was worfhipped in an obfcure and private 
place. The folemn games d Confualia^ celebrated in the 
month of March, were inftituted in honour of Neptune, 
whofe other name was, as I have faid, Confus. At the 
fame time, the horfes left working, and the mules were 
adorned with garlands of flowers. 

Hence alfo it comes that the chariot (as you fee) of 
Neptune is drawn by hippocampi, or fea horfes, as well 
as fometimes by dolphins. Thofe fea horfes had the 
tails of fiihes, and only two feet, which were like the 
fore feet of a horfe* according to the defcription given 
of them in c Statins; and this is the reafon why f Virgil 
calls them two-footed horfes. Neptune guides them, 
and goads them forward with his trident^ as it is prettily 
exprefled in s Statius, 

a Au iv-v^.-Tp™ , ^ ^_^ cm f us# pf n d ar . oc j e x. Ifth. Var. ap e 
Lil. Gyr. & Dion. Halle. I. 2. c A o»^o «u~J~. <Wv, 

in JEn. 8. d Plut. in Romulo. Dion. Halic. 1. 2. 

e lllic JEgeo Neptunus gurgite fefos 

In port am deducit :quos, prior haurii habenas 

Ungula, poflremifol-vuntur in aquora pifces. Theb. 2. 

Good Neptune** iteeds to reft are Jet tip here, 

In the JEgean gulf, whofe fore parts harnefs bear, 

Their hinder parts fifli-ftiap'd.- 

f — Magnum qui pifcibus tequor, 

Etjunclo bi pedum curru metitur equorum, Geo, 4, 

— Through the vaft Tea he glides, 

Drawn by a team half fifh half horfe he rides, 

■s «— - TrlpUci telojubet ifejugales ; 

Hit fpumiferos glomerant a p eft ore flu&us, 

Pone nai ant, d el eni que pedum ve/iigia cauda* Achil. s» 

Shaking his trident, urges on his fteeds, 

Who with twg feet beat from their brawny breads 



( 210 ) 

It was therefore Neptune's peculiar office, a not only 
to prefide over, and govern horfes both fay land and^by 
fea, but alfo the government of fhips was committed to 
his care, which were always fafe under his protection : 
for whenever he b rides upon the waters, the weather 
immediately grows fair and the fea calm. 

SECT. 3. CHILDREN OF NEPTUNE. 

The moft remarkable of his children were Triton*, 
Phorcus, and Proteus. Of the firft we fhall fpeak in 
another place. 

'Phorcus^ or Phorcys, was his fon c by the nymph 
Tbefea. He was vanquifhed by Atlas, and drowned in 
the fea. His furviving friends faid, that he was made a 
fea God, and therefore they worshipped him. We read 
of another Phorcus, * who had three daughters 5 they 
had but one et/f* ».mnn^ tW»m <*\\ which thev all could 
ufe. When any of them defired to fee anything, file 
fixed the eye in her forehead, fn the fame manner as 
men fix a diamond in a ring : when ftie had ufed it, file 

The foaming billows ; but their hinder parts 
Swim, and go fmooth againft the airliner fn»vjo 
ft Hcm. in Hyr^~- on. ifaJ. J. I. 
b ■■ Tumida aquora placat, 

ColleSiafque fugat nubes, folemque reducit* Virg. -£En. i« 

■■ He fmooth/d the fea, 

Difpeli'd the darknefs, and reftor'd the day, 

■ JEqucra pofiquam 

Frofpiciens genitor, ccekque inveSIus aperto, 

Fiefiit equos, curruque volant dat lorafecundQ* Ibid, 

■ Where'er he guides 

Kis finny couriers, and in triumph rides, 
The waves un ruffle, and the fea fubfidts* 
Subfidunt unddty tnmidumque fub axe tonanti 
Sternitur aquor aquis>fugiunt <vaffo at here nimbi* JEn, 5. 
High on the waves his azure car he guides, 
Its axles thunder, and the fea fub fides ; 
And the fmooth ocean rolls her filent tides. 
c Var. ad. Nat. Com. <* Palsephat in fab. 



( 211 ) 

pulled the eye out again, that her fitters might have it; 
thus they all ufed it, as there was occafion. 

Proteus^ his (on by the nymph Phoenicia was the 
* keeper of the fea calves. b He could convert himfelf 
into all forts of fhapes : fometimes he could flow like 
the water, and fometimes burn like the fire'; fometimes 
he was a fifh, a bird, a lion, or whatever he pleafed. 

Nor was this wonderful power enjoyed by Proteus 
alone ; for Vertiunnus^ one of the Gods of the Romans 9 
had it ; his c name fhows it, as we obferved before in 
the ftory of Pomona. And from this God, FeriumnuSy 
comes that common Latin expreffion, bene or male ver- 
tatj may it fucceed well or ill ; becaufe it is the bufinefs 
of VertumnuS) to d prefide over the turn or change of 
things, which happen according to expectation ; though 
oftentimes what we think good, is found in the cpnclii- 
fion [male verier e~) to be worfe than was epxeited ; as 
that e fword was which Dido received from /Eneas^ with 

which &*»-* — * ' M *- J *- rtr 

- w ...vcrwaru Kmeu aerieu. 

Neptune f endued PerlcUmeriui, Nejhr's brother, 
with the fame power ; and he was killed by Hercules 
\vhen in the ihape of afy: for when Herculm fought 
againft Neleus^ a fly tormented him and ftung him vio- 
lently ; and on Pallas discovering to him that this fly 
was Peridymenm, he killed' him. 

Neptune gave the fame power to Metra^ Meftra, or 

IVleftre, the daughter of Brificbthrm .- ih-z obtained this 
reward fom him, bec&ufe he had debauched her ; by 
which power 5 fne was enabled to fuccour her father's 
infatiable hunger. 



b^ 



a Ph oca rum feu viiulorum mannoruni paftor. Tzetz. chil. a» 
hill. 44, b Ovid, Met, 8. c Vertumnus di&us eft a vertendo. 
d Rebus ad opinata reverter in Terent. 

e .., En ) mque reel-, a it 

Pardanium, non bos qua vS in ufus* Virg. JEn,-$.» 

■ ' :\ ' - I eath'dj 

A gift bv h :■. oot to this ufe bequeath'd. 
t Horn, in Odyff. 11. 

e Nunc equa, nunc ale s y modo * bos, modoferqms abibat 9 

Prabebatque avMo mnjufla aliment a pareniL Ov. Met. S» 



( 212 } 

For the fame caufe Canis, a virgin of Theffaly, ob- 
tained the fame, or rather a greater power, from Nep- 
tune ; for he gave her power to change her fex, and 
made her invulnerable ; fhe therefore turned herfelf inta 
a man, and was called Ganeus. a She fought againft 
the Centaurs^ till they had overwhelmed her with a vaft 
load of trees, and buried her alive ; after which, fhe 
was changed into a bird of her own name. 



CHAPTER II. 

TRITON, AND THE OTHER MARINE GODS, 

TRITON was the b fon of Neptune by Amphitrite\i 
he was his father's c companion and d trumpeter. Down 
to his navel he refembles a man, but his other part is- 
like a fifli : his two e feet are like the fore feet of a horfe^. 
his tafl is cleft and crooked, like a half-moon, and his 1 
hair refembles wild parfley. Two princes of Pamajjus 9 
f Virgil and g Ovid y give moti elegant defcriptions of. 
him. 



Now hart-like, now a cow, a bird, a mare, 
She fed her father with ilF- purchased fare, 
a Ovid. Met. b Hefiod. in Thcog. 2. c Stat. Theb. 6> 

d Virg. iEn. 1. e Apollon. Argon, 4. 

f J-Iunc at phi t iwaxumit 'Triton, et Crf>r?i1a COYtcha 

Exterretisfreta ; cut laterum lenus biff Ida nanti 

Frons komincm pr^fert^ in prijlim defimt alvus, 

Spumea pejiifero fub peat ore mwmurat unda. ./En. is. 

Him and his martial train the Triton bears, 

H'gh on his poop the tea green God appears ; 

F« owning, he feems his crooked iheli to found, 

And at the blaft the billows dance around. 

A hairy man above the waift he mows ; 

A porpoife tail beneath his belly grows, 

And ends a fidi : his breads the waves divide, 

And froth and foam augment the murmVing tide* 

g Caruleum Trilona <vocat y conchaque fonaci 

bifpirare jubet ; fluftufque et flmnina figno 

Jam relocate dato, Ca<va buccinafumitur illi 

Tortiiis, in latum qua turbine crefcit ab imo 1 






( 2i3 ) 

Oceanus, another of the fea Gods, a was the fori of 
Ccelum and Vejla b . He, by the ancients, was called the 
Father, not only of all the Rivers, but of the Animals, 
snd of the very Gods themfelves ; for they imagined, 
that all the things in nature took their beginning from 
him. It is faid, he begot of his wife Tethys three thou- 
fand fons, the mod eminent of which was 

Nereus % who was nurfed and educated by the Waves, 
d and afterward dwelt in the JEgean Sea, and became 
a famous propheiier. He e begat fifty daughters by his 
wife Doris, which nymphs were called, after their fa- 
ther's name, Nereides* 

Palamori) and his mother Ino, are alio to be reckoned 
among the fea Deities. They were made fea Gods on 
this occafion : Ino's- hufband Athamas was diftradted, 
and tore his fon Learcbus into pieces, and dafhed him 
againft the wall : Ino faw this, and fearing left the fame 
fate fhould come upon herfelfand her other fon Melicer- 
ta, fhe took her fon, and with him threw herfelfinto 
the fea ; where they were made fea Deities. Nothing 
periflied in the waters but their names. Though their 
former names were loft in the waves, yet they found 
new ones: {he was called Leucothea, and he Palcemon 
by the Greeks, and Portumnus by the Latins. 

Glaucus the fifherman became a fea God by a more 
pleafant way : for when he pulled the fifhes which he 
had caught, out of his nets, and laid them on the ftiore, 
he obferved, that by touching a certain f herb, they 

Buccina, qua medio concefii ut aera pontiff 
Littora 'voce repfet fub utroque jdtentia Phceba* Met. I. 

Old Triton riiing'from the deep he fpies, 
Whofe (boulders rob'd with native purple rife, 
And bids him his loud -founding (hell infpire, 
And give the floods a fignal to retire. 
He his wreathed "trumpet takes (as given in charge) 
That from the turning bottom grows more large ; 
This, when the Numen o'er the ocean founds, 
The eaft and weft from fbore to more rebounds. 
* Hefiod. in Theog. t> Orph. in Hymn. Hefiod. ibid. * Herat, 
C^rm. i* d Eurip, in Iphig. e Apol. 4. * Strabo L 9. 



( 214 ) 

recovered their ftrength, and leaped again into the water. 
He wondered at fo ftrange an effe£t, and had a deiire 
to taile this herb. a When he had tafted it, he follow- 
ed his fifties, and, leaping into the water, became a 
God of the fea. 

To thefe we may add the ftory of Canopus, a God of 
the Egyptians, who, by the help of water,, gained a me- 
morable vidtory over the God of the Chaldeans. b When 
thefe two nations contended about the power and fupe- 
riority of their Gods, the priefts confented to bring two 
Gods together, that they might decide their controverfy. 
The Chaldeans brought their God Ignis [Fire) and the 
Egyptians brought Campus : they fet the two Gods near 
one another to fight. Canopus 9 belly was a great pitcher 
filled with water, and full of holes, but fo flopped with 
wax, that nobody could difcern them : when the fight 
began ; Fire, the God of the Chaldeans, melted the wax 
which flopped the holes; fo that Canopus, with rage 
and violence, aflaulted Ignis with ft reams of water, and 
totally e&tinguiihed, vanquiftied, and overcame him. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE MONSTERS. OF THE SEA. 
SECT. I. THE SIRENS. 

THERE were three Sirens, whofe parentage is un- 
certain, though fome fay, c that they were the offspring 
of the river Achelous, and the mufe Melpomene. d They 
had the faces of women, but the bodies of flying fifties : 
they dwelt near the promontory Peloris in Sicily (now 
called Capo di Faro) or in the Ifiands called e Sircnufa y 
which are fituate in the extreme parts of Italy ; where, 
with the fweetnefs of their finging, they allured all the 
men to them, that failed by thofe coafts ; and when by 

a Ovid. Met. 13. t> Ruffin. 1. 11. c, 26. c Nicand* 

Met. 3. d Qvid, Met, 3. « Strabo 1. 5. Idem 3, 1. 



(215 ) 

their charms they brought upon them a dead fleep, they 
drowned them in the lea, and afterward took them out 
.and devoured them. Their names were Parthempe 
(who died at Nr t ples^ for which reafon that city was 
formerly called Parthenope) Ligaa^ zndLeuco/ia. 

That their charms might be more eailiy received, and 
make the gre: ^ r imprellion on the minds of the hearers, 
they u(tc I inftruments with their voice?, and 

a adapted the riatler of their fongs to the temper and 
inclination r hearers. b With fome fongs they 

inticed the ambitious, with others the voluptuous, and 
with other fongs they drew on the covetous to their 
deflruclion. 

P. What then, could no paflengers ever efcape this 
plague ? 

M. Hiftory mentions only two, fJhjfis and Orpheus^ 
who efcaped. c The firft was forewarned of the danger 
of their charming voices by Circe ; therefore he flopped 
the ears of his companions with wax, and was hinnfelf 
faft bound to the mail: of the ihip, by which means he 
fafely palled the fatal coafts, d But Orpheus overcame 
them in their own art, and evaded the temptations of 
their murdering miific, by playing upon his h^rp, and 
finging the praifes of the Gods fo well, that he outdid 
the Sirens, The Fates had ordained, that the Sire?is 
ihould live till fomebody who puTed by heard them fing, 
and yet efcaped alive. When therefore they faw them- 
felves overcome, they grew defperate, and threw thern- 
Jelves headlong into the lea, and were turned into ftones. 
Some write, that they were formerly virgins, Profer- 
fine's companions, who fought every-where for her 
, when fhe was flolen away by Pluto ; but when they 
could not find her, they were fo grieved, that they caft 

• Horn. Od : IT. 

b Morftra mans Slrenes erant> qua voce canora 

Q^a.iibti adtrijfas detinuere rates. Ov. Art. Am. 3« 

Sirens ue^e once fea monfters, mere decoys, 

Trepanning feamen with their tuneful voice. 
t Hora.CXiyfT. i* * Apolion. Argon, 3. 



( *i6 ) 

themfelves into the fea, and from that time were 
changed into fea monfters. a Others add, that by Juno's 
perfuafion they contended in mufic with the Mufes, who 
overcame them, and, to punifh their rafhnefs, cut off 
their wings, with which they afterward made for them- 
selves garlands. 

P. What did the poets fignify by this fiction ? 

M. That the b minds -of men are depofed from their 
proper feat and Ji ate by the allurements of plea fur e. It cor- 
rupts them ; and there is not a more deadly plague in 
nature to mankind than voluptuoufnefs. Whoever ad- 
dicts himfelf altogether to pleafures, lofes his reafon, and 
is ruined ; and he that defires to decline their charms, 
muft ftop his ears and not liften to them ; but muft 
hearken to the mufic of Orpheus^ that is, he muft ob- 
ferve the precepts and inftru£iions of the wife. 

Now turn your eyes to thofe two monfters, who are 
called Scylla and Charybdis. 

SECT. 2. SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS. 

The defcription of Scylla is very various ; for fome 
. fay, that c fhe was a moft beautiful woman from the 
breafts downward, but had fix dogs heads : and others 
fay, that in her upper parts fhe refembled a woman, in 
her lower a ferpent and a wolf. But whatever her pic- 
ture was, d every body fays £he was the daughter of 
Phorcus. She was courted by Glaucus, and received 
his embraces ; upon which Circe, who paffionately lo- 
ved Glaucus, and could not bear that Scylla was pre- 
ferred before her by Glaucus, e poifoned with venomous 
herbs thofe waters in which Scylla ufed to wafti her- 
felf: Scylla was ignorant of it, and according to her 
cuftom, went into the fountain; and when (he faw 
that the lower parts of her body were turned into the 

* Paufan. In Boeot. b Voluptatum illicebris mentem e fua-fede 
t\ ftatu dimoveri. Cic. cte Sene6hite. c Horn. OdyfT. d A- 
pollon. Argon. 3. e Myro Piiarj. t. 3. Rerujn Meflan. 

3 



( 2i; ) 

heads of dogs, being extremely grieved that fhe had loft 
her beauty, fhe caft herfelf headlong into the fea, where 
fhe was turned into a rock, infamous for the many 
ihipwrecks that happen there. This rock is ftill feeti 
in the fea that divides Italy from Sicily, between MeJJina, 
a city of Sicily, and Rhegium (now Rjggio) in Calabria. 
It is faid to be furrcunded with dogs and wolves, which 
devour the perfons who are caft away there: but by this 
is meant, that when the waves, by a ftorm, are dafhed 
againft this great rock, the noife a little refembles the 
barking of dogs, and the howling of wolves. 

P. You fay that Scylla was the daughter of Phorcus ; 
was not fhe the daughter of Nifus, king of Megara? 

M, No ; that Scylla was another woman : for Scylla, 
m the daughter of king Nifus, was in love with Minos, 
w r ho befieged her father in the city of Megara, She be- 
trayed both her father and her country to him, by cut- 
ting off the fatal lock of purple hair, in which were 
contained her father's and her country's fafety, and fent 
it to the befieger. Minos gained the city by it, but de- 
tefted Scylla's perfldioufnefs, and hated her. She could 
not bear this misfortune, but was changed into a lark* 
Nifus, her father, was llkewife changed into a fparhawk, 
which is called nifus, after his name; and this fparhawk, 
as if he yet fought to puniili his daughter's great bafenefs, 
itill purfues the lark with great fury to devour her. 

Charybdis is a vaft whirlpool in the fame Sicilian Sea, 
over againft h Scylla^ which fwailows down whatfoever 
comes within its circle, and vomits it up again. They 
fay, that this Charybdis was formerly a very ravenous 

1 woman, who ftole away Hercules' oxen ; for which 
theft Jupiter ftruck her dead with thunder, and then 
turned her into this gulf. c Firgd gives an elegant de- 

I fcription of thefe two monfters, Scylla and Charybdis. 

a Paufan. in Attic. b Virg. Geo. 5. 

c Dextrum Scylla latus, Le-vum implacafa Charybdis 
Objidet: atque imo barathri ier gurgite njajhs 
Sorbet in abruptumfluftus, rurfufyuefub auras 
Erigit aliernos, etjidera verberat unda. 

L 



A 2l8 ) 

P. What do thefe fables of Scylla and Charybdis mean 1' 
S M. They reprefent luji and gluttony, monfirous vices, 
which render our voyage through this world extremely 
hazardous and perilous. Lu-ft, like Scylla, engages. un- 
wary paflengers hy the beauty and pomp of her outfide ; 
and when they are entangled in her fnares, flie tortures, 
vexes, torments, and difquiets them with rage and fury, 
which exceeds the madnefs of dogs, or the ravenoufnefs 
of wolves. Gluttony is a Charybdis^ a gulf or whirlpool 
that is infatiable ; it buries families alive, devours eftates, 
confumes lands and treafures, and fucks up all things. 
They are neighbouring vices, and, like Scylla and -.Cha- 
rybdis ^ are but little. diftant .from each other; nay, they 
are feldom feparate, but a£t with united forces; for you 
will not eafily find a man, who is greatly addicted to the 
luxury of eating an.d drinking, who is not alfo a fiave, 
to the luxury of concupifcence, and befmeared with the 
fordid filth of bafe pleafures, :and wholly given up to do 
the moft vile and impudent lufts. 

But it is now time to confider the place in which the 
wicked are tormented eternally; or rather to caft down 
our eyes upon it, in the lower apartment of this Pan~ 
theoriy where the infernal Gods are painted. We will 
only take a tranfitory view of this fcene, fince it will be 
very unpleafant to ftay Jong in :fo doleful, fo fad a place. 

At Scyllam c#ch cohibet Jpelunca latebris 

Ora exertanteni, et na<ves infaxa trahentem* 

Prima bominis fades r et pulihro peflore <virgo 

Pube tenus ■: fioflrema immani corf ore priftti, 

Delpbinum caudas utero commiffa lufo^um. JEn, 3* 

Far on the right her dogs foul Sqilla hides,: 



Charybdis roaring on the left pielides, 
And inkier greedy whirlpool fuc&s the tides : 
Then fpouts them from below ; with fury dnVn, 
The waves mount up, and wafh the face of beav'iu 
But Scylla, from her den, with open jaws 
The finking veflel in her eddy draws ; m 
Then dafhes on the rocks. A human face, 
And virgin bofom, hide* the tail's difgrnce : 
Her parts obfcene below the waves deicend, 
With dogs inclos'd, and in a dolphin end. 



I 



( 2i 9 ) 

PART IV. 

OF THE INFERNAL DEITIES. 



CHAPTER I. 

A VIEW OF HELL. 

P. O WONDROUS ! What a horrid and difmal 
Tpeflacle is here ! 

M. You muft imagine that we are now in the con- 
fines of Hell, Prithee come along with me; I will he 
the fame friend to you that the a 'Sibyl was to /Ericas. 
Nor (hall you need a golden bough to prefent to Pro* 
ferpine. You fee here painted thofe regions of hell, of 
which vou read a mod elegant defcription in b Virg-L 
The paflage that leads to thefe infernal dominions was 

• Virg. ^£n. 6. 

b Spelunca aUafuit, <vaftoque immams ktatu, 
Scrupea, tuta lacu nigro tiemorumque tenehris ; 
Quamfuper baud alia poterant impune tolantes 
Tender 'e iter pennis : talis fefe halitus atris 
Taucibus fffundens fupera ad con<vexafzrebat \ 
JJndt locum Graii dixeruni nomine Avernum, 2En> 6e 

Deep was the cave, and downward as it went 
From the wide mouth, a reeky rough defcentj 
And here th' accefs a gloomy grove defends j 
And there th* unnavigabie lake extends, 
O'er whofe unhappy waters, void of light, 
No bird prefumes to fleer his airy flight, 
Such deadly ftenches from the dep'h arijfe, 
And (learning fulphur, which infecls the ikies 5 
Hence do the Grecian bards their legends make$ 
And give the name Awnius to the lake* 
L 2 



( 220 ) 

a wide, dark cave, through which you pafs by a fteep 
rocky defcent, till you arrive at a gloomy grove, and 
an unnavigable lake called a Avernus, from which fuch 
poifonous vapours arife, that no birds can fly over it, 
tor in their flight they fall down dead, being poifoned 
with the ftench of it, 

P. But what monfters are thofe which I fee placed 
at the very entrance of hell ? 

M. Virgil will tell you b what tliey are. They are 
thofe fatal evils which bring deftru£tion and death upon 
mankind, by the means of which, the inhabitants of thefe 
dark regions are greatly augmented ; and thofe evils are 
care, forrow, difeafes, old-age, frights, famine, want, 
labour, fleep, death, fling of conscience, force, fraud, 
itrife, and war. 

a Avernus dicitur quad »o^vo<; 9 id eft, fme avibus. Quod nulla? 

volucres Jacum ilium, ob lethiferum halitum, praetervolare falvae 

pofient. 

*> Veftibulum ante ipfum, primifque infaucibus Or<i 9 

Luflus et ultrices pofuere cubilia Cura $ 

Pallentefque habitant Morbi, triflefque Seneftus, 

JSt Metus, et malefuada Fames, et turpis Egeflas, 

( Terr ib iles ^uifu forma) Lethumque^ Labor que, 

^Tum confanguinsus Let hi Sopor, et mala mentis 

Gaudia, mortijerumque adverfo in limine Bellum, 

Ferreiqug Eumenidum thalami, et Difcordia demens 

Viper eum crinem vittis innexa cruentis. JEn. 6. 

Juft in the gate, and in the jaws of Hell, 

Revengeful Care and fullen Sorrow dwell 5 

And pale Difeafes, and repining Age, 

Want, Fear, and Famine's unrefilted rage : 

Here Toil and Death, and Death's half brother, Sleep, 

{Forms terrible to view) their fentry keep. 

With anxious Pleafures of a guilty mind, 

Deep Fraud before, and open Force behind, 

The Furies iron beds, and 8frife that fhakes 

Her hiding treflfes, and unfolds her fnakes. 



Plate 22 



/'<'/' 22/ 




{ 221 ) 

CHAPTER IL 

CHARON. THE RIVERS OF HELL. CERBERUS. 

P. WHO is that nafty, old 9 decrepid, long-be,: 
fellow ? Or what is his name ? 

M. He is the Ferryman of Hell ; his a name is Qka- 
rori) which word denotes tHe ungracefulnefs of his af- 
pe£t. In the Greek language he is called yi^^-jc [Perth- 
7neus] that is, portitor^ ferryman. You ke his in age 
painted by the pencil ; but you may read a more foeau - 
tiful and elbgant pi£lure cfhirn drawn by mc oe.i of 
* Virgil. 

P. Why does he tarry with his boat here ? 

M. To take and carry over to the other fide of :h\t 
lake the fouls of the dead, which you fee flocking 0:1 
the fhores in troops. Yet he takes not all promi-cu- 
©ufly who come, but fuch only whofe bodies are buried 
when they die: for the c unburied wander about the 

a Charon, quafi Acharon, id eft, fine gratia, ab - ron. et - 
gratia* 

b P or tit or has korrendus aquas et fiumlna fer^vat 
Terribili fqualore Charon : cut plurima r 
Canities inculta jacet \ ft ant lumina flamma>. 
Strdidv.s ex bumeris nodo depmdet amid us. 
Ipfe rat em onto fubigit , *velifqu£ tmnifirat t 
Et ferruginea jubvetiat corpora cymba, 

Jamf-nicr ; fed cruda Deo nslridifqiw feneclus. JEn. 6, 

There Charon tands, who rules the dreary ccafts : 
A ford'd God $ down from his hoary chio- y 
A length of heard defcends, rmcombM, unclean j 
His eyes like hollowTurnaces oh fire ; 
A girdle foul with greafe birds his obfcene attire. 
He fpreads his canvas, with h : s po'e he fleers, 
The freights of Hitting ghofts m his thin bottom bears* 
He look'd in years : yet in his years were feen 
A youthful vigour, and autumnal green. 
c Centum erran* anna, <vclitant h<zc litora circuvi : 
. 'Turn demum ajmiffi fiagna exoptata revifunt. V.rg. JSgn. 6, 
A hundred years they wander on the (hore, 
At length, their penance dene, are wafted o^v. 



( 222 ) 

fhores a hundred years, and then are carried over. But 
iirft they pay Charon his fare, a which is at leaft a half- 
penny. 

P. Thofe three or four rivers (if my eyes do not de- 
ceive me) muft be pafled over by the dead, muft they 
not ? 

M. Yes: the firft of them is Acheron y b which re- 
ceives them when they come firft. This Acheron was 
the fon of Terra or Ceres^ born in a cave, and conceived 
without a father; and becaufe he could not endure light, 
c he ran down into hell and was changed into a river, 
whofe waters are extremely bitter. 

The fecond is Styx, which is a lake rather than a ri- 
ver, d and was formerly the daughter of Oceanus, and the 
mother of the Goddefs Victoria by Acheron. When 
Victoria was on Jupiter** fide in his war againft the Gi- 
ants, fhe obtained this prerogative for her mother, that 
no oath that was fworn among the Gods by her name, 
fhould ncvQr be violated ; for if any of the Gods broke 
sn oath (worn by Bfyxptkey were banifhed from the 
nectar and the table of the Gods, e a year and nine days. 
This is the Stygian lake, by which f when the Gods 
fwore, they obferved their oath with the utmoft fcrupu- 
loufnefs. 

The third river, Cocytus, flows out of Styx with a .la- 
mentable groaning noife, and imitates the howling, and 
increafes the exclamations of the damned. 

Next comes s Phlegethon^ or Puriphlegethon^ fo called 
becaufe it fwells with waves of fire, and all its ftreams 
are flames. 

When the fouls of the dead have pafled over thefe 
four rivers, they were afterward carried to the palace of 

a Lucian. de Lu£h b Plato in Phoedone. c Paufan. in Attic, 
d HeficxL in Theog. * Serv. in JEn. 6. 

f Dii cujusjurare tment et jailer e numen. Virg. ./En. 6+ 

The (acred ftream which heaven's imperial Hate 
Attefts in oaths, and fears to violate. 
c A (fhiyu ardeo, quod imdis intumeat ignis flammeofque fluttus 
eyolvat. 



( m ) 

Flut?, where the gate is guarded by Cerberus, a dog: 
with three heads, whofe body is covered in a terribk 
manner with fnakes* inftead of hair. This dog is the 
Porter of Hell, a begotten of Echidna, by the giant Ty- 
phori, and is defcribed by b Virgil and by c Horace, But 
from him let us pafs to the prince and princefs of hell^ 
Fluta-and Proferpine* 



CHAPTER III 

PLUTO, 

THIS is Pluto, the King of Hell, d begotten of Sa~ 
turn and Ops, and the brother of Jupiter and Neptune. 
He had thefe infernal dominions allotted to him, not only 
becaufe, in that divifion of his father's kingdom men- 
tioned before, the weftern parts fell to his lot ; but alfo* 
as fome fay, e becaufe the invention of burying, and of 
honouring the dead with ^funeral obfequies, proceeded 
from him : for the fame reafon he is thought to exercife 
a fovereignty over the dead. Look upon him: he fits 

on a throne covered with darknefs, and difcover, if you- 

\ 

• Hefiod. in Theog. 

b Cerberus bac ingens latratu regna trifauci 

Perfonat ad^verfo recubans immanls in antro. JEn t fam 

Stretch'd'in his kennel, monftrous Cerberus round 

From triple jaws made alHhefe realms refound. 

c CeJJit immanis tibi blandienti 
Janitor aula 

Cerberus y quamvis furlale centum 

Muniant anguss caput ejus 5 at que 

■Spirit its teier, faniefque manat 

Ore trilingui. 1. 3, od. is* 

Hell's grill v porter let you psfs, 

And frown'd and liften'd to your Jays 5 

The fnakes around his head grew tame, 

His jaws no longer 'glow'd with-flame, 

Nor triple tongue was (taiVd with blood 5 

No more his breath with venom flow'd. 
d Diodor. Sicul. 4, Bibl, e Idem apud Lil. Gyr. Eurip. in 

Phoem 



( 224 ) 

can, his habit, and the enfign of his majefty more nar- 
rowly. 

P. [ fee him, though in the midft of fo much dark- 
nefs; and can diftinguifh him eafily: a he holds a key 
in his hand, initead of a fceptre, and is b crowned with 
ebony. 

M. Sometimes I have alfo feen him crowned with a 
diadem ; and c fometimes with the flowers of narcljfus^ 
or white daffodils,, and fometimes with cyprefs leaves ; 
becaufethofe plants greatly pleafe him, and efpecially the 
narciJfuS) becaufe he ftole away Proferpine when fhe 
gathered that flower, as I fliail fhow prefently. Very 
often a d rod is put into his hand in the place of a fcep- 
"re, with which he guides the dead to hell : c and fome- 
times he wears a headpiece, which makes him f invifi- 
ble. His chariot and horfes are of a black colour, and 
g when he carried away Proferpine, he rode in his cha- 
riot. But if you would know what the key fignifies, 
which he has in his hand, the anfwer is plain, that 
when once the dead are received into his kingdom, the 
gates are locked againft them, and h there is no regrefs 
thence into this life again. 

P. Why is h.: called Pluto ? 

M* I will tell you that, and alfo the meaning of the 
reft of his names. 

His Greek name ! Phut on or Pluto, as well as his La- 
tin name D/, c , fignifies wealth. The reafon why he is 
fo called, is, becaufe all our wealth comes from the 
loweft and moft inward bowels of the earth ; and be- 

a Paufan. in pr. Iliac. b Marian. c Lil. Gyr. d Varr. 
spud eund. e Pind. in Od. f Horn. Iliad 5. Hygen. Aftron. 
Poet. S Ovid. Met. 5. 

- h , Facilis defcenfus Averni : 

Nocles at que dies patet atrijanua Ditis ; 
Sed relocate gradum, fuperafque evader e ad auras > 
Hoc opus, hie labor eft. « Virg. JEx\* 6. 

To trf fhades you go a downhill eafy way 5 
But to return, and re-enjoy the day, 
7 hat is a work, a labour.— 
* UxSrost divitiae. 



( 225 ) 

caufe, as Cicero writes, a all the natural powers and fa- 
culties of the earth are under his dire&ion ; for all thing? 
proceed from the earth, and go thither again. 

The name*A&jg {Hades] by which he is called among 
the Greeks, b fignifies dark, gloomy, and melancholy \ 04c 
elfe, c as others guefs, invifible\ becaufe he fits in dark- 
nefs and obfcurity : his habitation is melancholy and 
lonefome, and he feldom appears to open view. 

He is likewife called d Jgejllaus, becaufe he leads 
people to the infernal regions; and fometimes e rfge- 
lajlus, becaufe it was never known that Pluto laughed. 

His name Februus, comes from the old word felruo, 
to purge by facrifice, becaufe purgations and luftrations 
were ufed at funerals : whence the month of f February 
receives alio its appellation ; at which time efpecially. 
the facrifices called Februa were offered by the Romans 
to this God. 

He is alfo called Onus or Urgus, and Ouragus, as 
fome fay, s becaufe he excites and haftens people to 
their ruin and death: but others think that he is fp 
named, h becaufe, like one that brings up the rear of 
an army, he attends at the laft moments of men's lives. 

We find him fometimes called l Quietus, becaufe by 
death he brings reft to all men. 

He is called Summanus, that is, the chief k of all the 
infernal deities ; the principal governor of all the ghofts 
and departed fpirits. The thunder that happens in the 
night is, attributed to him: whence he is commonly 

* Terrena vis omnis ac natura ipfi dicata credebatur, Cic. de Nat* 
Deor. 2. b "Ahis «s»fe» id ei *> l « lte » tenebrofura. c Ant 

quafi ocogxT^, quod videri minime poffit, autab «, privante, et si&ft 
videre. Socr. ap. Plut. Phurnut. Ga£a. ap. Lil. Gyr. d t\cweL 
to ayem rhc KaS$ 3 a ducendis populis ad inferos. e An oc non, et 
yiKcio: rideo, quod fine rifu fit. f Ovid. Faft. 2. g Orcus 

quafi Urgus et Ouiagus ab urgendo, quod homines orgeat in interi- 
turn. Cic. in Verrem. 6. *> 'Gv^ayo:, eum fignificat qui agmen 
chudit; fimili modo Pluto poftremum b 11 manse vitoe aclum excipit. 
Guth. 1. i. c. 4, de jur. Msn. i Qnod moue qukteqs cun&is 

afFerat. Feltus. k Quafi lummus Dcorum manium/ Aug, de Civ. 
Dei. 1. 4; > 

i 5 



( 226 ) 

ftyled alfo, the Infernal Jupiter ', the Stygian Jupiter, 
the Third Jupiter-, as Neptune is the Second Jupiter.. 

P. What v/as the office and power of Pluto? 

M. If you do not fully underftand that, from what 
has been faid already, the Fates will tell you that he 
a prefides over life and death ; that he not only governs 
the departed fpirits below, but aifocan lengthen or fhort- 
en the Jives of men here on the earth, as he thinks fit*, 



CHAPTER IV. 

PLUTUS* 






THOUGH Plutus be not an infernal God, I join 
him to PlutOy becaufe their names and office are very 
like and agreeable; therefore I will take this occafion 
to fay fomething of him \ for they are both of them Gods 
of Riches, which are the root of all evil,, and which 
Nature, our common parent, hath placed near hell ; 
and indeed, there is not a nearer way to hell, than to 
hunt greedily after riches. 

This Plutus was the fon of b J'afon, or Jafius^ by 
Ceres: he was blind and lame, injudicious, and mighty 
timorous. And truly thefe infirmities arejuftly afcribed 
to him; for, if he was not blind and injudicious, he 
would never pafs over good men, and heap his treafures 
upon- the bad. He is lame; becaufe great eftates come 
flowly. He is fearful and timorous; becaufe rich men 
watch their treafures with a great deal of fear and care, 

a . maxime noflis 

Arbiter, umbrarumque potens, cui noflra labor ant 
Stamina, quifinem cunftis et feminapmbes, 
Ifafiendique vices alternd morte rependis, 
S$ui <viiam lelhumque regis, Claud, de Rap. Prof*. 

Great prince o' th* gloomy regions of the dead, 
From whom we hourly move our wheel and thread, 
Of nature's growth and end thou haft the fway, 
All mortals birth with death thou doft repay, 
Who doll- command 'era both, 
b Hdiod, in Theog, 



( * 2 7 ) 



CHAPTER V. 

SECT. I. PROSERPINE. * 

SHE who fits next to Pluto is the §>ueth of Helt^ 
* the Infernal Juno^ b the Lady (as the Greeks commonly 
call her) and the moft beloved wife of Pluto ^ c the 
daughter of Ceres and Jupiter. She is called both Pro- 
ferpine and Libera. Jupiter begat her when he was 
difguifed in the (nape of a bull ; and after fhe was born 
and grown up, d he debauched her himfelf in the fhape 
of a dragon : e whence it came to pafs, that in the myf- 
teries of the Sabazia, a golden fnake folded in a circle, 
was produced ; which, when any were initiated, was* 
ufually put into their bofoms, and received again when 
itfltd down from them below. 

P. But by what fate became Proferpine the wife of 
this black God ? 

M. In this manner. When all the Goddefies refufed^ 
to marry Pluto, becaufe he was fo deformed, he w r as v 
vexed at this contempt and fcorn ; and troubled, that" 
he was forced to live a Tingle life always : wherefore in 
a rage he feated himfelf in a chariot, and arofe on a fud- 
den from a den in Sicily; where f he faw a company- 
of very beautiful virgins gathering flowers in the fields 
of Enna r a beautiful place, fituate about the middle of 
the ifland, and therefore called the Navel of Sicily. 
One of them, Proferpine, pleafed him above the refr 5 
for fhe furpafTed them all in beauty. He came raging 
w T ith love, and carried her with him from that place; 
and on a fudden he funk into the earth near Syracufe.- 
Ih the place where he defcended, a lake arofe : and 
£ Cicero fays, the people of Syracufe keep yearly feftivals,-, 
to which great multitudes of both fexes refort. 

a Virg. JEn. 6. b &£evrpivct 9 domina. Pauf. in Arcad. c He- 
£od. in Theog. d Amob. 1. «j, e Eufefe 4 Pisep. Bfyang. 

* Cic. in Veirem, £, 8 Ibid c 



( 228 ) 

P. O poor lady ! I am troubled at her misfortune; 
her unhappinefs moves my companion. But what fol- 
lowed ? 

M. The nymphs, her companions, were grievoufly 
affrighted, and fled away to any place where they could 
expect fafety. In the mean time Ceres, the mother of 
Proferpine^ comes, who by chance was abfent when her 
daughter was ftolen ; fhejeeks her daughter among her 
acquaintance a long time, but in vain. Therefore, in 
the next place, (he kindles torches, by the flames which 
burft out from the top of the mountain Mtna^ and goes 
with them to feek her daughter throughout the whole 
world ; neither did fhe give over her vain labour, till 
the nymph Arethufa fully allured her, that Proferpine 
was ftolen by Pluto , and carried down into his kingdom. 
She then, in great anger, haftened and expoftulated with 
a J u pi ter concerning the violence that was offered to her 
daughter ; and, in fhort, Jupiter promifed to reftore 
Proferpine again, if fhe had not yet tafted any thing in 
hell. Ceres went joyfully down, and Proferpine^ full 
of triumph and gladnefs, prepared to return into this 
world ; when Afcalaphus difcovered, that he law Prefer* 
pine, while fhe walked in Pluto's orchard, pluck a .pome- 
granate, and eat (ome grains of it; therefore Proferpine's 
journey was immediately flopped. Ceres being amazed 
at this new mifchance, and incenfed at the fatal difco- 
verv'of Afcalaphus, turned him into an (jwl> a bird faid 
to be of an ill omen, and unlucky to all that fee it : but 
at laft, by the importunity of her prayers to Jupiter^ fhe 
extorted this favour from him, that he fhould give leave 
b that Proferpine might live half the year, at leaff, with 
herjn heaven, and the other half below in hell with her 
hufband. Proferpine afterward loved this difagreeable 

a Serv. in Geo. i. 
b Et Dea regnorum numen commune duorum, 
Cum mart p. efi to? idem, t of idem cum conjuge menfis, Qv, Mtt • $> 
The Go&iefs now in either empire {ways, 
Six mcnijhs with Ceres, fijt with Pluto ftays. 



t 22 9 ) 

hufband To much/ that fhe was jealous ; and changed 
Mentha, who v/as his miftrefs, into mint, a herb of her 
own name. 

SECT. 2. AN EXPLANATION' OF THE FABLE, 

P. You have told a very pretty itory} pray what is 
its figmfication ? 

M. The fignification of it is this : a Ceres is the earth, 
and her daughter Proferpine the fertility of the earthy 
or rather the 5 fc^d by which it is fertile, which feed lies 
buried in the ground in the winter, but in the fumrner 
breaks forth and becomes fruit. Thus Proferpine (xhg 
emblem of the feed) lives half the year in hell, and the 
other half in heaven. Others explain this fable fo as 
by it to fignify the monn, which is hid from us, in the 
hemifphere of the countries beneath us, as long as it 
fhines to us in our own. 

Some believe that Hecate is the fame with Proferpine 5 
and if you are willing to follow their opinion, you mult 
call to mind what I have faid before, when I difeourfed 
of Diana. 

Let us now turn our eyes toward the tribunal of Pl%- 
to; where you fee in that difmal picture, continual trials, 
and all perfons, as well the accufevs as the offenders, ' 
who have been formerly wicked in their lives, receive 
their deaths impartially from the three Fates \ after death 
they receive their condemnation impartially from the 
three 'Judges ; and after condemnation, their puniihment 
impartially from the three Furies. 

* Var. ap;id Aug, de Civ. Dei. 7. b Euhb. Fisep. Ev3i3|s z> 



( n° ) 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE FATES. 

P. WHERE are thok Fates P Show me, fir. 

At Thofe three old ladies are the Fates : their a gar- 
ments are made of ermin, white as fnow, and bordered 
with purple. They were born either of b Nox and Ere± 
bus 9 or of c Necejjity^ or of the d Sea, or of that rude 
and indigefted mafs which the ancients called Chaos. 

They are called Farces in Latin \ becaufe, as e Varra 
thinks, they diftrihuted good and bad things to perfons 
at their birth; or, as the common and received opinions 
is, f becaufe they fpare nobody. They are likewife 
called Fatum, fate ; and are three in number, * becaufe 
they order the paft, prefent, and future time, Fate, 
fays h Cicero, is all that which God hath decreed and 
refolded fhail come to pafs, and which the Grecians call 
iyitKysitn [Eimarmene], It is, fays * Chryfippus, a per- 
petual, certain, and unavoidable feries and chain cf 
tiings, wrapping and infolding up itfelf in an order of 
confequences, which compofe the feveral links, and fol- 
low one another to all eternity. k Fatum is derived from 
the word fari, to pronounce or declare; becaufe when 
any one is born, thefe three fifters pronounce what fate*.- 
will befall him; as we faw in the ftory of Mekager* 

P. What are their names and offices? 

M. The name of one is l Clot bo - y the fecond is called 

a Catullus in Epith. Thet. b Hefiod. in Theog. * Plato, 
de Republ. 10. d Licophron. e Parca3 dicuntur a partu, 

quod nafcentibus hominibus bona malaque confeire cenfeantur. 
f Aut a parcendo per Antipbrafm., quod nemini parcant. Sen*, in 
JEn. i. A g Eufeb. Prscp. Evang. 6. h Eft an tern Fatum id 

o.nne quod a Deo conftitutum et defignatum eft ut eveniat, quod- 
Graeci st^ct^hy) appellant. De Fato et Divinat. * Eimar-. 

mene fempiterna quaedam eft et indeclinabilis rerum feries et ca- 
tena, kfe volvens tt implicans per aeternos confequentiae ordines e 
quibus connexa eft. Boet. in Top. k Var, ap, LiI..Gyr» J &. 
verbo K&o$Vf id eit, neo. 
2 



( *3* ) 

* Lachefts ; the third b Atropos, becaufe fhe is unalterable, 
unchangeable. Thefe names the Grecians give them; 
c the Romans call them Nona, Decima, and Morta. 

To "them is intruded the management of the fatal 
thread of life: for Clotho draws the thread between her 
fingers ; Lachefts turns about the wheel * and Airopos 
cuts the thread fpun, with a pair of fciffors. That is, 
Clotho gives us life, and brings us into the world ; La- 
chefis determines the fortunes that {hall befall us here; 
and Airopos concludes our lives. d One fpeaks, the 
other writes, and the third fpins. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE FURIES. 

P. AND what are thofe monfters called, that have 
the faces of women ? Their looks are full of terror ; 
they hold lighted torches in their hands; fnakes and fer- 
pents lafh their necks and fhoulders. 

M. They are the Furies, called in Latin fometime's 
Furia\ e beca'ufe they make men mad, by the flings of 
confcience which guilt produces. They are alfo called 
f Dira, § Eumenides, and h Canes \ and were the offspring 
of l Nox and k Acheron, Their proper names are Aleclo, 
Tijiphone^ and Megara ; l and they are efteemed vir- 
gins ; becaufe, fince they are the avengers of all wick- 
ednefs, nothing can corrupt and pervert them from in- 
fixing the punifhment that is due to the offender. 

P. Why are there only three Furies ? 

M* Becaufe there are three m principal paffions of the 
mind, anger, covetoufnefs, and hift, by which mankind 
are chiefly hurried into all forts of wickednefs : for an- 



* Ab Xctyyocvv, fortior. b' Ab cc privativa particula, et r^inco 
verto, quod veiti et flecli nequeat. c Cenfen. Virul. ap. Lil. Gyr. 
* Una loquitur, altera fcribir, tertia fila ducit. Serv. in J&n. i. 
e Quod fceleratos in furorem agant. f Virg. JEn. 3. s Ibid. 8. 
fc Ibid* 4, i Ibid. 6, k Ibid. 11. * fcuidas et Oipli. in- 

Hymn, » Ifidor. p.p. Gyr. 



( 232 ) 

ger begets revenge, covetoufrtefs provokes us to get im-* 
moderate wealth by right or wrong, and luft perfuades 
us to purfue our pleafures at any rate, Indeed fome add 
a a fourth Fury, called Liffo^ that is, rage and madnefs ; 
but ftie is eafily reduced to the other three: as alio 
ErinnyS) a name common to them all. 

P. What is the office of the Furies? 

M. They are appointed to obferve and punifh the 
crimes of ill men, and to torment the conferences of fe- 
cret offenders ; whence they are commonly alfo entitled 
b the GoddeJfeS) the Difcoverers and Revengers of evil ac~ 
tions. They punifh and torment the wicked, by fright- 
ening and following them with burning torches. You 
fee the picture of them there, and you will find them 
beautifully c defcribed in the twelfth book of VirgiFs 
iEneid. 

P. What did the poets intend by thefe Furies? 

M. Only, fays Cicero^ that they, who have done any 
wicked and unlawful thing, are tormented and affrighted, 
not with the blows and the burning torches of the Fu- 
rieS) as it is in the fable, but w 7 ith the flings of their 
own evil confeiences : For, d fays he, every one's own 
fraud, and his own terror, bring, him the greateft vex- 
ation: every one's own wickednefs torments and enra- 

a Eurip. in Hercule furente. b Deae fpeculatrices et vindices 

Facinorum. 

« Dicuntur gemma pefles, cognomine Dira, 
Quas et r art are am Nox intempefta Megaram 
TJrtO eodemque tulit partu, faribujque revinxit 
Serpentum fpiris, nsentofafque addidit alas. 
Deep in the difmal regions void of light, 
Two daughters at a birth were born to Night : 
Thefe their brown mother, brooding on her care, 
EnduM with- windy wings to fleet in air, 
With ierpents girt alike, and crown'd with hiding hair, 
In heav'n the Dira cali'd. 
<1 Sua enim quemque fraus et fuus terror maxime vexat : fuum 
quemque fceJus exagitat, amentiaque afficit : fuse malas cogitationes 
copfc ten tiaeque animi terrent. Hae funt irnpiis affiduge ^poiefticae 
Furiae, quae dies no&efque pcenas a fceleribus repetunt. Or. pro 
Rofcio Am, 



( 233 ) 

ges him : his own evil thoughts and the lathes of his 
confcience affright him. Thefe are conftant and do- 
meftic Furies to the wicked, that night and day exait 
the punifhment which their crimes deferve. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

NIGHT, DEATH, SLEEP. 

P. YOU mentioned juft now Nox and Erebus. Are 
they of the number of the Gods ? , . • . 

- M. Yes ; Nox is, pf all the Gods, the moft ancient: 
fhe was the fitter of Erebus , and the daughter of the firft 
. Chaos i and of thefe two, Nox and Erebus, Mors [DeaihJ 
was born. She is reprefented as a fkeleton, drefled ufu- 
ally with a fpeckled garment and black wings: but 
there are no temples nor facriflces, nor priefts confecra- 
ted to Mori\ becaufe fhe is a Goddefs whom no 
a prayers can move, or facrifices pacify. 

Somnus [Sleep'] b is the brother of Death) and c he 
alfo hath wings, like her. Iris 9 who was lent by Juno 
to the palace of this God, mentions the great benefits 
that he beftows on mankind; fuch as d quiet of rriind,. 
tranquillity, freedom from care, and refrefhment of the 
fpirits, by which men are enabled to proceed in their 
labours, in his palace there are e two gates out of which 

a Herat. i. Sermonum. b Orpb, m Hymn. s Horn. Iliad 14, 
Virg. JEn. 5, 

d 8j?mxe 9 quies'rerum, placidijfime So mm Deorum, 

Pax animi, quern curafugh, qui corpora duris 

Fejj'a mixi/hrm mulcts rifarafque laborh Ovid, Met. n, 

Thou reft o' th 1 world, Sleep, the moft peaceful God, 

Who driv'ft care from the mind, and doit unload 

The tired limbs of all their wearmefs, 

And for new toil the body doit refrefli. 

* Sunt gemwa Somni porta, quartern altera fertur 

Cornea, qua Vtrisfaalis Jafur exit us umbris ; 



- Altera candenh ptrfetla nit ens elcpha-Uo 5 
Sedfalfa ad cesium iriuiunl injomnia manes. 



Virg. JEn.. 6. 



( 2 3 4 ) 

dreams pafs. and repafs : one of thefe gates was made of 
clear ivory.,, through which falfe dreams pafs; the other 
was made of tranfparent horn, and through that gate 
true vifions come to. men. a Morpheus, the fervant of 
Somnus, who can put on. any fhape or figure, prefents 
thefe dreams to thofe who fleep ; and thefe dreams were 
brought from a great fpreading elm in hell, under whofe? 
ffaade they ufualjy fit.. 




CHAPTER IX. 

THE JUDGES OF HELL, MINOS, RHADAMANTHUS r 
AND. JEACXJS.. 

NEAR the three Furies and the three Fates, b you 
fee the, three Judges of Hell, Minos, Rhadamanthus, and 
Macusi who are believed to be judges of the fouls of the 
dead ; becaufe they exercifed the offices of judges in Crete 
with the greatest prudence, difcretion, and juflice. The 
firft two were the fons of Jupiter ■ by Europa : the laft 
was the fon of Jupiter by Mgina. When all the fuh- 
je£ts of queen Mgina were fwept away in a plague, be- 
fide JEacus, he begged of his father, that he v/ould re- 
pair the .race of mankind, which was almoft extinft j..-, 
and Jupiter heard his prayer, and turned c a great mul- 
titude of ants, which crept about a hollow old oak> 
into men, who afterward were called Myrmidones, from 
pvpfjw? [?nurmex~] which word fignifies an ant* 

Thefe three had their particular province afligned by 
Pluto in this manner : Rhadamanthus was appointed to 
judge the AJiatics, and Macus the Europeans, each hold- 
ing a ftaff in his hand ; but Minos holds a golden fcejw- 



Two gates the filent houfe of Sleep adorn 5 
Of polifh'd iv'ry this, that of tranfparent horn s 
True vifions through tranfparent horn arife 5 
Through polifli'd ivVy pafs deluding lies, 
a Ovid. Met. 11. \\vg. JEn. 6* * Horn. OdyflV a*. ^O- 
vid Met, 7. Plato in Georg, 



( 235 ) 

tre and fits alone, and overfees the judgments of Rha- 
damantbus and /Eacus ; and if in their courts there arofe 
a cafe that was ambiguous and difficult, then Minos 
ufed to take the cognizance thereof, and decide it, 
a Cicero adds to thefe a fourth judge, Jriptolemus ; but 
we have already difcourfcd of him in his proper place 



CHAPTER X. 

SECT. I. THE MOST FAMOUS OF THE CONDEMNED 
IN HELL. 

FROM the Judges let us proceed to the Criminals^ 
whom you fee reprefented there in horrid colours. It 
will be enough if we take notice of the moft celebrated 
of them, and fhow their crimes, and the punifhrnents 
which were therefore inflidled on them. 



SECT. 2. THE GIANTS.^ 

These Giants b were the Tons of Terra (tbe eartb) 
when fhe was impregnated by the blood of Coslum^ 
which flowed from that diihonorable wound given him 
by his fon Saturn. They are all very high in ftature^ 
w 7 ith horrible dragon's feet ; their looks and their bodies 
are altogether full of terror. Their impudence c was 
fo great, that they ftrove to depofe Jupiter from the 
poffeflion of heaven : and when they engaged with the 
celejlial Gods^ they d heaped up mountains upon moun- 
tains, and thence darted trees, fet on fire, againit the 
Gods and heaven. e They hurled alfo prodigious maffy 
itones and folid rocks, fome of which falling upon the 
earth again, became mountains ; others fell into the 
fea, and became iflands. This f battle was fought up- 
on the Bhlegraan plains, near the borders of Campania^ 

a Tufc. Quaeft. 1. i. b Hefiod. in Theog. c Horn. OdyfT. 12, 
* Ovid, Met. 1, e Duris Samius. f Nat. Comes, 1. 6. 



( 2 3 6 ) 

a which country is called Pblegra, from Qtiyu [phlegoj 
uro^ for it abounds in fubterraneous fires, and hot' baths 
flowing continually. The Giants were beaten and all cut 
off, either by 'Jupiter's thunder, Apollo's arrows, or by the 
arms of the reft of the Gods. And fome fay, that out 
of the blood of the ftain, which -was fpilled upon the 
earthy ferpents and fuch invenomed and pernicious ani- 
mals were produced. The moft eminent of thofe 
Giants were, % 

Typhosus*) or Typbon, the fon of Juno r conceived by 
her without a father. So vaft was his magnitude, that 
he touched the eaft with one hand, and the weft with 
the other, and the heavens with the crown of his 
head. A hundred dragon's heads grew from his 
Ihoulders ; his body was covered with feathers, fcales, 
rugged hair, and adders ; from the ends of his fingers 
fnakes iiTued, and his two feet had the fhape and folds 
of a ferpent's body ; his eyes fparkled with fire, and his 
mouth belched out flames. He was at laft overcome, 
and thrown down ; and, left he fhould rife again, b the 
whole ifland of Sicily was laid upon him. This ifland 
was alfo called frinacria, becaufe it bears the fhape of 
a triangle, in the corners of which are the three pro- 
montories, Pelorus^ Pachynus^ and MHybaus ; Pelorus 
was placed on his right-hand, Pachynus^ on. his left, and 
Lilybcens lay upon his legs. 

Mgeon was another prodigious and cruel giant : c Fir- 

a Horn. Hymn, in A poll in. 

b Nilitur Me quidem, fugnatque refurgere Jape ; 

D extra fed Aufonio manus efi fubjeSia Peloro ; 

LoP-va, Pachyne t tibi \ Lilybceo crura premuntur ; 

Pragravat JEtna caput. Ovid. Met. 5, 

He ftrnggies oft, and oft attempts to rife \ 

But on his right hand vaft Pelorus lies 5 

On's left Pachynus\ Liljbaeus fpreads 

O'er his huge thighs ; and JEina keeps his heads* 

c JEgeon qualis> centum cui brae hi a dicunt, 

Centenafque manus, quinquaginta oribus ignem 

Pecloribujque arfijfe : Jowls cum fu'.mina contra 

Tot paribus freperet cljpeis, tot f ringer et enfes* /En. iq# 




( 237 ) 

gj7 tells us he had fifty heads, and a hundred hands, 
from which he was called Centumgeminm, and a by the 
Grecians, Briar rus* He hurled a hundred rocks againft 
Jupiter at one throw \ yet Jupiter dalhed him down, 
bound him in a hundred chains, and b thruft him un- 
der the mountain Mtna ; where, as often 'as he moves 
his fide, the mountain cafts forth great flames of fire. 

c Aloeus, becaufe of his age, could not in this war 
take up arms againft the Gods ; but he fent Othus and 
Ephialtes, who, though his wife Iphimedia had them by 
Neptune, were called Aloidcs^ from their reputed father. 
They went in their father Akeus* ftead, and affifted the 
Giants ; but the fame fate attended them, and they alfo 
fuffered the punifhment of their rafhnefs in hell. 

Tityus was the fon of d Jupiter and Elara, born in a 
fubterraneous cave, in which Jupiter hid his mother, 
fearing the anger of Juno. She brought forth a child of 
fo prodigious a bulk, that the earth was rent to give 
him a paflage out of the cave; and thence he was be- 
lieved to be the fon of the earth. Juno afterward per- 
fuaded this giant to accufe Latona of adultery ; for which 
Jupiter ftruck him with thunder down into hell : e there 

And as JEgeon, when with heaven he llrove, 
Stood oppotite'in arms to mighty Jove, 
Mov'd all his hundred hands, provok'd to war, 
Defy'd the forky lightning from afar : 
At fifty mouths his flaming breath expires, 
And rlsfh for flam returns, and fires for fires ; 
In his right hand as many fwords he wields, 
And takes the thunder on as many (liields. 
a Horn, Iliad. 1. b Callimachus in Lavacr. Deli. * Virg # 
Mn. 6. <* Apol. i. 

e tfec non et Titjum, terra ot?miparentis alumnum, 

Cernere erai \ cut tota novem per jugera corpus 

Porrigitur, rojiroque immanis <vultur obunco 

Immortale jecur tundens, fcecundaque pcenis 

Fife era, rimaturque epulis, habit at que fub alto 

Peel ore : nee fibris requies datur ulla renatis. Virg. J£n* 6. 

There Tityus torturM lay, who took his birth 

From heavn> his nurfmg from (he fruitful earth 5 

Here his gigantic limbs, with large embrace, 

Infold nine acres of infernal fpace ; 



( * 3 8 ) 

he lies ftretched out, covering nine acres of ground with 
his body; and a vulture continually gnaws his liver, 
which grows again every month. 

To thefe we may add the Titans^ a the fons of Terrs, 
and Caelum; the chief of whom was Titanus^ Saturn's 
eldeft brother: they made war againft Saturn^ becaufe 
the birth of Jupiter was concealed, and conquered him ; 
but they were afterward overcome by Jupiter^ and caft 
-down into helL 



SECT. 3. OTHER FAMOUS OFFENDERS. 

Phlegyas, who was king of the Lapitha in Tbef- 
jalia^ and the father of the nymph Coronis. When he 
heard that Apollo had debauched his daughter, he went 
in anger, and fired the temple -of Apollo at Delphi ; for 
which the enraged God fhot him through the body with 
an arrow, and inflicted on him the following punifh- 
ment: b A great flone hangs over his head, which he 
imagines every moment will fall down and crufh him 
to pieces: thus he ■fits, perpetually fearing what will 
never cometopafs; which makes him frequently call 
out to men, c to obferve the rules of juftice and the pre- 
cepts of religion. 

Ixion was the fon of this Phlegyas; he killed his own 
fitter, and obtained his pardon from the Gods, who ad- 
vanced him to heaven ; and his profperity made him ib 

A ravenous vulture, in his open fide 
Her crooked beak, and cruel taions try'd $ 
Still for the growing liver digg'd his bread:, 
The growing liver ftill fupply'd thefeaft.2 
Still are the entrails fruitful to their pains, 
Th' immortal hunger lafts, tfa* immortal food remains* 
*i£fchyl. in Prometheo. 

b Quosfuper atrafilexjamjam lapfura, cadentique 

lmminet affwiilis* Virg, JEn, $ 6 

— A'mafTy ftone, 

Ready to drop, hangs o'er his curfed head. — 
c D'ifcite jupitiam moniti, et non temnere Di<vos* 
Learn juitice hence, and don't defpife the Gods, 



t 239 } 

■wanton, that he attempted to violate the chaftity of 
Juno. This infolent attempt was difeovered to Jupiter^ 
who fent a cloud in the -fhape of Juno, which the de- 
ceived lover embraced, and thence thofe monfters the 
Centaurs were born: "he was then thrown down to the 

-earth again \ where, becaufe he boafted every- where 
that he had familiarly known the ^hieen of the Gods, he 
was ftruck with thunder down into hell, and tied faft 
to a wheel, which turns about continually. 

Salmoneus was king of Elis: his ambition was not 
fatisfied with an earthly crown, for he defired divine 
honours ; and, that the people might efteern him a God, 
he built a brazen bridge over the city, and drove his 
chariot upon it, imitating, by this noife, Jupiter's thun- 
der; he alfo threw down lighted torches, and thofe who 
were ftruck by them, were taken and killed. Jupiter 
would not fuffer fo great infolence, therefore threw the 
proud man from his ftage headlong into hell, where 

JEneas, when he vifited the infernal regions, faw him 
punifhed, as a Virgil relates. 

Sifyphus was a famous robber, killed by Tbefeus : h he 

'is condemned in hell, to roll c a great and unwieldy 
ftone to the top of a high hill, and as oft as the ftone 
almoft touches the top of the mountain, it Aides down 
again. 

The Betides were fifty virgin- fitters, fo called from 
their grandfather Belus ; and named alfo Danaides, from 
their father Danaus, who married them to the fifty fons 
of his brother. The oracle foretold, that Danaus (hould 

(be flain by his fon-in-law ; wherefore he commanded 

ilhis daughters to provide daggers, and on their wedding- 

oijght to kill their hufbands. i The daughters performed 



* Vidi crudeles dantem Salmon ea pcenas, 
Dumfiammas Jo-vis et (on tus nnitatur Olympu *£En. 6. 

Salmoneus fuffering cruel paws I found, 
For emulating "Jove 5 the ratt'ing (bund 
Of mimic thunder, and the elitfring blaze 
■Of pointed lightnings, and their forked ray?. 
b HefiocL Argon. c Ingens tt non exfuperabile faxum. Virg. 



( H° ) 

their promifes, and killed their hufbands, except Hy- 
permnejira^ for fhe fpared Lynceus^ her hufband, who 
afterward killed Danaus y and took his kingdom. This 
great impiety was thus puniffaed ; a they were con- 
demned to draw water out of a deep well, and fill a tub 
that (like a fieve) is full of holes : the water runs out of 
the tub as faft as it is put in, fo that they are torment- 
ed with an unprofitable labour, without end. 

Tantalus^ another remarkable criminal, was the b fon 
of Jupiter by. the nymph Plota. He invited all the Gods 
to a feaft, to get a plain and clear proof of their divU 
nity : when they came, he killed and quartered his own 
fori PelopSj and boiled him, and fet the joints before 
them to eat. All the Gods abftained from fuch horrid 
diet, except G?ra, who (being melancholy and inatten- 
tive from the recent lofs of her daughter) eat one of the 
child's fhoulders. Afterward the Gods fent Mercury to 
recall him to life, and gave him an ivory fhoulder, in- 
ftead of the fhoulder which Ceres had eaten c . This 
Pelops was the hufb and of Hipp odamia^ who bore him 
Atreus and Thyejies ; the latter of whom was baniftied, 
becaufe he corrupted Mr ope his brother Atreus'' wife ; 
and when he was recalled from banifhment, he eat up 
thofe children that he had by her; for Atreus killed them, 
and had them ferved in difhes to the table, where he 
and Thyejies dined together. It is faid, that ths Jun could 
not endure fo horrible a fight, and turned his courfe 
back again to the eaft. But as Tantalus 9 crime was 
greater* fe u ? as his punifhment; d for he is tormented 
with et~ ■■/. hunger and thirft in the midft of plenty both 
of meat ' drink: he Hands in water up to his lips, 
but can.: . ach it ; and fruit is placed juft to his mouth, 
which he cannot take hold of. e Ovid mentions the 

a AJJiduas repeiunt quas perdunt Belides undas* Ov. Met. 4* 
They hourly fetch the water that they fpill. 
* Eufeb". Praep. Evang. c Pindar, in Olymp. d Horn. QdvfT. 1 1 . 
c Quarit aquas in aquis, et poma fugacia cap tat 
Tantalus , hoc Hit garrula lingua dedit. 
Half-drownM he thirds, the dangling apples fwing 
.From's gaping chaps : this comes of prattling. 



( 2 4 < > 

puniflimept of Tantalus, but afligns another reafon for 
it; namely, becaufe he divulged the fecrets of the Gods 
to men. 

Now this fable of Tantalus reprefents the condition of 
a mifer y who in the midft of plenty fuffers want, and 
wants as much the things which he has, as thofe which 
he has not; as Horace rightly fays, a where he applies 
this fable of Tantalus to the real wants of the covetous 
man. 



CHAPTER XI. 

MONSTERS OF HELL. 

THERE are many ftrange pi&ures of thefe infernal 
monfters, but the moft deformed are the Centaurs, who 
were the ancient inhabitants of TheJJklia, and the firfl: 
who tamed horfes, and ufed them in war. Their neigh- 
bours, who firfl: faw them on horfeback, thought that 
they had partly the members of a man, and partly the 
limbs of a horfe. But the poets tell us another ftory ; 
for they fay that Ixiqn begat them of a cloud, which he 
believed to be Juno, whence they are called b Nubi- 
gena ; and Bacchus is faid to have overcome them. 

Geryon, becaufe he was the king of three iflands, call- 
ed Balearides, c is feigned to have three bodies : or, it 
may be y becaufe there were three brothers of the fame 
name, whofe minds and affe£tions were fo united, that 
they feemed to be governed and to live by one fouL 
They add, that Geryon kept oxen, which devoured the 
ftrangers that came to him : they were guarded by 2 

a Tantalus a labrls f.iiens fugientia capiat 
Flumlna. <$uid rides ? muiato ncmine, de te 
Fabula narratur. Serm.Ul© 

Though Tantalus you've heard, does ftand chin deep 
In water, yet he cannot get a iip : 
At which you fniile 5 row all on't would be true, 
Were the name chang'd, and the tale told of you. 
* Virg. JEn. 6. c Tricorporem ct tergeminum fuifle a 

xs 



( 2 4 2 ) 

<!og with two heads, and a dragon with feven. Her* 
tules killecFthe guards, and drove the oxen away. 

The Harpies^ fo called a from their rapacity, were 
born of Oceanus and Terra. They had the faces of vir- 
gins, and the bodies of birds ; their hands were armed, 
with claws, and their habitation was in the iflands. 
Their names were Aello* Ocyp§te^ and Celeno; which 
laft brought forth .Zephyrus (the weft wind) and Balius 
and Xanthus, the horfes of Achilles, Virgil gives us an 
b elegant defcription of thefe three fillers. 

To the three Harpies^ add the three Gorgon^ Medu- 
fa^ SthenO) and Euryale^ who were the daughters of 
Phorcus and Cete. Inftead of hair, their heads were 
covered with vipers, which fo terrified the beholder, 
that they turned him prefently into a ftone. Perhaps 
they intended to reprefent, by this part of the fable, the 
extraordinary beauty of thefe fillers ; which was fuch, * 
that whoever faw them were amazed, and flood im- 
moveable like ftones. There were other Gorgons befide, 
born of the fame parents, who were called Lamia^ or " 
Empufaj. c They had only one eye, and one tooth, 
common to them all : they kept this tooth and eye at 
home in a little veffel, and whichfoever of them went 

a Ab agt&Zp, rapid. 

b Atfubit* horrifico lapfu de moritlbus adfunt 

Harpya $ et magnls quatiunt dangoribus alas : 

Si<ve Deje, feu funt Dir<z, obfccenaque valucres, 

Triflius baud tilts monjlrum eft^ ticcfavior ulla 

Pejlis et ira Deum 9 Stygiisfefe extulit undis, 

Virglnei <vo lucrum <vultu$ , fcedfima uentris 

Prolu-vieS} uncaque tnanus, et pallida femper 

Or a fame t JEn. 3. 

When from the mountain -tops, with hideous cry 

And clattering wings, the filthy harpies fly : 

Mongers more fierce offended heaven ne'er fent, 

From hell's abyfs, for human punifliment. 
- With virgin faces, but with wombs obfeene ; 

Foul paunches, and with ordure (till unclean 5 

With claws for hands, and looks for ever lean. 

JEkhyl. in Prometh. 



I 



( 2 43 ) 

abroad, (he ufed them. a They had the faces of wo- 
men, and alio the necks and breafts ; but below they 
were covered with fca-les, and had the tails of ferpents. 
They ufed to entice men, and then devour them. Their 
breafts were naked, and their bofoms were open ; they 
looked on the ground as it were out of modefty ; thus 
they tempted men to difcourfe with them, and when 
they came near, thefe Lamia ufed to fly in their faces, 
and ftrangle them, and tear them to pieces. And what 
more plainly expreffes the evil arts of wicked women ? 
Againft whom the Scriptures caution us in thefe words, 
b Thefeamonjiers draw out tbebreaji^ they give fuck. c Ou- 
tliers only mentioned one Lamia^ who was a moft beau- 
tiful woman : Jupiter debauched her, and Juno, through 
jealoufy, deprived her of the children that file bore. 
She became diftra&ed with grief, and devoured other 
people's children in their cradles. 

The Chimcera d Was a monfter, e which vomited forth 
fire; he had the head and breaft of a lion, the belly of 
a goat, and the tail of a dragon, as it is exprefled f in 
a known verfe, and defcribed by g Ovid, A vulcano 
in Lycia occafioned this fable ; for in the top of the 
mountain were lions, in the middle (where was pafture^ 
goats lived, and the bottom of it abounded with ferpents. 
b Seller opkonmz&Q this mountain habitable, and therefore 
is faid to have killed the Ghimara. 

The monfter Sphinx was begotten * of Typhon and 
Echidna* She had the head and breaft of a woman, 

a Dion. Hift. Libvse, b Lamise nudaverunt manimam. La- 

mentat. iv. 3. c Dures Rerum Lihycar. 1. 2. d Horn. Iliad 14* 
€ Heiiod. in Theog. 

* Prima leo, pofirema draco, media inde capella* 
A lion's head and breaft refemble hi?, 
His waift a goafs, his tail a dragon's is. 
- ' * Quoqtie '-Chimera jugs, mediis in partibus ignem, 

Pefius et ora lea, caudam ferpentis habebat. Met. 9. 

■ > And on the craggy top 

Chimara dwells, with lion's face and mane, 
A goat's rough body, and a ferpent's train. 
* Paufan. in Corinth/ * Vide Nat. Com, 
M 2 



t 244 ) 

the wings of a bird, the body of a dog, and the paws 
of a lion. She lived in the mountain Sphincius, aflault- 
ed all paiTengers, and infefted the country about Thebes ; 
inibmuch that the oracle of Apollo was confulted con- 
cerning her, and anfwer was made, that unlefs fome 
body did refolve the riddle of Sphi 'nx,, there would be no 
end of that great evil. Many endeavoured to explain 
it, but were overcome, and torn in pieces by the mon- 
ger. Creon, at that time king of Thebes, publifhed an 
€di£k through all Greece, in which, if any one could 
explain the riddle of Sphinx, he promifed, that he would 
give him to wife his own fifter Jocajla. The riddle 
was this: a What animal is that, which goes upon four 
feet in the morning, upon two at noon y and upon three at 
night? Oedipus., encouraged with the hopes of the re- 
ward, undertook it, and happily explained it; fo that 
the Sphinx was engaged, and caft herfelf headlong from 
a rock, and died. He faid, that the animal was a man 9 
who in his infancy creeps upon his hands and feet, and 
fo may be faid to go on four feet ; when he grows up* 
he walks on two feet ; but when he grows old, he ufes 
the fupport of a itaff, and fo may be faid to walk on 
three feet. 

This Oedipus was the fon of Lotus, b king of Thebes. 
Soon after his birth Laius commanded a foldier to carry 
his fon Otdipus into a wood, and then deftroy him 5 be- 
caufe it had been foretold by the oracle, that he fhould 
be killed by his own fon. But the foldier was moved 
with pity toward the child, and afraid to imbrue his 
hands in royal blood ; wherefore he pierced his feet with 
a hook, and hanged him upon a tree to be killed with 
hunger. One of the fhepherds of Polybius, king of 
Corinth, found him, and brought him to the queen, 
who, becaufe fhe had no children, educated him as her 
own fon, and from c his fwollen feet called him Oedipus. 

a Quidnam animal mane quadrupes, meridie bipes, velperi tripes 
eflet ? *b Stat. 1. Theb. Plutarch. Julian, et alii. « Puerum 
CEdipum vecavit a tumore pedum, qI&u enim tumeo ct *-£$ pedem 
fignificat# 



{ H5 ) 

When Oedipus came to age, he knew that InngPofyiiup 
was not his fatheiyand therefore refolved to find out his 
parents : he confulted the oracle, and was told, that he 
iliould meet his father in Phocis. In his journey ha 
met fome paiTengers, among whom was his father, but 
he knew him not ; a quarrel arofe, and in the fray he, 
by chance, killed his father. After this, he proceeded 
on his journey, and arrived at Thebes, where he over- 
came Sphinx, and for his reward married Jocafta, whom 
he knew not to be his mother then, but difeovercd it' 
afterward. He had by her two fons, Eteocks ?.n& Po- 
lynices, and two daughters, Antigone and Jfmena* 
a When afterward he found, by clear proof, that he had 
killed his father, and married his mother, he was ieized 
with fo great madnefs, that he pulled out his own eye?,* 
and would have killed himfelf, if his daughter Antigen* 
(who led him about after he was blind) had not hindered^ 
him. 

Eteocles and Polynices, the fons of G^dipus and Joca/ia,- 
h fucceeded their father in the government ; and they 
agreed to reign a year each, in their turns. Eteocles 
reigned the firft year, and then refuted to admit his bro- 
ther Polynices to the throne: upon which a war arofe, 
and the two brothers, in a duel, killed each other. 
Their enmity lafted longer than their lives; for when 
their bodies were placed on the fame pile to be burnt 
by the fame fire, the flames refufed to unite, but divided 
themfelves into two parts. 

*, Seneca CEilp. fe Stat. Theb, 




( * 4 6 ) 



CHAPTER XIL - 

THE ELYSIUM, 

THERE is a place in the infernal dominions abound- 
ing with pleafures and delights, which is called the Ely- 
Jiurn ; a becaufe thither the fouls of the good refort, af- 
ter they are loofed from the chains of the body, and 
have been -purged - *- from the light offences that they had 
contra&ed in this world. b Mneas received this account 
from one of the inhabitants of it, as Virgil 'tells us, 
c who defcribes this place as abounding with all the de- 
lights that the irioft pleafant plains, the molt verdant 
fields, the foadieft groves, and the fineft and moft tem- 
perate air can produce. 

a 'atto tS& hiatus, a folutione ; quod Animje piorum corporels 
Iblutse vinculis, ioca illi petant poftquam purgatse funt a kvioribus 
noxis, quas contraxerant. 

b &uifquefuos patimur manes ; exinde per amplum 

Miitimur Elyfium % et panel lata ar>va lenemus* JEn, 6, 

All have their manes, and thofe manes bear : ( 

The few, who' re cieans'd, to thofe abodes repair, 

And breathe in ample fields the loft ELJian air. 

* Devenere locos !atos> et amazna uireta 

Tortunatorum nemorum, fedejque beatas, 

Largior tie campos aether et tumina njejiit 

Purpurea : 4 fole?nquefuum, fuafidera norunt. 

Thefe ho'y rites perform'd, they took their way, 

Where long extended plains of pleafure lay. 

The verdant fields with thofe of heav'n may vie> 

With ether veiled, and a purple fky : 

The blifsful feats of happy fouls below, 

Stars of their own, and their own fun they know. 



t 



( U7 ) 
CHAPTER XIII. 

THE RIVER LETHE. 

THERE is a river in hell called Lethe, * from the 
forgetful nefs it caufes. For if any body drinks this wa- 
ter, he immediately forgets all things pa ft : (o that when 
the/;//// of the pious have fpent many ages in the Elyfi* 
bids, b they drink the water of Lethe > and are be- 
lieved topafs into new bodies, and return into the world 
a^ain : and it is neceiiary they ihould forget, both the 
pleaiures they have received in Elyjium, and the mffeties 
they did formerly endure in this life, that they may 
willingly return into this miferable life again. Theie 
fouls went out from Elyfium by that ivory gate, which 
you fee painted in the lower part of this wall : and, if 
you pleafe, we will go through this gate, and leave thefe 
infernal regions, to view more beautiful, though not 
lefs ridiculous, images of the other Gods, 

P. I will attend you with pleafurc 

* 'Awo rr.c hv$r,c, ab olivione. 

b ■ Anhn<r 9 quibus altera fat o 

Corpora debentur y Lztbai adfluminis undam 

Secures ialices et longa obLvia potant,. Virg. JEn* 6, 

• Souls rh u by fate 

Are doom'd to take new fhspes, at Letke^s brink 
Quaff draughts fecure, and long oblivion drink,- 



( 248 ) 

PART V. 

OF THE 

DIJ MI NO RUM GENTIUM i 

OR, 

THE SUBORDINATE DEITIES, 



CHAPTER L 

THE PENATES. 

M. NOW, PalatophiluS) let us view the fifth divi* 
fion of this Fabulous Pantheon^ in which the inferior ox 
fubordinate Gods are contained : the Latins generally 
called them Dii Minorum Gentium^ and fometimes Se- 
mones, Minuti, Plebeii^ and Patellar it. 

P. Thofe Deities appear to be painted without con- 
fufion, in very good order, and very diftin&ly. 

M. They are fo ; and if we confider how infinite the 
number of them was, it is plain, that the Romans had 
almoft as many Gods as there are things. And indeed, 
how great is the number of Gods who prefide over in- 
considerable things, fince there are three Gods to keep 
one door ; firft, the God Fer cuius looks after the door, 
the Goddek Cardua after the hinges, and Limentius after 
the threfhold. I (hall only briefly fpeak of thofe, who 
aflift, or in any wife preferve men from their birth to 
their death, »* 




ii 



( m ) 

The Penates are fo called from the Latin word feme* 
which word, a Cicero fays, includes every thing that 
men eat. - Or elfe they have this name from the place 
allotted to them in the heavens, b becaufe they are pla- 
ced in the mod inward and private parts of the heavens 
where they reign 3 hence they call them Penetrates, and 
the place of their abode Penetrale. They entirely go- 
vern us by their reafon, their heat, and their fpirit, fo 
that we can neither live, nor ufe- our underftanding 
without them ; yet we know neither the number nor- 
names of them. The ancient Hetrufci called them Con- 
fentes and Complices; fuppofing that they are Jupiter's - 
counfellors, and the chief of the Gods : and many rec- 
kon Jupiter himfelf, together with Juno and Minerva j 
among the Penates. But I will give you a more diftin£i : 
and particular information in this matter. 

There were three orders of the Dii Penates : 1. Thofe 
who governed c kingdoms and provinces, and were ab- 
folutely and folely called Penates, 2. Thofe who prefi- 
ded over cities only ; and thefe were called the d Gods of 
the Country, or the great Gods: JEneas makes mention 
of them in e Virgil. 3. Thofe who prefided over parti- 
cular houfes and families, and thefe were called the 
* fmall Gods. The poets make frequent mention of them, - 
efpecially Virgil, who in one place mentions fifty maid 
fervants, whofe bufinefs it was to look after their affair?, 
and s to offer facrifices to the houfehold Gods : and in * 
h another place he fpe?.ks of thefe houfehold Gods being 
ftained and defiled by the blood of one that was killed 
by his brother. But it muft likewife be obferved, that, 

a Eft enim penns omne quo vefcuntur homines. De Nat, Deor. 
fe Quod penitus infideant, ex quo Penetrates a Poetis vocantur, el 
Jocus in quo fervabantur eoruin effigies Penetrate diclus. Vane ?p» 
Arnob. 1. 3. c Virg. JEn. 1.5. d £)ij Patrii &# *p£tg*»**. 

MacroK 3. Saturn. 14. Plar. 4. Symp. 1. 

1 « T», gemtor>. cape fac> a manu, patriofqite Penates. J£n. 2, 
Our country Gods, the reliques and the bands, 
Hold you, my father, in your guiltleis hands. 

f Parvique Penates. Virg. ^En. 8. § Flammis adolere J*ft* 

nates. ^En. 1. h Sparios fraterna csede Penates. J2k\, 4, 



( *5° ) 

among the Latins^ the word Penates- not only fignifies 
the Gods, of which we have been fpeaking, but like- 
wife llgnifies a dwelling-houfe, of which we have inftan- 
ces in many authors, and among the reft, in * Virgily 
* Cicero., and c Fabius. 

d Timausy and from him Dionyfius y fays, that thefe- 
Penates had no proper fhape or figure ; but were wooden, 
or brazen rods, fhaped fomewhat like trumpets. But 
it is alfo thought by others, that they had the fhape of 
young men with fpeats,, which, they held, apart fmm* 
another*. 



chapter n. 

THE LARES., 

THE Lares were children born from the ftolen em* 
Braces of Ms? wry and the nymph Lara-, for when,, by 
her prating, file had di (covered fome of Jupiter's -amours^. 
he was To enraged that he cut out her tongue,. and ba- 
ll i feed- her. to the Stygian lake. Mercury , wha was ap~ 
pointed to conduct her thither, raviihed her upon the 
road. e She grew big with child, and in due time 
brought forth-, twins, and .named them Lares, , 

They were made domefiic-GQch y and: accordingly pre- 
iided over f houfes, itreets, and -ways, ., 0n this account 
they weie worshipped " in the roads and open ftreets$ : . 
called cQmpitam Latin, whence^ the games celebrated in ? 
their honour . were called b Comphalitli^ Co7npitalttia y ancU 
fometimes Gompitalia* When thefe fports were exerci-- 

* Moftrrs fuceede penatibus nbfpes, 7Ex\*. 8& b Exterminare 
aiiquem a fa's Diis Penatibus. Pro Sexto. c Liberos ptlleie do* 
mo, ac prohiberfc Pemtibu*. Dec 4 a6o. d Lib. i. 

e ?ilque gravis Geminofque parit qui -comfit a few ant, 

Rt vigilant n f >J\ra fimper in ade Lares* Ovid. Fail/ 2, 

H r twins the Lares cailVi.- 'Tis by their care 

Our, houfes, roads, and ..Greets in Mety are. 

* Martial, i, 3. ep. 57. s Arnob.v**. h Varro^eHe. 
luilic'a j^et 5 2 . de Lwg, f Lafc- 



( 251 ) 

fed, a the images of men and women, made ofwool^ 
were hung in the ftreets ; and fo many balls made of 
wool as there were fervants in the family, and fo many 
complete images as there were children. The meaning. 
of which cuftom was this: Thefe feafts were dedicated 
to the Lares^ who were efteemed infernal Gods ; the 
people defiring by this, that thefe Gods would be con- 
tented with thofe woollen images, and fpare the perfons 
reprefented by them. The Roman youths u fed to wear 
a golden ornament, called bulla^, about their necks ; it 
was made in the fh ape of a heart, and hollow within : : 
this they wore till they were fourteen years of age, theni 
they put it off, and, hanging jt up, confecrated it to 
the Lares ; as we learn from b Perjius. Thefe Lares 
fometirnes c were clothed in the fkins of dogs, and 
d fometimes fafhionedin the fhape of dogs \ whence that^ 
creature was confecrated to them,- 

The place in which the Lares ■ were worihlpped was ;; 
called Larariurn; an& in-tbe facrifices offered to them r 
e *the firft fruits of the year* f wine and incenfe were 
brought to their altars, and their images adorned with- 
chaplets and garlands. g The beginning of which wor-~ 
fliip came hence.; that anciently the dead^ h who were 
buried at home, were worshipped as Gods, and called 
Lares^ And befides, we find in * Pliny^ that they fa-- 
crificed, with wine and incenfe, to the images of the- 
emperors, .while they yet lived,-, 

a -Fc'ftus apud Lil. Gyr.~. 

b BuLaquefucdn3is Lhribus dohata pependlL 
When fourteen years are paft, the Bulla's laid i 
Afide, an offering to the Lares made, 
c Plutarch, in Prob. <* Plautus.\ e TibuHus L I* * 

f PJau. in prol. Aul. g Juvenal, fat. 9. iauv. k Arnob. c.-.-.e** 
Vaiv I Epift.l..iOtf. 



( a 5 a ) 

CHAPTER III. 

SECT. I. THE GENII, THEIR NAMES. 

ALTHOUGH the Genii and the Lares fornetimes 
finean the fame Deities, yet by Genius is commonly meant 
that fpirit of nature which Begets all things, from which 
3 generative power it has its name ; or elfe it is fo called,, 
becaufe it affifts all generations ; or laftly, becaufe it 
protects and defends us when we are begotten. The 
birthday, and the marriage bed, had the name b genial 
from him ; which name c was likewife given to all days 
wherein mirth, pleafure, and joys did abound. And on 
ihe fame account thofe who live merrily, who deny 
themfelves nothing that makes for their eafe and plea- 
fure, or that is grateful to their appetite, who entirely 
follow the dictates of their fenfual defires, are faid to live 
a genial life, or to indulge their genius. 

The Greeks called thefe Genii, demons; as it is 
thought, from the d terror and dread they create in thofe 
to whom they appear ; or, as it is more probable, e from 
the prudent and wife anfwers which they gave when 
they were eonfulted as oracles. f Hence fome think, 
that illuftrious men, whofe actions in this life gain them 
univerfal praife and applaufe, do after their deaths be- 
come daemons ; by which daemons is to be underftood, 
g as Plutarch fays, beings of a middle kind, of a greater 
dignity than man, but of a nature inferior to the Gods. 

*- A gignendo feu genendo, nam geno pro gigno olira dicebatur. 
A«g. de Civ. Dei. 7. Cic. de Orat. a. et de Invent. 2. b Cen- 

ibtin. de Die Nat. 3. c Ifidor. 8. Etymol. d Dsemones 

eheuntuif «, $diua,iw exterreo, aut pavefacio. Eufebius. e Vel 

quafi Ja'A/zofE?, id eft, periti rerumque prssfcii, nam refponfa dabant 
confulentibus. Ifidor. S. Etvmoh f Socrates ex Hef. ap. Plat* 

* Lib. ds Qrac. 



( 253 ) 



SECT. 2. THEIR IMAGES* 

The images of the Genii refembled for the moft part 
the form a of a ferpent, according to b Perfius y and his 
commentators. Sometimes alfo they were c defcribed 
like a boy, or a girl, or an old man : and crowned with 
the leaves of the plane-tree, d which was a tree facred 
to the Gem:. 



SECT. 3. SACRIFICES OFFERED TO THE GENII, 

Wine and flowers were offered up in the facrifices 
to the Genii, and that efpecialiy by people on their birth- 
days, as we may learn fiom e Perjius and * Horace* 
To thefe flowers and wine they added s incehfe, parch- 
ed bread, and corn ftrewea with fait. h Sometimes 
alfo a fwine was facrificed -, though Cenforinus writes, 
that it was not ufual to facrifiee to the Genii with the 
blood and {laughter of any thing, fince we oirght not to 
take life from other creatures on that day on which we 
received it. 



a Sat. Theb* 5. 

b Pvige duos angues ; pueri, Jacer tfi locus, extra 

Meiete. Sat. 1* 

Paint here two fnakes 5 let no youth dare 

Defile with pifs thofe walls that (acred are. 

c Vide la Cerdse Corumentar. in .^Eneid. £ Platanus putabatur 
arbor genial h. 

e Tiuiie mirvm Gmh. Sat. 6* 

To Genius consecrate a cheerful glafs. 

i — _ Piabant 

Floribus et njino Genium fkemorem brents avi, 

Cum foci'ts operum et pueris et conjuge fija. Epift. % 

Their wives, their neighbours, and their prattling boys, 

Were call'd 5 all tafted of their fpcrtive joys : 

They drank, they danc'd, they fuflg, made wanton fport, 

Enjoyed thernfelves, for life they knew was fhort. 

» Plut. in Aul. fc Pa'sephr Ed. 5. Hor. Carm. 3. 



(( *54 )) 



SECT. 4. THEIR OFFICES*. 

The Genii were- appointed the continual guardians,, 
overfeers, a and fafe keepers of the men (as b the wo- 
men's guardians and protestors were called Junones) 
from their cradles to their graves. They likewife car- 
ried the prayers of men to the Gods, and interceded for 
them. Whence fome call them Prcejlites^ or chief go- 
vernors, c ^becaufe they are fet over the management of 
all things. 

To every perfon d were afilgned two Genii, a bonus < 
Genius,. and a .malm Genius .: e Horace calls them a white 
and a black one. We are told by f Valerius Maximus r . 
that when CoJJius fled to Athens, after Antony was beaten 
at Aflium, there, appeared to him a man of a large fta- 
ture, of a black fwarthy complexion, with long hair, 
aod a nafty beard. Cajjius alked him who he was? 
and the apparition anfwered, / am your evil Genius*. 
Virgil is thought, by- his g commentator Servius, to 
mean thefe two Genii, by the. word manes. Of thefe 
two Genii, the good one, which is given to everyone 
at his birth, conftan.tly incites him to the practice of 
virtue and goodnefs ; whereas the bad one prompts, him 
to all manner of vice and wickednefs* , 

Nor were they afligned to men only ; , for feveral \ 
countries had their Genii, who therefore were. called the 
h Deities of the place* Nay, i Genii were allotted to all \ 
houfes, and doors, and ftables, and hearths : and becaufe 
the hearths were ufually covered with Hates, therefore 
the God of .'the Heartht was called Later anus. But of 
tbefe enough. . Let us npw, proceed to the. other inferior c 
Deities. 

a Arrian. in Epiclet. bpolit. Mifcell. c< 99. . cQoddprae- 
fint gerundis omnibus. Martianus de Nupt. a. d Plut. de Ifide • 

et Ofir. e Genium album et nigrum. Epift. 2* f Intenogatuss 
qu'fquam efiet refpondit fe efle xatioctxifAovx. 1. !•»* 7»' & Qmi- - 

que fuos patiminv manes. Virg. JEn. 6. Vide Servium in ioc a , 
h Numen loci. Virg. JEn. 7. i Prud. in Symm. .Laterculis.extriu..-, 
foci folebant. Lil. Gyx. fynt. 1.. . 



I 



C *55 I 

CHAPTER IV.. 

THE NUPTIAL GODS AND -GODDESS ES. . 

FIVE Deities were fo abfolutelynecefFary to allmar- 
riages, that none could lawfully be folemnized without 
them. They were * 'Jupiter perfe^lus ox aduhus^ Jima 
perfefta ox adult a, Venus, Suada, and Dicma : befide 
thefe,. feveral inferior Godsend Goddeffes- were wor- 
Ihipped at alt marriages* 

Jugatinus joined thQ man and the woman together irr 
b the yoke of matrimony. 

Dcmidzcus c guided ... the bride into the bridegroom's 
houfe. 

Domltius was worshipped, that^ the bride mights be 
d kept at home, to look after the affairs of the family. 

Maniuma was worfhipped,, that, the wife might ne- 
ver leave her hufhand, but in all conditions of life e abide,- 
with him,. 

Then the Goddefs Virginenfii, and alfo the Goddefs 
Gtnxia Juni) f was invoked when the virgin's girdle; 
was unloofed.. 

Prio.pus, or Muilnus, was ; alfo reckoned S one of the 
nuptial Gods, beeaufe in his fifthy lap the bride, was 
commanded to fit, according to. a very religious audi 
modeft cuftom^ fbrfooth! 

Pertunda or. Pariunda^, was alfo worfhipped. St.- 
Augujiin, mentioning her,, advifes us to g fpare the mo^- 
defty of human nature. 

h Viriplaca<. reconciles hufbands to their wives. A\ 
temple at Rome was dedicated to her, whither the mar- 
ried couple ufually repaired when any quarrel arofe be-, 
tween them ; and there opeing their minds freely ta 

a Minores et Plebeii Dji. b A jtigo matrimonii di£his. Aug... 

de Civ. Del 4. c Qgod fponfam in ipoafi doraum duceret. Idem 

ibid. d Ut fponfam dorai teneret.- e Ut cum mariio Temper 

roanerct. f Auguft. ibid. 8 Ut parcaturhumanse vcrecundi*,. 
ikid v b A piacando viro. Val, Max, 1. 2, c. 1. 



( 256 y 
each other, without paffion, they laid allele all anger 5 
and returned home together friendly. 

The Goddefs Matuta, a according to the opinion of 
fome, was the daughter of Cadmus ^ whom the Greeks 
. called Leucoihea^ or Ino. b The maid fervants were 
not fuffered to come within her temple ; but the mar- 
ried women admitted one of them, and afterward buf- 
fetted hen Mothers prayed to this Goddefs to fend 
bleilings on their filler's children, but never prayed to 
her for their own : and therefore while they were prefent 
at her facrifices, they carried not their own, but their 
fifter's children in their arms. 

The Goddefs Mena prefided over the women's 
c monthly courfes ; and was the fame with the d Moon* 

And Februa..w2L$ employed in the fame affair: fbe; 
was fo called e for the fame reafon. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE DEITIES PRESIDING OVER WOMEN WITH 
CHILD. 

THREE Deities aflifced breeding women when their 
affiftance was afked. 

Pilumnus was one of the Gods of children: he was fo 
called from the f peftle which the ancients pounded their 
corn with, before they m^de their bread ; or g becaufe 
he keeps off thofe misfortunes which attend children. 
He was mentioned before among the rural Deities. 

Intsrcidona was the Goddefs who firft taught the art 
h of cutting wood with a hatchet to make fires. 

Deverra was worfhipped as a Goddefs, becaufe fhe 
invented brooms, ' by which all things are brufhed cleanj 
and thofe diftempers prevented that proceeded from 
naftinefs. 

a Ovid. Met. 3. *> Plut. in Camillo, et Qtiasft. Rom. tif 
* A menitru's. d Etiam Graece Luna dicitur. e A februo, 

id eft purgo. f A ptlo, 3 Quod mala ah infantibus pelHt. 

Serviusi h Ab intuciiione fecuris. * A fcopis qitibus ycifitw; 




( *57 ) 

The Sylvan Gods, who were always hurtful to biV- 
bellied women, were driven away by thofe Deities, and 
the mifchiefs they intended were prevented. For, as 
neither the trees, a lays St. Augujiin y are cut down- 
without an ax 9 nor bread made without a pejile^ nor 
things preferred clean without a brujb; fa, fince thofe 
inftruments are thought figns of good houfewifry, it was 
fuppofed, that thefe wild unclean Gods would never dare 
to enter into the the chamber of a breeding vxrnian* 

CHAPTER VL 

THE GODDESSES PRESIDING OVER WOMEN lit 
LABOUR. 

THESE GoddefTes afllfted women in travail, and 
promoted the happy birth of the child. 

Juno Lucina, b whole image was thus formed : one 
hand was empty, and ready, as it were, to receive the 
new-born babe ; the other hand held a lighted torch, by 
which that light of life was fignified, which all enjoy as 
Kbon as they are born. 

Diana ; though c feme make no difference between 
her and Lucina. Tima us fpeaks very handfomely, d when 
he relates that Diancfs temple was burnt the fame night 
in which Alexander 'was born : e It is (fay? he) no wonder 
file was abfent from her houfe, when bee afiiirance was 
neceffary at the labour of Olympias^ Alexander 's mother. 
She is called alio Solvizona\ for when, women lay in the 
firft time, they loofed their %ona^ or girdle, and dedicat- 
ed it to Diana. 

Egeria is (o called f from calling forth the birth. 

Pro/a, or Prorfa^ or Porrima (who was called a!fo 
Poft-verta and Anteverta) looked after the birth of the 
child : s it was in her power to make the birth eafy and 
regular, or difficult and prepofterous. 

a De Civ. Dei, 7. b Nat. Comes. c Catull. Carm. z& 

Dian. iz. * Cic. Nat. Deer. 1. e Theocr. Idyll. 17. * A 
putu egerendo. s Gell. c, 19. Plutarch. Rom. qu. 25* 



( 2 5 8 ) 

Managmeta a prefided alfo over the infant, both before 
and after its birth. 

Laftlyy the Goddefs Latcna^ of whom we have fpoken 
in her place. It was thought that fhe very much loved 
a dunghil-cock ; becaufe a cock was prefent when fhe 
brought forth Diana and Apollo ; and thence feme ima- 
gine, that the prefence of a cock renders women's la- 
bours eafy, 

Nixii Dii> fo called b from Jirlving^ becaufe the mo- 
ther and the child ftruggle at that time: the mother 
ftruggles through pain, and the child > that it may come 
into the world* 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE DEITIES PRESIDING "OVER INFANTS AT, THE 
TIME OF THEIR BIRTH, AND AFTERWARD. 

THESE Deities prefided over children in the time of 
their birth, and afterward. 

yanus, who opened c the door of life to- them. 
~'OptS) who d affifted them when they came into the 
world. 

Nafczo, or Natio^ a Goddefs fo called from a Latin 
word e Signifying to be born. 

Cunia* f who attends the cradle, and watches the in- 
fants while they lie and Sleep. 

Carmenta, g who Sings the deftinies. 

Vagitanus, or Vaiicanus^ h who takes care of them; 
when they cry. 

Levant i from lifting them up from the ground: k for 
when a child was born, the midwife constantly laid the 
child on the ground, and the father, or, in his abfence, 

a iEliani variae Hiftorias, b Ab enitendo* quod eniteretur cum 
mater, turn fsetus. Aufon. Idyll. 12. c Qui aperiret vitas januam.. 
drQuae-opem ferret. ' e A nafcendo. f Quae cunis prseeft. 

8t A canendo. h A vagiendo.. i: A.levando.. k-Var. 2.. 
de vita pop. Bom.. 



{ 259 ) 



Somebody appointed by him, lifted it from the ground ; 
and hence toller e liber qs, fignifies to educate children?* 

Rumia, who milks the breaft for the child. a Ruma 
is an old word fign Hying a breaft. 

Potirx, b who gives the infant its drink. 

Educa* or Edufa, from whom it receives its c food, 

OffilagO) who fallens the d bones, and hardens the 
body. 

Carna^ or Carnea, e who keeps the inward parts fafe. 
To this Goddefs they facriiicecl 5> upon the calends of 
June, bacon, and cakes made of beans. "W hence thofe 
calends were c ailed Fa bar i a. 

The Goddefs Nundina was fo called from f the ninth 
day of the cnild's age, which was the day of the purifi- 
cation : in which the name was given if, if it was a boy ; 
if it was a girl, this ceremony was performed on the 
eighth day. 

Staianu$i or Staiulinus^ who teaches infants g to & and 
and walk \ and preferves them from falling. 

Fabulinus? h who' looked after them when they began. 
to fpeak. 

PaventJa was the Gcddefs who s preferved them 
from frights, 

CHAPTER YIIL 

THE GODS AND GODDESSES PRESIDING OVEX 
YOUNG AND ADULT PERSONS, 

OUR feveral actions are fuppofed to be under the 
protection of divers Gods. 

Juvenilis, or Juventas, protects us in the beginning 
of our youth, k when we have thrown off the child's, 
coat. 

Agenorla excites men to ' actiom 

a Auguft 4. c. 8» k A polando. c-Abedendo. d Ab 

©filbus. e A carne. Vide Macrob, Saturn. J. 1. f A nono 

die, qui fuit dies luftricus. Vide Macrob. Feftum in voce luftricus. 
S A ftaiido. o A fando. i Ab avertendo pavore. k Auguft* 
4* ov. 11. * Idem 4* c, 16, 



( 260 } 

Strenua encourages us to z behave ourfelves ftrenu- 
©ufly and bravely upon all occafions, " 

Stimula eggs and ftimulates us on to extraordinay 
aftions. 

Horta is the Goddefs b who exhorts us to undertake 
noble enterprifes. Her temple at Rome flood always 
©pen: and fome call her Hora. 

Quhs had her temple without the city y and c was* 
fuppofed to be the donor of peace and quietnefs.. 

Murcia renders ' men- d lazy, idle, and dull. 

Adonea and Abeona protect us fo, that we have power 
fo go in and out in fafety., 

ffibilia brings wanderers into their way again,, 

Vacima prote&s the idle and lazy. 

Fejfonia recreates and refrefhes the weary. 

The Goddefs Mediirina has her name from c heal- 
ing \ and her facrifices were called Meditrinalia^ in 
which they drank new and old wine inftead of phyfic. 

The Goddefs Vitida is fo- called from f leaping for 
joy: fhe is the Goddefs of Mirth \ 9 which mitigates the 
toils of life* 

The Goddefs Volufia^ from s pleafure; for from her 
we receive it.- 

Orbona was worfhipped, that ffie ffaould not leave pa- 
rents h deftitute of children. 

v Pellonia was thought to have great power in ' driving 
away the enemy. 

Numeria was worfliipped, that from her we might 
learn k to caft accounts. 

Camoena was efteemed a. Goddefs, who inclines in- 
fants l to fing. 

Sentia was worfiiipped, that chidren might imbibe at 
firPc juft and honorable m ' fentiments. 

Angercna was the Goddefs that removed the R an- 

a -Varro 4- de Ling. Lat. b Plot. Qnzeft. Rom. 14. c An- 
gull. 4. c. 16. d Murcidos reddit. Idem ibidv e A medendo* 
Var. et Feilus. f A vitulando, id eft, iaetitia^eftiendo. e A 

voluptate. h Orbos libeiis. ' l A peliendis hoftibus. k A 

numerando. l A canendo. ra A fen den do. Feft, Jul. ModdL 
* lit gellsret angorea animi. 



r ( 261 ) 

:gulfnes of the mind : or elfe was fo named from a the 
fqu-nancy : when the cattle of the Romans were almoft 
wholly deftroyed by this difeaie they offered vows to her, 
and fhe removed the b plague. 

Hares Martia was one of the companions of Mars, and 
fergs worfhipped by thofe who obtained an inheritance. 

Staia, or Statua Mater, was worfhipped in the Fo- 
rum, that it fhould not be burnt, or fuffer damage from 
frequent fires, which happened there in the night. 

The Goddefs Laverna was the proteftrefs of thieves, 
who, from her, were named Laverniones : they wor- 
fhipped her, that their defigns and intrigues might be 
fuccefsful : c her image was a head without a body. 

The God Averruncus was thought to d repel and pre- 
sent misfortunes. 

Confus fuggefted good e counfel in the management of 
affairs. 

Cat'ius made men f circumfpecft, acute, and wise. 

Volumnus and Volumna were fo named, becaufe, 
through their means, men s were willing to follow things 
that are good. 

Honorhis, the God from whom they begged honours, 

Alius Locutius was worfhipped on this occafion : h A 
common foldier reported, that in the night he heard a 
voice fay, The Gauls are coming. Nobody minded what 
he faid, becaufe he was a poor fellow. After the Gallic 
war, Camillas advifed the Romans to expiate their offence 
; in neglecting this nocturnal voice, which forewarned them 
of the Gallic war, and the enfuing deftru&ion ; upon which 
a temple was dedicated in Via Nova to Aius Lotutius. 

Among the Ethiopians, or the AJJyrians., and Perfia?is 9 

' Pcena and Benepciian (Punifbment and Favour) were 

reckoned in the number cf the Gods. For the former 

was efteemed the diilributer of evil, the other the dif- 

penfer of good things. 

- 

a Ut arceret art gi nam, b Fed. id. ib. t Scalig. in Feft. 

d Ab averruncando, id eft, avertendo mala. e A cjr.fulendo* 

* Qood'*hoaiines Cantos redderet. g A vclendo, qudd ejus con*, 

filto bona vellent. h Auguii, t t c, ait Val. Max, 



( 262 ) 

CHAPTER IX. 

tTHE GODS ASSIGNED TO THE SEVERAL PARTS OF 
HUMAN BODIES. 

A PARTICULAR God was affigned and afcribed 
to every member of the body of man. 

The head was facred to a Jupiter , the breaft to Nep± 
tune, the waift to Mars, the forehead to Genius, the 
eyebrows to Juno, the eyes to Cupid, the ears to Me- 
morial the right hand to Fides, the back and the hinder 
parts to Pluto, the reins to Venus, the feet to Mercury, 
the knees to Mifericordia, the ancles and foles of the 
feet to Thetis, and the fingers to Minerva, 

The aftrologers aflign the parts of the body to the 
celeftial conftellations, in another manner, thus : b The 
head they affign to Aries, the neck to Taurus, the 
ihoulders to Gemini, the heart to Cancer, the breaft to 
Leo, the belly to Virgo, the reins to Libra, the fecrets 
to Scorpio^ the thighs to* Sagittarius, the knees to Ca- 
pricornus, the legs to Aquarius, and the feet to Pifces* 

CHAPTER X. 

THE FUNERAL DEITIES. 

THE chief of the funeral deities is Libitina, whom 
forne account to be the fame as \ Venus, fince her name 
is derived c from luft or concupifcence; but others 
think that fhe was Proferpine. In her temple all things 
neceffary for funerals were fold or let. Libitina fome- 
times fignifies the grave, and Ltbitinarii thofe men who 
were employed in burying the dead. Porta Libitina, 
at Pome, was that gate through which the dead Bodies 
were carried to be burnt: and Rationes Libitina, in 
Suetonius, fignifies thofe accounts which we call the bills 
of mortality, or the weekly bills. . , 

a Serv. in Geo. b Firmic. et Maftilius apud Lil. Gyr. fynt. i, 
c Ita diSa a libitu vel libidine. 
2 



C 263 ) 



PART VI. 



OF THE 



J)1I INDIGETES AND ADSCRIPTlTIIi 

OK, 

THE SEMI-DEI AND HEROES. 



CHAPTER L 



M. THIS now is the lafl divihon of the Fabulous 
Pantheon, in which you fee exactly defcribed the images 

I of the Indigetes, or Semi-Dei, and the Heroes. I told 
you at firft who the Dii Adfcript it it and the Indigetes 
were, and whence they were fo called. 

P. I remember it perfectly, and will be attentive to 
hear a further account of them. 

■■ M. The Semi-Dei y e H^0so; [Hemitbeoi] or Demi- 
Gods, were thofe who had human bodies, facred minds, 
and celeftial fouls : they were born in this world for the 

'good and fafety of mankind. a Labeo, in St. Augujlin, 

Idiftinguifhes them from the Heroes. He thinks that 
Heros was one of Juno's fons, and that the name Heros 
is derived from c h^ [Hera'] Juno's name in the Greek 
language. b Others think the word comes from %x 
[era] the earth; becaufe mankind owe their original to 
it. c Others again think it comes from tyti$ [eros] love; 

a Lib. 10. c. 21. b Lvterp. Homeri apud Lil. Gyr. fynt. 1, 

* Plat, in Cratylo, 



( 2^4 ) 

lor heroes are the moft illuftrious product of love, and 
are themfelves, as Hierocles obferves, full of love. But 
others think that this name is derived from e^w [ereo] to 
plead, and is given them becaufe heroes are very elegant, 
and moft powerful, and fkilful in rhetoric. Or laftjy, 
it is thought that the word comes from «pgW [arete] vir~ 
tue\ for heroes are endued with many virtues, but let 
'us fpeak particularly concerning fome of thefe heroes^ 
cf whom the moil famous was Hercuks* 



CHAPTER IL 

SE€T. I. HERCULES. HIS BIRTH* 

THERE were many heroes called Hercules, but (as 
* Cicero fays) the famous actions of them all are afcribed 
to him, who was the fon of Jupiter, by Alcmena^ the 
wife of Amphytrio, king of Thebes. 

When Amphytrio was dbkntj b Jupiter put on his 
ihape and drefs, and came to Akmena\ who, thinking 
that her hufband was returned, entertained the deceitful 
God both at table and at bed, and had by him a fon, 
whofe limbs were fo large, his conftitution fo robuft, 
and every part of his body fo full of vigour, that Jupiter 
'was forced to join three nights together, and employ 
them all in producing a fon of fuch marvellous ft^ength. 
Before this adultery, Alcmena had conceived a fon by 
her hufband, This fori and Hercules were twins ; his 
name was Iphiclus\ c he was wonderfully fwift in run* 
ning. 

When Juno had difcovered Jupiter's adultery, file 
began to hate Hercules fo violently, that fhe endeavoured 
with might and main to ruin him. Firft, {he obtained 
an edi£l from Jupiter, which fhe endeavoured to turn 

a De Nat. Deor. 2. ' b Nat. Comes. Lil. Gyr. 
c Nam fuper extremas fegetum currebat ariftas, 
Net 'ficcos firuftus la deb at ponder e plants. Orph. in Hym.n> 
He over (landing corn would run, and ne'er 
In his fwift motion bruife the tender ear* 



&«*> t$ 



fi&e 2.6a- 




( 26 S ) 

to his utter deftruflion ; for the wife of Sthenelus, king 
of Mycena, was big with Eurijlheus at the fame time 
when Alcmena was big with Hercules. Jupiter ordained, 
that whichever of the two children was born firft, he 
fhould be fuperior to the other : Ju.no accelerated Eu- 
riJlbeuC birth, fo that he was born after kv^n months, 
and came into the world before Hercules. Again, fhe 
fent two vipers to deftroy him when he lay crying in the 
cradle: but it was in vain ; for the valiant infant griped 
them in his hands till they perifhed by his grafp, a as 
we are told by Ovid. b At length, by the mediation 
of Pallas, Juno was reconciled to the noble youth, and 
let him fuck her breafts: but he fucked with fueh vio- 
lence that he hurt her breafts; therefore fhe put him a- 
way, and fome of her milk was fpilt ; but it was not 
loft, for it fell upon the fky, and made the Milky-way, 
which is in Greek called [r&Xaf^J Galaxia. Some of it 
pafied through the clouds, and fell on the earth, and 
where it fell lilies fprang up : hence fome call thofe 
flowers c the Rofes of Juno, 

SECT. 2. NAMES OF HERCULES. 

He had two proper names, Hercules and Alcides; but 
his furnames are innumerable. His parents called him 
d Alcides, from his extraordinary ftrength ; becaufe he 
greatly excelled all mankind in ftrengtj}. He was after- 
ward called Hercules, e from the glory which Juno 
caufed him. For her hatred and unkind nefs toward him 
was the great means of the increafe of his glory : for 
when (he expofed him to the greateft dangers, (he made 
his glory and honour moft illuftrious, and by enjoining 
him fo many labours, fhe only exercifed his patience 
and courage. 

a Tene ferunt geminos preffijfe tenaciter angues, 
Cum tetter in cum s jam Jo<ve dignus eras ? EpifL 

You kiird two feipents with your infant-hand, 
Which then deferv'd Jo-ve^s fceptre to command ? 
b Eumolph. i. de My ft. * R fae Junoniae. Lil. Gyr. d Ah a\m 
robur, c J uno Greece dicitur ^ %f et x*go§ gloria, unds nomenHercutes* 

N 



( 266 ) 

The furnames I choofr rather to omit, becaufe it is 
plain, that he derived them either from the places where 
his mighty feats were done, or from the actions that 
he performed with applau-fe and honour; which 1 will 
carefully and diflmdily recount: they are called Hercu- 
les' Labours - y fo great was the pai-ns^ and to infinite the 
toil of them. 

SECT. 3. THE XABOURS OF HERCULES. 

Hercules was fubje&ed to Ewifibeus, not only by 
the edict of Jupiter and. utk^ndnefs ai Juno, but alfo 
becaufe the oracle of Ytpollo at Del t hi adi ifed and per- 
suaded him to fubmit himfeif, and obey Eurjftheus* com- 
mands ; and efpeciailv to undergo willingly the twe.ve 
labours which his malter fliould hy upon hrn. Her- 
cules obeyed the Fates^ and ferved Eurijibtus twelve 
years; and performed the n. oft dangerous and difficult 
commands wnh a fuitable courage ami fuccefs. Some 
fey, thar Hercules ferved him \oluntarily, and performed 
thefe difficult talks, to fhow how great love he bore 
Fu r iflbeus. 

Though- Hercules performed an infinite number of 
great and men or; ble a£tions, twt-lve are t Specially cele- 
brated : and thofe twelve are compriftd in as many 
% Latin verfes, tranfl.ted out of the Greet. The parti- 
cular account of thefe twelve is this, 

B P ima Cl< on i toleraia arnmna horns * 

V--CX ma Lev*. seam jerro et face contudit bydram* 

Mox Erymanthtum <vis tenia ptrcvlit aprum* 

JEr p>rfis quarto fulit awra cornua cer<vi, 

Siymj halidas pe[u(i' iclucres difcrimine qu'nto. 

tfkre'iaam J* x o J]o iavit ma%<na batbeo, 

Sepiima in A- ge a ft abuts impenfa labor is* 

Oclaua expufo nume amr ado* ta tauro. 

In Diomedis -ziclor am nana quadrigis. 

Geryon- tx.fn : -o drcimam dat iberia pafmam, 

Utdec mum mala Htfftridum diftrafla triumphum* 

C fi rberi<s extremi fuprema ffi me 1 a labor is. 

•— « — — The Chonian lion fill he kills 5 

With fire and fwerd theii Lernas pvft he quells s 



( 267 ) 

I. He tore in pieces, with his nails, a (he lion in the 
wood of Nemcza, which feme fey fell from the orh oi 
the moon, and was invulnerable by any weapon. This 
place was alfo named Cleone, from which the lion was 
alfo called Cleoneus* This wis the firit labour of Her- 
cules. He fkinncd the lion, and with the (kin he made 
him a (hield and breaftplate. 

1. There was a hydra, a ferpent, in the lake Lerna+ 
in the field of Argos^ that had feven heads ; fome fay 
nine, others fifty. When any of thefe heads were cut 
ofT, another prefently fprang up in the place of it; un- 
less the blood which ifiiied from the wound was flopped 
by fire, lolaus, the fon of Iphiclus, procured for him 
lighted brands from the neighbouring wood, and vvrdi 
them Hercules ftanched the blood iffuirig from the wounds 
he made. This feafonable affiftance was not forgotten; 
for when lolaus was grown to decrepid age, Hercules^ 
b by his prayers, ^eiiored to him his youth again. 

3. He bound the wild boar, whofe fierce nefs and 
bignefs were equally admirable, in the mountain Ery- 
manihus of Arcadia \ and' afterward brought it to Eu- 
rijibms. 

4. He was ordered to bring to Mycena a hind, whofe 
feet were brafs, and horns gold. Nobody dared to 
wound her, becaufe fhe was confecrated to Diana ; 
nor could any body outrun her: yet. Hercules, hunted 
her a year on foot, caught her, and brought her away 
on his fhoulders. 

5. He partly killed, and partly drove away the birds 






Of the wild boar he clears uY Er'ntanthean fieldsj 
The brafs-foot ftag with golden antlers yields : 
He S/ympha clears of man- devouring birds j 
And next the bouncing Amazon ungirds : 
The (tables of king Augeas he cleans ; 
The Cretan bull he vanquishes and chains ; 
Viomedes 1 horfes him their conqif ror own \ 
Then he brings low three-headed Geryom 
Hefperian apples next his name Curtains j 
And his laft labour Cerberus enchains. 
• Eurip. in Herculo Man. b Ovid. Met. $« 

N 2 



C 263 ) 

called Stympba/ides, from the lake Stymphalus, which 
tifed to feed upon man's flefli. 

6. He defeated the army of the Amazons, and took 
from Hippolyte, their queen, the fineft belt in the world. 

7. He in one day cleanfed the ftabJe of Augeas, by 
turning the courfe of a river into it. This (table had 
never been cleanfed, although three thoufand oxen (ta- 
bled in it thirty years. Whence, when we would ex- 
prefs a work of immenfe labour and toil, in proverbial 
Speech, we call it clean ftng the Jt x able vf Augeas. 

8. He tamed a great bull, that did innumerable mif- 
chiefs in the ifland Crete, and brought him bound to 
Eurijlheus. 

9. He overcame Diomedes, the moft cruel tyrant of 
^Thrace, who fed his horfes with the flefli of his guefts. 
Hercules bound him, and threw him to be eaten by thofe 
horfes, to which the tyrant had expofed others. 

10. He overcame in war Geryon, king of Spain, who 
had three bodies : we faw him before in hell. He took 
likewife hi* bay oxen, that ate man's flefh, and brought 
them into Italy, wh.n he had killed the dragon with 
feven heads, and the two-headed dog, which guarded 
him. 

11. He killed the dragon that watched, and then 
carried away the golden apples in the gardens of the 
Hefperides ; whence perhaps he is called a Melius, and 
apples were offered up in his facrifices. In , Bteotia, 
when no bull (or fheep) could be procured at the time 
of facrifice, they took an apple, and ftuck into it four 
ftraws, which reprefented four legs, and two more for 
horns, with another for a tail, and offered Hercules this 
apple inftead of a victim. 

12. Laftly, he was commanded by Enriftheus to go 
down into hell, and bring away thence the dog Cerbe- 
rus. This he performed without delay; he bound the 
three-headed monfter in a triple chain; and by force 
brought with him up to the earth the dog, which ftrove 

f M^Km Gnece figniHcat malum Yel pomurai* 



( 26 9 ) 

and refifted in vain. When Cerberus Saw the light, he 
vomited, and thence the poifonous herb a wolfsbane 
Sprang. Thefe are the twelve labours of Hercules. 

P. Pray, fir, let me a little interrupt you now, as 
I want you to fatisfy thefe two fcruples. Why could 
not Juno, his enemy, hinder his birth ? Secondly, I 
know that many mention more than twelve labours of 
Hercules. 

M. What you call an interruption, Palacphilus, is 
both feafonable and acceptable to me; becaufe it recalls 
a thing to my memory that I had forgot, and gives me 
an occaiion of mentioning fomething which ought not 
to be omitted. Know, therefore, that Juno defigr.ed 
to kiJl him in his mother's womb, or elfe deStroy him 
immediately after his birth ; and to perform ir, contrived 
a plot : but Alcmends fervant, Galantbis, prevented it; 
for She cheated Juno, and told her, that Alcmena had 
brought forth a (on. Juno believed her,- and thinking 
that her contrivances were ineffectual, (he defifted ; 
and then Alcmena brought forth Hercules, without trou- 
ble. But the deceit of Galantbis was punifhed ; for fhe 
was turned into a b weafel ; and, becaufe Galantbis of- 
fended by her mouth, therefore the weafel brings forth 
her young at her mouth, with 'great pain and anguifli. 

As for the labours of Hercules, I confefs that they were 
more than twelve, though thefe principally were called 
Hercules' Labours. If you pleaie, we will continue our 
account of him thus. 

13. He vanquished the enormous giant Antaeus, the 
fon of the earth, who was above fixty-four cubits high. 
He was barbarous to all Strangers, for he forced them 
to wreftle with him, and then choaked them. Hercules 
threw this giant down thrice, and perceived that he re- 
covered new Strength as oft as he touched the earth ^ 
therefore he lifted him in his arms from the ground, and 

. pinched and fqueezed him till he burft and died. 

14. Bufiris the tyrant ufed to facrifice all the Strangers 

• Aconitum, * Muftela, Grsece y«U n dicitur. 



C 270 } 

that he caught, to his father Neptune, till Hercules fa+ 
crlficed both him and his fon upon the fame altar. 

15. He killed the giants Albion and Bergeon, who 
intended to flop his journey: and when, in the fight, 
his arrows were confumed, fo that he wanted arms, 
a he prayed to Jupiter, and obtained from him a ftiower 
of Hones, with which he defeated and put to flight his 
adverfaries. This, they fay, happened in that part of 
France, b anciently called Gallia Narbonerifis \ which 
place is cajled the c ' Stony Plain. 

16. When Atlas was weary of his burden, Hercukt 
took the heavens upon his fhoulders. 

17. He overcame the robber Cacus> who fpit fire, 
and ftrangled him, 

18. He fhot the eagle that devoured the liver of Pro- 
metheus, as he lay chained to the rock. 

19. He flew Theodamus, the father of Hylas, becaufe 
he denied to give him victuals. But he took Hylas 
with him, and was very kind to him. 

20. He delivered d Hefione, daughter of Laomedon^ 
king of Troy, from the whale (to which feamonfter fhe 
was expofed) in this manner: He raifed, on a fudden, 
a bank in the place where Hefione was to be devoured, 
arid. e flood armed before it; and when the whale came 
feeking his prey, Hercules leaped into his mouth, Aided 
down into his belly, and fpent three days in tearing the 
monfter's belly; but at length he burit through fafe, 
and loft his hair. Laomedon, after this, brake his word, 
and refufed to give Hercules the reward he promifed ; 
therefore he took by force, and pillaged the city of Troy ; 
giving to Telarnon, who.fi'rft mounted the wall, the lady 
He/lone^ as a part of the booty. 

21. He overcame Achehus, the fori of Oceanus and 
Terra (they fought for Deianira, who was betrothed 
to them both) though Achelous firft turned himfelf into 
a fzrpcni, then into a- bull. By plucking one of his 

a Cato in Orig. b Mela. 1. 26. Geog. c Campus Lapideus* 
« Ovid. Met, 11, e Andtsetus Tcnedi in Navig. Prop, 



( 2 7 I ) 

horns off, he obliged him to yield : but Achehus pur- 
chafed his horn again ; giving Amalthcea% horn in its 
Read. The meaning of which is this : 4cbdlous is a 
river of Greece, whole courfe winds like a ferpent ; its 
ftream is fo rapid, that it makes furrows where it flows, 
and a nolle like the roaring of a bull; and indeed it is 
common among the poets, to compare a river to a bull. 
This river divided itfelf into two ftreams, but Hsrcules 
with banks forced it into one channel ; that is, he broke 
off one of the horns or ftreams. The lands thus drained 
became fertile ; (o that Hercules is faid to have received 
the horn of plenry. 

22. Detanira was daughter of Oeneus, kingof Mtolia. 
Hercules carried her to be married, and in their way they 
■were flopped by a river : but the centaur Nefjus pro£- 
fered to carry Daanira over upon his back. Nqjus^ 
when (he was over, endeavoured to ravifti her ; which 
Hercules obferving, while he fwam, fhot him with an 
arrow. When NeJJus was dying, he gave Deianira his 
bloody coat, and told her, if a huiband wore that coat, 
he would never follow unlawful amours. The credu- 
lous lady long after experienced the virtue of it, far 
otherwife than fhe expected. For Hercules, who had 
furmounted fo many and fo great labours, was at length 
overcome by the charms of Omphale queen of Lydia ; 
he ferved her, and changed his club into a 'diftaff, and 
his arrows into a fptndle. His love alio to hie, daugh- 
ter of Eurytus, king of.Oechalia, brought on him deilruc- 
tion. For his wife Deianira, being defirous of turning 
him from unlawful amours, fent him Nffus' ccat Do put 
on when he went to facrifice ; which drove him into 
fuch diftra£ti6n, that he burned himfelf on the pile he 
had railed, and was accounted among the number of 
the Gods* 



( * 7 2 ) 

CHAPTER III. 

JASON. 

JASON, fon of Mfon king of Theffhlia, by Alcimede* 
was an infant when his father died, fo that his uncle 
Pelius adminiftered the government. When he came 
of age, -he demanded poffeffion of the crown ;' but Pe- 
lius advifed him to go to Colchis, under pretence of 
gaining the Golden Fleece thence, though his intention was 
to kill him with the labour and danger of the journey. 

P. What Golden Fleece was that ? 

M> it was the hide of a ram, of a white or a purple 
colour, which was given to Phryxus, fon of Athamus 
and Nephele, by his mother. Phryxus and his filter 
Melle, fearing the defigns of their ftep-mother Ino, got 
on a ram to fave themfelves by flight. But while they 
fwam over the narrower! part of Pontus, Helle, affright- 
ed at the toiling of the waves, fell down ; whence the 
fea was named the Hellefponi, Pkryxhs was carried 
over fafe, and went to Mta, king of Colchis, a country 
of AJia, near the Pontus \ where he was kindly received, 
and facrificed the ram to Jupiter*, or Mars, who after- 
ward placed it among the conciliations. Oniy his 
hide, or fleece, was hung up in a grove facted to Mars. 
It was called the Golden Fleece, becaufe it was of a 
golden colour ; and it was guarded by bulls that 
breathed fire from their noflrils, and by a vaft and 
watchful dragon, as a facred and divine pledge, and as 
a thing of the greateit importance. 

P. Did J of on carry away that fleece ? 

M. Yes. He. went on board a fhip called Argo,' 
from the builder of that name - y and chofe forty-nine 
noble companions, who, from the fhip, were called 
Argonauts, among whom were Hercules, Orpheus, Caf~ 
tor, and Pollux. In his voyage he yifited Hipfyphile, 
queen of LenmoSj who had twins by him. Then, after 
a long voyage, and many dangers, he arrived at Colchis, 
and demanded the Golden Fleece of king Mta, who grant- 



( m ) 

ed his requeft, on condition that he tamed the bulls 
which guarded it, -whofe feet were of brafs, and which 
breathed fire ; and killed the dragon, and fov/ed his teeth 
in the ground; and, laftly, destroyed the fold iers who- 
fprang from the ground where thefe teeth were fown. 
Jafon undertook the thing on thefe conditions, and was* 
delivered from manifeft deftrudlion, by the affiftance of 
Medea, the king's daughter, w r ho was in-lbve with him. 
For, obferving her directions, he overcame the bulls,, 
laid the dragon afleep, carried away the fleece, and fUd 
by night, carrying Medea with him, whom he afterward 
married. 

P. What did king JEta do then ? : 

M. He purfued them : but Medea, to (Top his pur- 
■ foit, tore her brother Abjyrtus (who went with her) im 
pieces, and fcattered the limbs on the road ; that whenu 
her. father faw the torn members of his fon, he flopped: 
to gather them up. So Jafon and the Argonaut a. return- 
ed to their own country, where Medea by her charms 
reflored Jafon's father, the old decrepid Mfon,. to youth* 
again; though forne fay that Mfon died before their 
return. The daughters of Pelias were affected fo by 
this miraculous cure, that (defiring that their father 
might receive the like benefit) they were eafily induced,, 
through rniflaken duty and unfkiiful kindneis, to tear 
their father in pieces; foolifhly and ridiculoufly hoping 
that he, like Mfon, would become young again.. Aftec 
this ^W/0/2. hated Medea, and divorcing himfelf from her, 
he married Creufa, the daughter of Creon y king of Co~ 
r.intb : and Medea,, to revenge his perfidioufnc :fs,< not 
only murdered the two children that file had by him,, 
in his own fight, but, in the next place, inclofcd firc*.- 
in a little box, and fent it to. Creufa, who opened the- 
box,- *nd by the fire which burft out of it was burnt 
together with the. whole court. When fhe had done; 
this, the admirable (orcerefs flew by magic art to Athens.. 
Some write, that fhe was reconciled afterward to fafon.. 
But what has been faid is enough for this Inro.-flzL uss 
proceed to Tbefeus., 

N 5: 



** 



( 274 } 
CHAPTER IV. 

THESEUS, 

P. WHO were the parents of Thefeus? 

M. Mthra was his mother, and JEgeus king of Athens 
his father. Minos king of Crete made war againft Mgeus, 
becaufe the Athenians had difhonorably and barbaroufly 
killed his fon, who carried the prize in the games from 
them all. When he had banifhed the Athenians , he im- 
pofed this fevere condition upon them, that they (hould 
lend feven of the moft noble youths of their country into 
Crete by lot every year. In the fourth year the lot fell 
upon Thefeus, which mightily grieved and troubled his 
father JEgeus. "Thefeus went on board a fhip, whofe fails 
and tackle were black, and received this command from 
his father: If by the propitious providence of Heaven 
he efcaped the dangers, arid did return fafe unto his own 
country again, that then he fhould change his black fails 
into white ones, that his father being affured of his fafe- 
ty by that fignal, might be fenfible of his happinefs as 
ibon as might be. 

P. And what was the event of that voyage ? 

M. The event was fortunate to Thefeus \ but very 
unfortunate to his father /Egeus : for, when Thefeus came 
to Crete, he was (hut up in the Labyrinth; but he flew 
the Minotaur, and efcaped out of that inextricable prifon 
by the help of : Ariadne. After this he fet fail for Athens 
in the fame, mournful (hip in which he came to Crete, 
but forgot to change his fails, according to the inftruc- 
tions which his father had given him ; fo that, when 
his father beheld from a watchtower the fhip returning 
•with black fails, he imagined that his fon was dead, and' 
C2ft himfelf headlong into the fea, which was afterward 
called a the Mgcan Sea, from his name and deftiny. 

i\ Who was that Ariadne? 

a iEgeum mare. 



( *7$ > 

M. She was the daughter of -Minos, king of Crete. 
She was violently in love with Thefeus, and delivered 
him a out of" the Labyrinth by the means of a thread. 
She followed him in his return to tht£ ifland of Naxusy 
and there Thefei/s perfidioufly and ungratefully left her. 
But Bacchus pitied her miferable condition, and married 
her ; and gave her a crown that was illuminated with 
feven ftars, which he had before received from Venus. 
This crown was called Gnoffia Corona, and Ariadne herfelf 
was fur named Gnofjis, from the city of that name in 
Crete. After the death of Ariadne, the fame was carried 
among the ftars, and made a conftellation in the hea- 
vens. It was thought that Diana caufed the death of 
Ariadne, brcaufe {he preferved not her virginity. 

P. What great actions did Thefeus perform ? 

,M. His actions were fo famous, that they accounted 
him a Hercules, For, I. He killed the Minotaur. 2. He 
overcame the Centaurs 3, He vanquifhed the Thebans. 
4. He defeated the Amazons. 5. He went down inta 
hell ; and returned back into the world again. 

P. Why did he go down into hell ? 

M. He and P without, his moft intimate friend, the 
lawful fon of lxion, agreed never to marry any women 
except Jupiter's, daughters. Thefeus married Helena? 
the daughter of Jupiter and Leda, and none of Jupiter s 
daughters remained on earth for Pirithous ; therefore 
they both went down into hell to fteal Proferpine away 
from her hufband Pluto, As foon as they entered hell* 
Pirithous was unfortunately torn in pieces by the dog 
Cerberus ; but Thefeus came alive into the palace of Pluio r 
who fettered him, and kept him till Hercules was fent 
into hell by EurijVoeus to refcue him. 

P. And who were thofe Amazons that you mentioned 
3 uft now ? » 

M. They were women animated with the fouls and 
bravery of men ; a military race, inhabiting that part 
of Scythia which is wafned by the river Tanais. They 

» Pxopert. 1. 3, el, if. 



( 2 7 6 ) 

were called Amazons, a either becaufe they cut off one 
of their breafts, or b . becaufe they lived together with- 
out the fociety of men. They were a nation of women, 
who, that the country might have inhabitants and not 
be depopulated when the prefent race of women died, 
admitted the embraces of the neighbouring men, and 
had children by them. They killed the boys at their 
birth, but brought up the girls. They cut off their 
right breaft, that they might more conveniently ufe their 
hands in fhooting their arrows, and brandifhing their 
weapons againft their enemy. Thefe female warriors, 
ty their frequent excurfions, became poflefforsofa great 
part of Afia, when Hercules, accompanied with Thefeus^ 
made war upon them, and defeated them; and taking 
Hippolyte their queen prifoner, he gave her in marriage 
to Theft 'us. 

The feus had by Hyppolyte his fon Hyppalytus, who was 
very beautiful, and mightily addicted to hunting, and 
a remarkable lover of chaftity : for when c Phadra^ 
his ftep-mother (the daughter of king Minos, whom 
Tbejeus had preferred to her fifter Ariadne) folicited him 
to commit wickednefs when he was grown a man, he 
refufed to coinplv. This repulfe provoked her fo much, 
that when her hufband returned, fhe accufed him wrong- 
fully, as if he had offered to raviih her. Thefeus gave 
ear to the wicked woman, and believed her untruth, 
againft his fon Hyppolytus, who perceiving it, fled away- 
in his chariot.. In his flight he met feveral monftrous 
feacalves, which frighted his horfes, fo that they threw- 
him out of his feat, h s feet were entangled in the har- 
uefs, and he was dragged through the thickets of a wood,, 
and torn to pieces miferably. Mfculapim afterward, at 
the requeft of Diana, reftored him to life again. But 
he however left Greece, and came into Italy, where he 
changed his name to Virhtus, d becaufe he had been a man: 
twice, Pbadra was gnawn with the flings of her own 

a Ab a privativo et pk&lps mnmma. b Ab ^a fim'ul et ££j» 

fbete* c Oyid, in Ep. Phsediv d Q^od vir bis efTet* 



IVafr 24 



Tap, Zjy 




( 277 ) 

confcience, and hanged herfelf. And, not long after* 
Thefeus, being baniihed from his country, ended an . ilv 
luftrious life with an obfcure death, 

CHAPTER V. 

CASTOR AND POLLUX. 

P. WHO are thofe two handfome, beautiful young 
men, that/ide upon white horfes ? 

M. They are twin brothers,. a the fons of Jupiter 
and Leda ; their names are Cajlor and Pollux.. 

P. What Leda was that? 

M. The wife of Tyndarus, king of La 'com \a ', whom 
Jupiter loved, but could not fucceed in his <irnour till 
he changed himfelf into afwan - y b which fwan was af- 
terward made a coniielSation. In this form he gained 
the mutual love of Leda, by the fweetnefs of his Ting- 
ing ; and flying into her bofom, as it were, that he 
might fecure himfelf from the violence of an eagle which 
purfued him, he enjoyed her, though fhe was then biar 
with child by her hufband. Leda brought forth two 
eggs which were hatched, and produced the twin- bro- 
thers that you fee. 

P. You mean, that one came out of one ego-, and 
the other out of the other egg ? 

M. No, . Out of the egg which Leda had conceived 
by Jupiter i came Pollux and Helena^ who fprang from 
divine feed, and were therefore imjmortal. But out of 
the other, which fhe conceived by Tyndarus her huf- 
band, c came Cajlor and Clytemnejlra, who were mor- 
tal, becaufe they were begotten by a mortal father. 
Yet both Cajlor and Pollux are frequently called Tynda- 
rides by the poets, as Helena is alfo called Tyndaris, from 
the fame king Tyndarus. 

P. What memorable actions did Cajlor and Pollux 
perform ? 

» Fiad« in Pythag, * Manil. x. Aftroiw c Hor, Sat. i. 



( W ) 

M They both accompanied Jajon, when he failed 
to Colchis-, and, when he returned thence, they reco- 
vered their fifter Helena from The/ens (who had ftolea 
her) by overcoming the Athenians that fought for him • 
to whom their clemency and humanity was fo great, 
after the defeat, that the Athenians called them a the ions 
or Jupiter ; and hence white lambs were offered upon 
their altars, r 

b But although they were both born at the fame birth, 
and, as fome think, out of the fame egg, yet their tern- 
pers wene different, 

P. What end had they ? 

M \ Cpft'** bein S ( as fome fay) a mortal perfon, 
was killed by Lynceus : upon which Pollux prayed to 
Jupiter to reftore him to life again, and confer an im- 
mortality upon him. But this could not be granted. 
However, he obtained leave to divide his immortality 
between himfelfand his brother Cajhr : and thence it 
came to pafs, c that they lived afterward by turns every 
other day, or, as fome fay, every other fortnight. Af- 
ter the death of Cq/lor, a kind of pyrrhick, ox dance in 
armour, was inftituted to his honour ; which was per- 
formed by young men armed, and called d Cqftor 9 * 
dance* 

At length they both were translated into heaven, and 
made a conftellation, which is ft ill called Gemini. Sai~ 
lors efteem thefe ftars lucky and profperous to them, 
e becaufe when the Argonauts' were driven by a violent 
tempeft, two lambent flames fettled upon the heads of 

*; Aiocrxxgoi, id eft, Jovis fllii. Horn, 'in Hymn, 

b Cafior gaudet equis : Oqjo prognatus eodem, . 

Pugnis : quot captiurn <vi<vunt> tot idem in fiudiorum 

Millia. ' Horar. Serm. 2. ii 

As many men, fo many their delights* 

c Sicjratrem Pol lux alter na morte redemit, 

hque reditque <viam< Virg. 2En 9 . (4 

1 hus Pol/ux, offcrmg his alternate U r e, 

Cculd free h ; s brother. They did d ily go 

By turns aloft, by turns defc ni bcicw. 
< Piin. 1, 7, c. 5, 7. ap. Nat, Con, * Hor, Caim. 3* 



( *79 ) 

Cajlor and Pollux^ and a calm immediately enfued ; from 
which a virtue more than human was thought to be 
lodged in thefe youths. If only one flame appeared, 
they called it Helena, and it was efteemed fatal and 
<leftrucl:ive to mariners. 

There was a famous temple dedicated to Ca/lor and 
Pollux in the Forum at Rome ; for it was believed, that, 
in the dangerous battle of the Romans with the Latins^ 
they aflifted the Romans, riding upon white horfes. 
And hence came that form of fwearing by the temple of 
Cajlor, which women only ufed, faying, a Mcajlor; 
whereas when men (wore, they ufually fwore by Her* 
cules, ufing the words, b Hercule, Hercle, Hercules^ 
Mebercules, Mehercule. But both men and women fwore 
by the temple of Pollux, ufing the word Mdepol, an 
oath common to them both. 

P. But what became of Clytemnejlra ? 

M. Clytemnejlra -was married to Jgamemnon, whom, 
after his return from the liege of Troy, fhe killed, by the 
help of Mglfthu s ; with whom, in the mean time, (he 
lived in adultery. She attempted alfo to kill his fon 
Orejles, and would have done, c if his filler Elecira had 
not delivered him at the very point of dell ruction, fend- 
ing him privately to Strophius, king of Phocu. After 
Orejles had lived there twelve years, he returned into 
his own country, and flew both Clytemnejlra and Mgif- 
thus. He killed alfo Pyrrhus, in the temple of Apallo *, 
becaufe he had carried away Hermione, the daughter of 
Menelaus, who was firft betrothed to Orejles/ There- 
fore the Furies tormented him, neither could he obtain 
deliverance from them, till he had expiated his wicked- 
nefs at the altar of Diana Taurka, whither he was con- 
dueled by his friend Pylades, his perpetual companion 
and partner in all his dangers : d their friendfhip was fo 
clofe and facred, that either of them would die for the 
other, 

a -^Ecaftor, et iEdepol, id eft, p^r aedem Caftoris et Pollucis, 
k Paflim apud Terent. Plaut. Cicer. &c, t Soph, in .Ele&r, 

Eurip. in Oreft, d Cic, de Amicit. 



C a8© J 

P. Who was that Diana Taurica? 

M* The Goddefs D ana? who was worfhipped in 
Taurica Cherfonefus r ox Cherronejus^ a peninfula fo called 
from the Tauri, an ancient people of Scythia Europaa* 
a She was worfhipped with human victims ; the lives 
and the blood of men being facrifked to her. When; 
GreJIes went thither, his filler Iphigenia, the daughter 
of Agamemnon,- was prieftefs to Diana Taurica : ihe was> 
made prieftefs on the following occafion,. 

Agamemnon, king of the Argivi, was, by the common 
confent of the Grecians, appointed general in their ex*- 
pedicion againft Troy; and,- as X faid before, after his 
return home, was killed by his own wife Clytemnejlra*. 
This Agamemnon killed a deer by chance, in the country 
©f Aulisy which belonged to Diana \ the Goddefs was 
angry ^ and caufed fuch a calm, that for wanf of wind 
the Grecian Slips bound for Troy were fixed and im- 
moveable : upon this they confulted the foothfayers, who 
anfwered, b That they muft fatisfy the winds, and /)/- 
ana, with fome of the blood of Agamemnon. Therefore 
Ulyjfts was forthwith fent to bring away Iphigenia, the 
daughter of Agamemnon, from her mother, by a trick, 
under the pretence of marrying her to Achilles. While 
the young lwdy flood at the altar to be facrificed 5 the 
Goddefs pitied her, and fuhftituted a hind in her ftcad, 
and fent her into Taurica Cherfcnefus y where, by the . 
order of king Thcas, (he prefided over thofe facrifices of 
the Goddefs, which were folemnized with human blood; 
When Orejies was brought thither by the inhabitants to* 
be facrificed, he was known and preferred by his fifter; 
After which Thoas was killed, and the image of Diana j 
which, lay hid among a bundle of flicks, was carried; 
away ; and hence Diana was called Fafcelisyixoxnfafcisy 
a bundle* * 

a. Eurip, in Iphig. in Taur», ? Idem ih» 



( a8x ) : 

CHAPTER VI. 

PERSEUS. 

PERSEUS was the fon of Jupiter, by Danae, the 

daughter of Acriftus^ a who was fhut up by her father 
in a very ftrong toWerj where no man could come to 
her; becaufe her father had been told by an oracle, that 
he fhould be killed by his own grandchild. But nothing 
i> Impregnable co love: for Jupiter ', by changing him- 
felf into a fliower of gold, defcended through the tiles 
into the lady's bofom ; and when he had enjoyed her, 
he left her with a full purfe and a big belly. b Horace 
telis the ffory very ingenioufly. 

As foon as Acrtjins had heard that his daughter had 
brought forth a fon, he ordered that fhe and the infant 
'fhould be fhut up in a chert, and thrown into the fea : 
'the cheft was driven to the ifiand Senphus^ where ■ a 
fiflherman found ir, and took them out, and prefented 
them to king Pclydsfies; who became enamoured of 
Danae, and brought up her fon, whom he called Per* 
feus. 

Perfeus, when he was a grown man, received from 

* Pan fan. in Corinth. 

Aufam Danaen turrls abenea 
Robvftaguz fores , et nj'igilum canum 
Trifles txcubiae munierant j'atis 

No5fu y ms ab adulter is : 
Si ncn acri/iutn, virginis ahdita 
Cufodtm pallidum, Jupiter et Venus 
Rijijfent : fore enim turum iter et patens 9 

Corrufrjb in pre (turn Dec, Carm, 1. 3. 3 5* 

Within a brazen to-*-er immurM, 

By dogs and centinels fecuffd, 
From midnight revels and intrigues of love, 

Fair Danae was kept within ber guardian's pow'r s 
But gentle Venus fmiPd, and amorous Jove 

Knew he could foon unlock the door, 
And by his art fuccefsful prove, 

Chang'd to a golden fliowV. 



i 282 } 

Mercury a fithe of adamant, and wings, which he fixed 
to his feet: Pluto gave him a helmet,, and Minerva a 
Ihield of brafs, fo bright, that it reflected the images of 
things, like a looking-glafs. His fir ft exploit was the 
deliverance of Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus king* 
of Ethiopia, w.ho was bound by the nymphs to a rock 
to be devoured by a fearnonfter, becaufe her mother 
Caff ope, or Caffiopeia, had proudly preferred her daugh- 
ter's beauty to theirs; and when he had delivered her y 
he took her to wife. After which both the mother and 
the daughter, and the fon-inJaw, were placed among 
the a celeftial conftellatiorrs. His next expedition was 
SgainiL the Gorgons, of whom we have fpoken before 1 
he encountered with Medufa, their princefs, whofe head 
was fupplied with fnakes in the place of hair -> he favir 
the image of her head by the brightnefs of his fhield^ 
and by the favorable ailiftance of Minerva ilruck it off; 
he then fixed it upon a (hield, and by fhowing it, he 
afterward turned many perfons into ftone. Atlas was 
turned by the fight of it, into the mountain in Mauri- 
tania of that name ; becaufe he rudely refufed to enter- 
tain Perfeus. When Medufa's head was cut of?, the 
horfe Pegafus fprang from the blood which fell on the 
ground : he was fo called from ^-ny\ [pege] a fountain^ 
h becaufe he was produced near the fountains of the fea. 
This horfe had wings; and flying over the mountain 
Helicon, he ftruck it with his hoof, and opened a foun- 
tain, which they called in Greek, Hippocrene ; and in 
Latin, Pons Caballinus*; that is, the horfe- fountain. But 
afterward, while he drank at the fountain Pyrene in Co- 
rinth, where Seller ophon prepared hirnfelf for his expedi- 
tion againft the Chimera, he was by him taken and 
kept, 

Bellerophon' $ firft name was Hipponus ; c becaufe he 
firft taught the art of governing horfes with a bridle : 
but when he had killed Seller us, a king of Corinth, he 
was afterward called Bellerophontes. This Bellerophon y 

a Proper* « I, 2. Hyghi. de fignis Codefttbus L *. - b Strabo 1. S, 
c Ita di&us ab equis fraeno regendis. 



( 283 ) 

the fon of Glaucm king of Ephyra, was equally beautr- 
ful and virtuous : he refitted all the temptations by which 
Sthenobaa^ the wife of Prcztus^ enticed him to commit 
adultery; and his denial provoked her fo, that in revenge 
fhe accufed the innocent ftranger to her hufband. Prce- 
tuS) however, would not violate the laws of hofpitaliry 
with the blood of Bellerophon ; but fent him into Lycia 9 . 
to his father-in-law JohUs, with letters, which dejired 
him to punilh Belletophon as his crime deferved. J cha- 
fes read the letters, and fent him to fight againit ths 
Solymi) that he might be killed in the battle: but he ea- 
fily vanquifhed them, and in many other dangers to 
which he was expofed, he always came off conqueror. 
At latt he was tent to kill the Chimara \ which he un- 
dertook, and performed, wh?n he had procured the horfe 
Pegafus, by the help of Ntptune. a Therefore Job-iies 
admired the bravery of the youth, and gave him one of 
his daughters to wife, allotting him alfo a part of his 
kingdom. Sther,oba:a killed herfelf, When fhe heard this. 
This happy fuccefs fo tranfponed Belleropbon y that he 
endeavoured to fly upon Pegajus to heaven ; for which 
^Jupiter ftruck him with madnefs, and he fell from his 
hone into a field, called Alelus Campm, b bec^ufe in 
that place Bellerophcn wandered up and down blind, to 
the end of his life : but Pegajus was placed among the 
ftafs. Some fay that this was the occafion of the fable 
of the Chimera. There was a famous pirate, who ufed 
to fail in a ftiip in whofe prow was painted a lion, in 
the ftern a dragon, and in the body of the (hip a goat 
defcribed; and this pirate was killed by BelUrcph:n, in 
a long-boat that was called Pe^afus. From the letters 
which Bellerophon carried to jobates, c comes the pro- 
verb BiUeropbons letters ; when any one carries letter?, 
which he imagines are wrote in his favour, but are fent 
to procure his ruin : and fuch letters are frequently 
called Letters of Uriahs for the (lime reafon. 

a Horn. Iliad. ' t> Ab ocXevu erro. c Bs>.?.f;GS^1o$ ^^ptok* 
Bellerophoniis liters, ufitatius di&ae, Lit era Uria. 



( *H ) ! 

CHAPTER VII. 

JESCULAPIUS. 

WHY are you fo tilent, Palaophllus ? What employ* 
your thoughts fo long ? 

P. I was cbferving that a bearded old man who leans 
Upon his jointed cane, and is adorned with a crown of 
laurel, and encompaffed about with dogs. Pray, fir, 
tell me who 'he is, and what are his excellencies ? 

' M. it is ALfcuhpius^ b the God of the phyficians and 
phyiic, and the fon of Apollo by the nymph Geronis. 
He improved the art of phyiic, which was before little 
underfiood ; and for that reafon they accounted him a 
God. c Apollo fhot the nymph his mother, when fhe 
was with child of him ; becaufe ftie admitted the em- 
braces of another young man after he had enjoyed her* 
But he repented after he had killed her, and opening her 
body, took out the child alive, and delivered him to be 
educated by the phyfician Chiron^ d who taught him 
his own art: the youth made fo great a progrefs in it, 
that, becaufe he reftored health to the fick, and fafetjf 
to thofe whofe condition was defperafe, he was thought 
to have a power of recalling the dead to life again* 
Upon this PLiiOj the king of he'll, e complained to Ju- 
piter that his revenue was very much diminifhed, and 
his fubjedts taken from him by means of Mfculapius * t 
and at length by his perfusion Jupiter killed him with 
a ftroke of thunder. 

He wears a crown of laurel, f becaufe that tree is 
powerful in curing manv difeafes. By the knots in his 
ftaffc, is Tignified the difficulty of the ftudy of phyfic. 
He has dogs painted about him, and dogs iri his temple ; 
becaufe many Believe that he was born of uncertain pa- 
rents, and expofed, and afterward nouriihed by a bitch* 

a Lncim. in Jove Trag* b Cic. cle Leg. 2/ Corn. Celfus* 

* Horn. in"Hymn. d Ovid, Met.. 1. e Yirg. ./En. 7.. f Vide 
Feftunu 



TAttr 2S 



Pcfy 2Q4 




( 285 ) 

a Others fay, that a goat, which was purfued by a dog, 
gave fuck to the forfaken infant -, and that the fhepherds 
few a lambent flame playing about his head, which was 
a prognoftication of his future divinity. The Gjreni- 
ans ufed to offer a goat to him in the facriftces; either 
becaufe he was nourifhed by a goat, as was faid, b or 
becaufe a goat is always in a fever ; and therefore a 
goat's conftitution is very contrary to health. c Plato 
fays, that they ufed to facrifice dunghil- cocks to him, 
which is deemed the moft vigilant of all birds; for of 
all virtues principally wakefulnefs is necefiary to a phy- 
sician. 

P. Where was he particularly worfhipped ? 

M. At Epidaurus d firft, where he was born ; after- 
ward at Rome, becaufe, on being fent for thither, he 
delivered the city from a dreadful peftilence. For which 
reafon e a temple was dedic ted to him in an iil md in 
1 the mouth of the Tiber, where he was worfhipped un- 
der rhe form of a great ferpent; for when the Romans 
came to Epidaurus to tranfport the God thence, a great 
ferpent entered into the (hip, which they believed was 
JEfculapius, and brought it to- Rome with them. Others 
tell the itory thus : when the Romans were received by 
-the people of Epidaurus wifh all kindnefs, and were car- 
ried into the temple of JEJcul pius ; the ferpent, under 
whofe image they worfhipped that God, went volunta- 
rily into the (hip of the Romans. 

I can tell you nothing of the children of M feu lap ius y 
except their names. He had two fons calied Machaon 
and Podaihius, both famous phyficians, who followed 
Agamemnon, the general of the Grecians^ to ihe Trojan 
war, and wee very ferviceable among the foldiers ; 
and two daughter^ f Hygiea (though fume think this 
was his wife) and Jajo. 

a La&ant. de falf. Rel ; g. Paufa'i. in Corinth. b Didym. 1. 3. 
apiul Nat. Com. c f n Phaedone. d Liv. 1. 45. t I. 10. 

Fiori Epitome i. n. e Sueton. in Claud, c. 25. f Hygiea ab 
vy\uc& fanitas, et Jafo derivatur ab iaopou fano* 



{ aS6 ) 

P. Is there nothing remarkable concerning his matter 

Chiron ? 

M. Since you afk, T will tell you, that he was a 
Ceniaur r and the fon of Saturn and Phillyra\ for when 
Saturn embraced that nymph, he fuddenly changed him- 
felf into a horfe, a becaufe his wife Ops came in. Phil- 
lyra was with child by him, and brought forth a crea- 
ture, in its upper parts like a man, in its lower parts 
like a horfe, and called it Chiron ; who, when he grew 
up, betook himfelf into the woods; and there learning 
the virtues of herbs, he became a moft excellent phyft- 
cian. For his fkill in phyfic, and for his other virtues, 
which were many, he was appointed tutor to Achilles ; 
he alfo inftru&ed Hercules in aftronomy, and taught 
Mfculapius phyfic. At laft, when he handled Hercules' 
arrows, one of them dipped in the poifonous blood of 
the Lerncenn hydra fell upon his foot, and gave him a 
wound that was incurable, and pains that were intole- 
rable ; infomuch that, he defired to die, but could not ; 
becaufe he was born of two immortal parents. There- 
fore at length the Gods iranflated him into the firmament, 
where he now remains, for he became a conftellatioa 
called Sagittarius^ which is placed in the zodiac* 



CHAPTER VIIL 

• PROMETHEUS. 

PROMETHEUS the fon of Japeius^ and the fa- 
ther of Deucalion^ was the firft (as we find in hiftory) 
that formed man out of clay ; which he did with fuch 
art and (kill that Minerva was amazed, and proffered to 
procure any thing from heaven, which would any way 
complete his work. Prometheus anfwered, that he did 
not know what in heaven would be ufeful to him, fince 
he had never feen heaven. Therefore Minerva carried 
him up into heaven, and fhowed him all that there was 

! Virg. Geo. 3. b Vide Claud, Panegyr, de conf, Hon t 



( *8 7 ) 

to be feen. He obferved that the heat of the fun would 
be very ufeful in animating the man which he had 
formed ; therefore he lighted a ftick by the wheel of the 
fun's chariot, and carried it lighted with him to the 
«anh. This theft difpleafed Jupiter fo much, that he 
fent Pandora into the world to Prometheus^ with a box 
filled with all forts of evils. Prometheus^ fearing and 
fufpecting the matter, refufed to accept it : but his bro- 
ther Epimetheus was not fo cautious ; for he took it, 
and opened it, and all the evils that were in it flew 
abroad among mankind. When he perceived what he 
had done, he immediately (hut the box again, and by 
good fortune hindered Hope from flying away, which 
ftuck to the bottom of the box. You may remember 
how fweely a Horace fpeaks of this thef: of Prometheus. 

Jupiter punifhed Prometheus in this manner: he com- 
manded Mercury ° to bind him to the mountain Gauca- 
jus ; and then he fent an eagle to him there, which con- 
tinually gnawed his liver. Yet fome fay, c that he was 
not punifhed became, he dole fire from heaven, but be- 
caule he had made a woman, which, they fay, is the 
moft pernicious creature in the world. 

To this Nicander adds another fable. d When man* 
Jkind had received the fire of Prometheus , fome ungrate* 

* Audax omnia ftrp-ti 
Gens humana tup \ tr e vetitum nefas* 
Audax Jareti genus 
Jgnem . raude ma la gtn 1 1 1 us m ' u lit t 

Fofi -gnem atb'.rea cono 
Subdnfium, modes et no<va febrium 

Terris m< ubu t tobors : 
Semotiqur prius tarda nee JJi'as 

Lethi corrljutt gradam* Cams. !. x» 

No pow'r the piide of morals c n n control : 

Prone to new aimes, by frrong preemption driv'n 
With lacnlt'gious hands Prc?nt >eus ftoie 

Ctieftiai fire, and bore it -down from heaven : 
The fatal pufnt bi ought on m rtal race 

An army of difeaies : death br^nn 
Wi h vigour then to mend its halting pace, 
And found a more compendious *^ay to man. 
* Hefiod, in Theog, c Menander Poeta. d In Thcocr, 
2 



( 288 ) 

fully discovered this theft to Jupiter^ who gave them 
the gift of perpetual youth. They put this gift upon 
an afs' back, that it might be brought to the earth. 
The afs in his journey was thirfty, and came to a fpring 
to drink ; but a water-ferpent would not fuffer him, 
unlefs the afs would give him the burden which he car- 
ried : the afs gave it him ; and hence it comes to pafs, 
that when the ferpent is. old, he calls his ikin, and 
feems to grow young again. 

Prometheus had been ferviceable to Jupiter^ for he 
difcovered to him his father Saturn's confpiracy, and 
prevented the marriage of Jupiter and Thetis^ which he 
forefaw would be fatal - 9 therefore Jupiter fuffered Her- 
cules to fhoot the eagle, and fet Prometheus at liberty. 

This perhaps is the meaning of this fable : Prometheus 
(whofe name is derived a from a word denoting forefight 
and providence) was a very prudent perfon ; and becaufe 
he reduced men, who before were rude and favage, to 
the precepts of humanity, he was feigned thence to 
have made men out of the ant : and becaufe he was dili- 
gent in obferving the motions of the ftars from the 
mountain Caucafus, therefore they faid that he was 
chained there. To which they added, that he Jiole fire 
from the Gods, becaufe he invented the way of ftriking 
fire out of the flint; or was the firft that difcovered the 
nature of lightning. And laftly, becaufe he applied his 
mind to ftudy with great care and folicitude, b therefore 
they imagined an eagle preying upon his liver continually. 

P. You faid juft now, that he was the father of 
Deucalion ; did you mean him who repaired the race of 
mankind, which was almoft extinct ? 

M. Yes I men the fame Deucalion. When he 
reigned in TbeJJcily, there was fo great a deluge, that the 
whole earth was overflowed by it, and all mankind en- 
tirely deftroyed, excepting only Deucalion and Pyrrha 
his wife, who were carried in a {hip upon the mountain 

» 'Awo t>?$ vjpo unices, id eft, provldentia. Paufan. in Eliac. 
* Apoil. 1. 3. 



( *8 9 ) 

Parnaffus ; and when the waters were abated, they con- 
fult ci the oracle of Themis, to know by what means 
mankind fhould again be reiiored. The oracle anfw r- 
ed, that mankind would be reftored, if they caft the 
bones of ther great mother behind them, lay great 
mother the oracle meant the earth ; and by her boms % 
the Jiones : therefore carting the ftones behind their 
back, a prodigious miracle enfued ; a for thofe ftones 
that were thrown by Deucalion became men, and thofe 
that were thrown by Pyrrha became women. The 
occafion of which fable was this: Deucalion and his wife 
were very pious, and by the example of their lives, and 
thefan&ity of their manners, they foftened the men and 
women, who before were fierce and hard like ftones, 
into fuch gentlenefs and rnildnefs, that they obferved 
the rules of civil fociety and good behaviour. 



CHAPTER IX. 

ATLAS. 

P. WrlO is he that fuftains the heavens upon his 
(houlders ? 

M. It is Atlas, king of Mauritania, the fon of Jape-* 
tus, and brother of Prometheus. Ke was forewarned 
by an oracle, that he fhould be almoft ruined by one 
of the fons of Jupiter, and therefore refolved to give 
entertainment to no ftranger at all. At laft Perfeus (who 
was begotten by Jupiter) travelled by chance through 



Saxa 



Mijja <viri manlbus faciem traxere <virilem 5 

Et defcemineo reparata eftfcemlnajatfu. 

Inde genus durum fumus, experienfque labornm $ 

Et document a damns, qudfimus orpine nati. Ov. Met* x-« 

-' And of the ltones 

Thofe thrown by th' man the form of men endue \ 
And thofe were women which the woman threw ■ 
Hence we, a hardy race, inur'd to pain 5 
Our actions our original explain, 
O 



( 2Q0 ) 

Ada? dominions, and defigned, in civility, to vifit him. 
But the king excluded him the court, which inhumanity 
provoked" him fo much, that putting his fhicld, which 
he carried with him, before thj? eyes of Adas, and fhow- 
ing him the head of Me duj a , he turned him into the 
mountain of his own name ; which is of fo great height, 
that it is believed to touch the a heavens. Virgil makes 
mention of him b in the fourth book of his JEneid. 

The reafon why the poets feigned that Adas fuftained 
the heavens on his fhoulders, was this : Adas was a very 
famous aftronomer, and the firft perfon who undeiftood 
and taught the doctrine of the fphere 5 and on the fame 
account the poet tells us, that his daughters were turned 
into ftars. 

P. How many daughters had he, and what were 

their names ? 

M. By his wife Pleione c he had feven daughters, 
whofe names were Elettra^ Halcyone, Celano, Maia^ 
Afterope y Taygete, and Merope ; and they were called by 
one common name, Pleiades : and by his wife Mthra 
4 he had feven other daughters, whofe names were Am- 
bro/ia, Eulora, Pafihoe, Coronis, Plexaris, Pytho, and 
¥ycbe\ and thefe were called by one common name, 

IJyades. '" k 

P, Why were thefe latter daughters called hyadesf 

» Herod, in Melpom. 

fe Jamque volant apicem et later a wdua cermt 

Atlantis duri, ccelumque werttce fulcit : 
Atlantis, cinclum ajjidue cut nubihus atns . 
Piniferum caput, et <vento pulfatur et imbri : 
Nix burner os i fufa tegit h tumfiumina mento 
Precipitant ferds, et glacis riget borrida barba. 
Now fees the top of Alias, as he flies, 
Whofe brawny back fupports the ftarjy fluer: 
A'las, whofe head with p-ny foielts crown'd, 
Is beaten by the winds, with foggy vapours bound 5 
Snows hide his (houlde?B 5 from beneath his chm 
The founts of rolling dreams their race beg n. 
t Ovid. Faft. 5. d Aratus in Aftron, 



( 2 9 I ) 

M, From a a word which , in the Greek language 
fignifies to rain, becaufe when they rife or fet, they 
caufe great rain ; and therefore the Latins called them 
b Sucula (that is 5 Swine) becaufe the continual rain that 
they caufe makes the roads fo muddy, that they feem 
to delight in dirt, like fwine. c Others derive their 
names from Hyas their brother, who was devoured by 
a lion; his fifters were fo immoderately afflicted and 
grieved at his death, that Jupiter in compaffion changed 
f hem into feven ftars, which appear in the head of Tau- 
rus. And they are juftly called Hyades, d becaufe fhow- 
ers of tears flow from their eyes to this day. 

P. Why were the daughters firft mentioned called 
Pleiades ? 

M* Their name is derived from a Greek word Signi- 
fying s failing. For when thefe ftars rife, they portend 
good weather to navigators. Becaufe they rife in the 
* fpring-time, the Romans call them Vergilia. Yet o- 
thers think that they are called Pleiades g from their 
number, becaufe they never appear fmgle, but all toge- 
ther, except Merope, who is fcarce ever feen ; for fhe 
is afhamed that fhe married Sifypbus a mortal man, when 
all the reft of the lifters married Gods : h others call this 
obfeure ftar Eleftra, becaufe fhe held her hand before 
her eyes, and would not look upon the deftruftion of 
Troy. The Hyades were placed .among the ftars, becaufe 
they bewailed immoderately the death of their brother 
Hyas; and the Pleiades were translated into heaven, 
becaufe they inceflantly lamented the hard fate of their 
father Atlas, who was converted into a mountain. But 
let us fpeak a little about their uncle Hefperus* 

a c a«7to tS veiVy id eft, pluere. 

Nauita quas Hyades Grains ab imbrt vecai. 
From rain the failors call them Hyades. 
b Suculae, qtiemadmodum eas Giseci vocant S^ 9 id eft 5 fues. 
Aulus Geil. 1. 13. c. 19. c Eurip. in Jove. a Hefiod. in 

Theog. e 'Aro tS to^inv a navigando, commodum enim tem- 

pus navlgaticni oftendunt. f Virgil : se diclas a verno tempore quod 
exoriuntur. g Quafi &i&ovb$, hoc eft, plures, quod nunquam 

fingulse appareant, fed omnes fimul. h Ovid, Fall. 4. 

2 



( 2 9 2 ) 

Hejpents was the brother of Atlas^ and becaufe he 
lived iome time in Italy^ that country was called anci- 
ently Hefperia from him. He frequently went up to 
the top of the mountain Atlas to view the ftars. At laft 
he went up, and came down from the mountain no 
more. This made the people imagine that he was car- 
ried up into heaven; upon which they wor (hipped him 
as a God, and called a very bright liar from his name 
..He/perns^ He/per, Hefperugo? Vefper, and Vefperugo^ 
'■■which is called the evening (tar, when it fets after the 
fun ; but when it rifes before the fun, it is called 
^•cr^Qgo* [Pbofphorus] or Lucifer; that is, the morning 
itar. Further, this Hefperus had three daughters, Egk 9 
preihjja^ and Hefperethufa ; who in general were called 
the Hejferides. It was (aid, that in their gardens, trees 
v/ere planted that bore golden fruit ; and that thefe trees 
were guarded by a watchful dragon, which Hercules 
killed, and then carried away the golden apples. Hence 
the phrafe, a To give fome of the apples of the Hefpe- 
-?ides$ that is, to gire a great and fplendid gift. 



CHAPTER X. 

ORPHEUS AND AMPHION. 

YOU fee thefe two, Orpheus and Amphion, are drawn 
In the fame mariner, and almoft in the fame colours, 
fcecaufe they both excelled in the fame art, namely, in 
nvufic ; in which they were fo (kilful, that by playing 
on the harp they moved not only men, but beads, and 
the very (tones themfelves. 

Orpheus, the fon of Apollo by Calliope the Mufe, with 
the harp that he received from his father, played and 
fang fo fweetly, that he tamed wild beafts, ftayed the 
-courfe of rivers, and made whole woods follow him. 
% He defcended with the fame harp into hell, to recover, 

' & M.vha, ^<?wv%i$w ovfio-xi, id eft, mala Hefperidum largiri* 
* AgoihL s. Ai'go. 



( m ) 

from Pluto and Proferpine, his wife Eurydice y who had 
been killed byaferpent, when fhe fied from the vis!ent£ 
of Arijl&us* And here he fo chanrted both the 
jtnd queen with the fweetnefs of his mufic, that they 
permitted his wife to return to life again, upon this 
condition, that he fhould not look upon her till they 
were bo:h arrived upon the earth : but fo impatient add 
eager was the love of O-pkeus, that he could not perform 
the condition • therefore fhe was taken back into he!I 
again. Upon this Orpheus refohed for the future £p 
a widower j and. with his example alienated the u mas 
of many others from the love of )n}efl This fo pro- 
voked the Manades an >,?, that rhey tore him in 
pieces: though others afiigi another feaforrof his death, 
which is this ; the women, by tlje mitigation of Vthtis\ 
were fo inflamed with the love of him, that ftriving to 
run into his embraces, arc quarrelling with one another 
who (hould have him, they tore him in pieces. Hri 
bones were afterward gathered by the Mufes, and re- 
pofed in a fepulehre, n Lit tears; and his haff 
made the condeHatiori Lyra, 

Amphion was the fon of Jupittf by Antiope. He re- 
ceived his lute and harp from Mercury \ and a with the 
found thereof moved the ftones fo regularly, that they 
compofed the -walls of the city of Thebes, 

The occafion of which fable was this : Orpheus and 
Amphtcnvtzrz both men fo eloquent, that- they perfuaded 
thofe v/ho lived a wild and favage life before, to embrace 
the rules and manners of civil fociety. 

Anon is a proper companion for wqCq two mufician? 5 
and I wonder that his image is not in this place : for he 
was a lyric poetr of Methymna in the ifland of LeJbos 3 



a Ditfus et Amphioh, Tbeban* conditor urbis, 

Saxa mover e Jono teftudinis, et prece blanda 

Ducere quo vellet. Her. Arte Poet*- 

Amphion too, as ftory goes, could call 

Obtdient ft dcs to make the The ban wall. 

He led them as he pleased ; the rocks obey'd. 

And dane'd in order to the tunes he play'd. 



{ 294 ) 

and gained immenfe riche's by his art. a When he was 
travelling from Lejbos into Italy ^ his companions aflaulted 
him to rob him of his wealth ; but he intreated the fea- 
men to fuffer him to play on his harp before they caff 
him into the fea : b he played fweetly, and then threw 
himfelf into the fea, where a dolphin, drawn thither by 
the fweetnefs of his mufic, received him on his back, 
c and carried htm to Tenedos, The dolphin for this 
kindnefs was carried into heaven, and made a conftel- 
ktion. 



CHAPTER XL 

ACHILLES. 

ACHILLES was the fon of Pekus by Thetis. His 
mother plunged him in the Stygian waters whenhe was 
an infant 5 which made his whole body ever after invul- 
nerable, excepting that part of his foot by which he 
was held when he was wafhed. Others fay, that Thetis 
hid him in the night under a fire, d after fhe had anointed 
bim in the day with Ambrofia\ whence at firft he was 
called Pyrifous, becaufe he efcaped fafe.from the fire ; 
and afterward Achilles, e becaufe he had but one lip, for 
he licked the Ambrofta from his other lip, fo that the fire 
had power to burn it off. Others again report, f that 
he was brought up by Chiron the Centaur ', and fed, in- 
itead of milk, with the entrails of lions, and the marrow 
of boars and bears; fo that by that means he received 
immenfe greatnefs of foul, and mighty ftrength of body. 
From him thofe who greatly excelled in ftrength, were 

a Pauf. in Bceotic. b Herod, in Clio. 

c Itte feuet, citharamque tenet , prethitnque <vehcndi 

Cant at, et aquoreas. carmine mulcet aquas. Ov. Fail. 2* 

He on his crouching back fits all at eafe 

With harp in hand, by which he calms the feas, 

And for his pafTage with a long he pays. 

. «* A poll. 4. Argon. e Ab a priv, et p^efoos, labrum \ quafi 

fine labio. * Apoll. 1, 3, Euiip. in Iphig. 



( 295 ) 

called Achilles \ a and an argument is called Achilkum^ 
when no obje&ion can weaken or difprove it. 

Thetis ) his mother, had heard from an oracle, that 
he ihould be killed in the expedition againft Troy. On 
the other hand, Calchas the diviner had declared, that 
Troy could not be taken without him. By the cunning 
of Ulyjfes he was forced to go : for when his mother 
Thetis hid him in a boarding-fchool (in Gynecao) in the 
ifland Scycros (one of the Cyclades) in the habit of a vir- 
gin, among the daughters of king LycGwedes^ Ulyjfes dis- 
covered the trick : for he went thither in the difguife of 
a merchant, and took with him feveral goods to fell ; 
the king's daughters, as is the temper of women, began 
to view and handle curioufly the bracelets, the glaiTes, 
the necklaces, and fuch like women's ornaments ; but 
Achilla on the contrary, laid hold of the targets, and 
fitted the helmets to his head, and brandifiied the fwords, 
and placed them to his fide. Thus Ulyjfes plainly dis- 
covered Achilles from the virgins, and compelled him to 
go to the war ; after that Vulcan^ by Thetis 9 ' entreaty* 
had given him impenetrable armour. Achilles at Troy 
killed Heftor, the fon of Priamus ; and was killed him- 
felf by Parisj by a trick of Polyxena : b and all the 
Nymphs and Mufes are faid to have lamented his death. 

This Polyxena was the daughter of Priamus^ king of 
Troy, 2l virgin of extraordinary beauty. Achilles by chance 
faw her upon the walls of the city, and fell in love 
with her, and deiired to marry her. Priamus confented. 
They met in the temple of Apollo to folemnize the 
marriage; where Paris, the brother of Heftor, coming 
in privately, and lurking behind Apollo's image, foot 
Achilles fuddenly with an arrow, in that part of his 
foot in which only he was vulnerable. After this Troy 
was taken, and the ghoft of Achilles demanded fatisfac- 
tion for the murder, which the Grecians appeafed by 
offering the blood of Polyxena. 

a Gell. 1. z, c. ii. b Lycophron. in Alexand. 



( 296 ) 



CHAPTER XIL 

ULYSSES. 

ULYSSES . was fo named, becaufe when his mother 
was travelling, as fome fay in the-ifland of Ithaca, as 
others fay in Boeoiic, file fell down on the a road, and 
brought him into the world. He was the fon of Laertes 
and Anticlea. His wife was Penelope, a lady highly 
famed for her prudence and virtue. He was unwilling 
- :X the Trojan war fhould part him and his dear wife ; 
therefore to avoid the expedition, he pretended to be 
mad, joining different bcafts to the fame plough, and 
fbwing the furrows with fait. But this pretence was 
detected by Palamedes, who laid his infant fon in the 
furrow, while TJlyffes was ploughing, to fee whether he. 
would fuffer the plough-fhare to wound him or not. 
When Vlyjfes came where his fon lay, he turned the 
plough another way, for fear left he fhould hurt him. 
i hus he difcovered that Ulyjjss was not a madman, and 
compelled him to go to the war. There he was migh- 
tily ferviceable to the Grecians ; for he was almoft the 
fole occafion of taking the town, fince he removed the 
fatal obftacles which hindered it from being taken. 
For he brought Achilles (as I faid) to the war, out of 
his retreat. He obtained the arrows of Hercules from 
Philocletes, and brought them againft Troy. He brought 
away the afnes of Laomedon which were preferved upon 
the gate Scaa in Troy. He ftole the Palladium from 
the city. He killed Rhcefus, king of Thrace, and took 
his horfes, before they had tafted the water of the river 
Xanthus* In which things the deftiny of Troy was 
wrapped up : for if the Trojans had preferved them, the 
town could never have been conquered. 

Afterward he contended with Ajax (the fon of Tela* 

a Graece 'obvero-ivs, ah ooh v}a 5 q«od in ipsa via ejus mater iter 
faciens lapfa ilium peperit* Vide Nat. Com, et Horn, in Qdyff. 



( 297 ) 

mm and Hejzone^vtho was theftouteft of all the Grecian? 
except Achilles) before judges, for the arms of Achilles* 
The judges were pcrfuaded by the eloquence of Ulyjfes^ 
and gave fentence in his favour, and affigned the arms 
to him. This disappointment made Ajax mad, upon 
which he killed himfelf, and his blood was turned into 
the violet. 

When Ulyffes departed from Troy to return home, he 
failed backward and forward ten years $ for contrary 
winds and bad weather hindered him from getting homer 
In which time, i. He put out the eye cf Polyphemus 
with a firebrand ; and then failing to JEolia^hz there 
obtained from Mclus all the winds which were contrary 
to him, and put them into leathern bags. His compa- 
nions believing that the bags were filled with money, , 
and not with wind, intended to rob him ; therefore, 
when they came almoft to Ithaca r xhzy untied the bags, . 
and the winds gufhed out, and blew him back to Molia 
again. 2. When Circe had turned his companions into 
heafts, he firit fortified himfelf againft her charms with \ 
the antidote that Mercury had given him, and then ran n 
into her cave with his fword drawn, and forced her to -.* 
reftore his companions their former fhapes again. After 
which Circe and he were reconciled, and he had by her 
Telsgonus, 3. He went down into hell, to know his 
future fortune from the prophet Xirefiau ^ Whefi he 
failed to the iflands of t\i^ Sirens^ he flopped the ea;r> 
of his companions, and bound himfelf with ftrong. ropes 
to the fhip 9 s maft; by thefe means he avoided the dan- 
gerous fnares into which, by their charming voices, j 
they led men. 5. And laftiy, .after his fhio was broken 
and wrecked; by the waves, ne efcaped by twirnmi-ng., , 
and came naked and alone to the port of Pbaatia 9 where ' 
Naujtcaa, the daughter of king Alcinous^ found him hid • 
among the young trees, and entertained him civilly ; 
and when his companions were found, and the (hip re- 
fitted, he was fent afteep into Ithaca^ where Pallas 
awaked him, and advifed him to put on the habit of a 
gar* Then he. went to his neat-herds, where he : 
o 5 



( 298 ) 

found his fon Telemachus ; and from them he went home 
in a difguife : where, alter he had received feveral af- 
fronts from the wooers of Penelope^ by the affiftance of 
the neat-herds, and his fon, to whom he difcovered 
himfelf, he kt upon them, and killed them every one j 
and then received his Penelope: 

Pendope, the daughter of Icarus, was a rare and per- 
fect: example of chaftity. For though it was generally 
thought that her hufband Vlyffes was dead, fince he had 
been abfent from her twenty years; yet, neither the 
defires of her parents, nor the felicitations of her lovers* 
could prevail with her to marry another man, and to 
violate the promifes of conftancy which fhe gave to her 
hufband when he departed. For when many noblemen 
courted her, and even threatened her with ruin unlefs 
fhe declared which of them fhouid marry her, fhe de- 
fired that the choice might be deferred till fhe had fi- 
nifhed that needlework about which {he was then em- 
ployed : but undoing by night what (he had worked 
by day, fhe delayed them till Ulyffes returned and killed 
them all. Hence came the proverb, a To weave Pe- 
nelope's web ; that is, to labour in vain; when one 
hand deftroys what the other has wrought. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

ORION. 

Pi WHAT was the birth of Orion ? 

M. Modefty will hardly let me tell you : however I 
will conceal nothing from you. They fay that he 
was born from the urine of "Jupiter, Neptune, and 
Mercury. For when they travelled together, they were j 
benighted, and forced to lodge in a poor man's cot- 
tage, whofe name was Hircus. He entertained them 
as handfomely as the meannefs of his condition would 
fuffer. Their entertainment pleafed them fo, that they 

a Penelopes telam tejeere, id eft, inanem operam fumere. Vid, 
Brafm. Adag. 



J>f«i*>2# 



Jrtr/r 




( ^99 ) 
promifed to grant whatever he afked. He faid, that he 
promifed his wife, when fhe died, never to marry again, 
and yet, that he extremely defired to have a fon. This 
pious defire pleafed the Gods, and they confented to his 
requeft, and moiftened the hide of an ox (on which 
they were entertained) with their urine, commanding 
him to bury it ten months : after which he digged it up, 
and found in it a new-born child/ which, from this 
occafion, he called Urion, or Orion. 

OriGn, when young, was a conftant companion of 
Diana : but becaufe his love to the Goddefs exceeded 
the bouads of modefty, or becaufe, as fome fay, he ex- 
tolled the ftrength of his own body very indecently, and 
boafted that he could outrun and fubdue the wildeft and 
fieiceft bedfts, his arrogance grievoufly difp^eafed the 
Earth ; therefore (he fent a fcorpion, which killed him. 
He was afterward carried to the heavens, and there made 
a conftellation , which is thought to predict foul wea- 
ther when it does not appear, and fair weather when 
it is vifible ; whence the poets call him a tempejiuous or 
Jiormy Orion, 

CHAPTER XIV. 

OSIRIS, APIS, SERAP1S. 

OSIRIS^ Apis, and Serapi&, are three different names 
of one and the fame God ; therefore they are not to be 
fepa rated in our difcourfe. 

Ofiris was the fon of Jupiter^ by Niobe, the daughter 
oi-Phoroneus ; and was king of the Argives many years. 
He was ftirred up, by the defire of glory, to leave his 
kingdom to his brother /Eghlus, and to fail into, Egypt, 
to fee k a new name, and new kingdoms there. The 
Egyptians were not fo much overcome by his arms, as 
obliged to him by his couriefies and great kindneiTes 
toward them. After which he married lo^ the daughter 

a Nimbofus Orion. Virg. Mn. nam opUco fignificat turbo 9 moveo, 
unde etiam ipfe nomen fumpfuTe a noniwllis judicatur. 



( 3 00 ) 

of InachiH, whom yupiter formerly turned into a cow* 
as we faid above : but, when by her diftra&ion fhe was 
driven into Egypt, her former fhape was again reftored, 
and fhe married Ofiris, and inftru&ed the Egyptians in 
letters. Therefore, both fhe and her hufband attained 
to divine honours, and were thought immortal by that 
people. But Ofiris fhowed that he was mortal; for 
he was killed by his brother Typhon. Io (afterward 
called lfis) fought him a great while $ and when fhe had 
found him at laft in a cheft, fhe laid him in a monu- 
ment in an ifland near to Memphis, which ifland is en- 
compafied by that fad and fatal lake, the Styx. And 
becaufe when fhe fought him fhe had ufed dogs, who 
by their excellent virtue of fmelling might difcover 
where he was hid, thence the ancient cuftom came, 
a that dogs went firft in an anniverfary proreflion in 
honour of lfis. And the people carefully and religioufly 
worfhipped a God with a dog's head, called Anubis 5 
which God the poets commonly call b Barker, a God 
half a dog, a dog half a c man. He is alfo called d Her- 
rnanulis ; becaufe his fagacity is fo great, that fome 
think him to be the fame with Mercury. But let us 
return to O fir is and lfis. 

After the body of Ofiris was interred, there appeared 
to. the Egyptians a lately beautiful ox\ the Egyptians 
thought that it was Ofiris, therefore they worfhipped it, 
and called it Apis, which in the Egyptian language fig- 
jnifies an ox. But becaufe his body, after bis death, was 
found fhut up in a e cheft, he was afterward from this 
called Sorapis, and by the change of a letter Serapis \ as 
we fhall fee more clearly and particularly by and by, 
when I have cbferved what Plutarch fays, that Ofiris 
was thought to be the Sun. His name comes from os % 
which in the Egyptian language fignifies much, and iris 
an eye $ andvhis image was a fceptre, in which was pla- 

. * Ex Gyr. fynt. 9. b Latratorem, femlcanem Benm, Vu'g* 
,8. c Semi-hominem canerri. Ovid. Met. 9. Lucan. fedulu 
* Pint, in Ofiride. Serv. in i£n. 8. c £ go$ fignifkat arcane La 

qua in ventura eft iiiius corpus inclufura.> 



( 3<» ) 

ced an eye. So that Ofiris fignifies the fame as 

^c*i:o<pU^oc[polyQphthaimo$] many-eyed, which agrees very 
well to the fun, who feems to have fo many eyes as he has 
rays, by which he fees, and makes all things vifible. 

Some fay that Ifis is Pallas, others Terra, others 
Ceres, and many the Moon; for fhe is painted foretimes 
a - horned, as the moon appears in the increafe, and 
wears black garments , becaufe the moon ihines in the 
night, fn her right hand fhe held a cymbal, and in 
her left a bucket. Her head was crowned with the 
feathers of a vulture ; for among the Egyptians that bird 
is facred to Juno: and therefore they adorned the tops 
of their porches with the feathers of a vulture. The 
priefts of IJis* called after her own name Ifiaci* b ab- 
ftained from the flefh of fwine and fheep ; they ufed no 
c fait to their meat, left they fhould violate their chafti- 
ty. d They fhaved their heads', e they wore paper fhoes r 
and a f linen veft, becaufe //is firft taught the ufeof flax; 
and hence fhe is called g Linigera, and al'fo h Jnachis, 
from Inachus, her father. By the name of I/is is ufually 
underftood wifdom : and accordingly, upon the pavement 
of the temple, there was this inscription: • lam every 
thing that hath been, and is, and fh all be\ nor hath any 
mortal opened my veil. 

By the means of this Ifis, k Iphis, a young virgin of 
Crete, the daughter of Lygdus and Teiethuja, was changed 
into a man. For when Lygdus went a journey, he 
commanded his wife, who was then big with child, if 
fhe brought a daughter, that fhe fhould not educate her ? 
but leave her expofed in the fields to perifh by wane 
Teiethuja brought forth indeed a daughter, but was very 

a KscaQOo=oCj id eft, corr.igera affingebatur, ad Lunae crefcentls 
fimilitudinem, et p,&Bu>ir<>ho$ 9 nigris veiiibus induta, quod luna lu- 
ceat in tenebiis. Vide Serv. in JEn. 8, b iEIian. de Acini. 

Herodot. i. z. c Plut. fymp. 5. c. io. d Coel. Rhodig'n. 5. 
c. 12. e Hercdot. 1. 1. f Claud. 4. Hon. conf. g Ovid. 
dePon. el. 1. h Propert, }. iv et 2. * Tbyu eiul vjoLv rs ysyo- 

*0$> :u lv t y^ Z0-J(JLS.I/QV X^ TO ZfAOV Z7S7i7\0V ZOiic To";' 9yijT«V OLTTcX.CC'hvi/tV . 

Ego liim quicquid fait, eft, ei it 5 nee rceum quifquam mortaJium 
jpeplusn retexit, Plut, in Hide* * Ovid Met- 9./ 



/( 3 02 ) 

unwilling to lofe her child ; therefore {he drefled it in a 
boy's habit, and called itlphis^ which is a common 
name to boys and girls. The father returned from his 
journey, and believed both his wife and his daughter, 
who perfonated a fon : and as foon asfhe was marriage- 
able, her fa her, who ftill thought that fhe was a man, 
married her to the beautiful lanthe. As they went to 
the temple to celebrate the marriage, the mother was 
mightily concerned ; and fhe begged the favorable aifift- 
ance of //?/, who heard her prayers, and changed the 
virgin Iphis into a mod beautiful young man. Now let 
us come to Serapis and Apis again. 

Though Serapis, of whofe name we gave the etymo- 
logy before, was the God of the Egyptians, yet he was 
worshipped in Greece, a efpeciab^ at Athens, b and alfo 
at Rome. Among different nations he had different 
names ; for he was called fome times c Jupiter Ammon^ 
fometimes Pluto, Bacchus^ Mfculapius, <*nd fometimes 
OJiris. His name w T as reckoned abominable by the 
Grecians ; d for all names of feven letter?, £jT^y£a^aa.ra 
[heptagrammata] are by them etteemed infamous. Some 
fay, that Ptolemy., the fon of Lagus, procured the effigies 
of him at Pontus, from the king of Sinope, and dedicated 
a magnificent temple to him at Alexandria. . Eufebius 
calls him the e Prince of evil Damons : a flafket was 
placed f upon his head ; and near him lay a creature 
with three heads ; a dog's on the right line, a wolPs on 
the left fide, and a lion's head in the middle : a fnake 
with his fold encompafied them, whofe head hung down 
unto the God's right hand, with which he bridled the 
terrible monffer. There was befides, in almoft-all the 
temples where Serapis and Ifts we?e worfliipped, an 
image which pre fled its lips with its finger. Varro fays, 
the meaning of this was, that no one thou! J dare to fay 
that thefe Gods had been men formerly ; and the laws 
inflicted death upon him who faid that Serapis was once 
a mortal man. 

a Paufcn. in Attic. b Puhl. Victor. c Tacitu? 1. 20. PJut. de 
Ofnide. d Porphyrius, e Prsep. Evang. 4. f Macrob. in Saturn, 



( 303 ) 

Apis, of whom we fpake fomething above, a was king 
of the Argivi, and being tranfported thence into Egypt, 
he became Serapis, or the greateft of all the Gods of 
Egypt. After the death oi Serapis, the ox, that we men- 
tioned a little before, fucceeded in his place. b Pliny 
describes the form and quality of this ox, thus : An ox, 
in Egypt, is worfhipped as a God. They call him Apis. 
He is thus marked ; there is a white fhining fpot upon 
his right fide, horns like the moon in its increafe, and 
a node under its tongue, which they call cantharus. 
His body, c fays Herodotus, was all black: in his fore- 
head he had a white fquare fhining figure; the effigies 
of an eagle in his back; and befide the cantharus in his 
mouth, he had hair of two forts in his tail. But Pliny 
goes on : If he lives beyond an appointed period of time, 
they drown him in the priefts fountain ; then the priefts 
fhave their heads, mourn and lament, and feek another 
to fubftitute in his room. When they have found one, 
he is brought by the priefts to Memphis. He hath two 
chapejs, or chambers, which are the oracles of the peo- 
ple; in one of them he foretels good, in the other ill. 
He gives anfwers in private, and takes meat from them 
that confult him. He refufed meat from the hand of 
Germanicus Cafar, who died not long after. He acts, 
for the moft part, in fecret; but when he pleafes to ap- 
pear publicly, the officers go before and clear the way 5 
and a flock of boys attend him, finging verfes to his 
honour. He feems to underftand things, and to expeft 
worfhip. Once a year a cow is fhown to him, which 
hath her marks, though different from his ; and this cow 
is always both found and killed the fame day. So far 
Pliny. /Elian adds : That the cow which conceives 
Apis, conceives him not by a bull, but by lightning 
d Cambyfes, king of AJfyria, gave no credit to thefe trifles ; 
and ftruck Apis in the thigh with his fword, to fhow, 
by the bleeding of the wound, that he was no God ; but 
his impiety (as they pretend) did not pafs unpunished. 

* Aug. de Civ. Dei 18. b pi; n . Hift. Nat. 1. 8. c, 40. ? He- 
fodot. 1. 3* d Epiphan, ap. Syr. 



( 304 h 



APPENDIX; 



OE THE; VIRTUES AND VICES WHICH HAVE.: 
BEEN DEIFIED.. . 



OF THE GODDESSES THAT MAKE THE GODS* 

THOSE Goddefies (whole images are fmall, and a!f 7 J 
painted in one pi£iure) are /he Virtues ; by whofe favour, 
not only the Dii Adfcriftftii^ but all the other Gods be- 
fide, were advanced to heaven, and honoured with the 
utmoft veneration. You fee feme Vices among them ^ 
(for they had altars dedicated to them too) which, like 
fhades, increafe the luftre of the .Virtues \ whofe bright — 
nefs is doubled by the reflection of the colours, To 
both of them there are adjoining feme Gods, either fa- 
vouring or oppofing them. I ftiaii fay fornething briefly^ 
according to my defign, of them. 



CHAPTER L\ 

SECT. I. THE VIRTUES, AND GOOD DEITIES. 

THE ancients not only worftiipped the feveral fpecies 
of virtues, but Mo -Virtue herfelf, as a Goddefs. There- 
fore, firft of her, and then of the others. 



T/.'/< 27 



Ta<?t 30* 




( 305 } 



SECT. 2. VIRTUE AND HONOUR. 

Virtue derives her name from pir, becaufe virtue 
is the moft manly ornament, f She was efteemcd a God- 
dtfc, b and worshipped in the habit of an elderly matron 
fitting upon a fquare iione. c M. MarceUm dedicated 
a temple to her; and hard by placed ano her, tb*t was 
dedicated to Honour : the temple of Virtue was the paf- 
fage to the temple of Honour \ by which was Signified, 
that by virtue alone true honour is attained, The prieils 
facrificed to Ho-ixur with bare heads a and we ui 
uncover our beads when we fee honorable and worthy 
men ; and fince honour itfelf is valuable and eftimable, 
it is no wonder if fuch refpedi is fhown in celebrating 
its facrijfices. 



SECT. 3. FAITH, 

Fides had a temple at Rome, near the Capitol, which 
d Numa Pompilius (as it is (aid) firft con ice rated to her. 
c Her faenfices were performed without fiaughter, or 
blood fpilt. The heads and hands of the priefts were 
covered with a white cloth when they facrificed, becaufe 
Faith ought to be clofe and fecret. Virgil calls her 
f Cana Fides, either from the candour of the mind, 
whence fidelity proceeds, or becaufe faith is chiefly 
obfervd by aged perfons. The fymbol of this Goddefs 
was a white dog, which is a faithful creature. g Ano- 
ther fymbol of her was two hands joined, or two young 
ladies fhaking hands : for, h by giving the right hand, 
they engaged their faith for their future friendfhip. 

a Cc. Qjiteft. Tufc. 2. b Aug. de Civ. Dei 4. c Liv. I. 2. 
* Cic. de Otficiis, * Dion. Halicam. 1. 2. * Serv. m 1. et 8. JEn« 
8 Stat. Theb. i„ & Dextra data fidem futuise amicitias iancibant* 
Liv. 1, 2i, 



( 3°6 ) 



SECT. 4. HOPE. 

Hope had a temple at Rome, in the herb- market, 
which was unfortunately burnt down with lightning. 
8 Giraldus fays, that he has Teen her effigies in a golden 
coin of emperor Adrian. She- was defcribed in the 
form of a woman (landing, her left hand lightly held 
up the fkirts of her garments ; fhe leaned on her elbow, 
and in her right hand held a plate, on which was placed 
a ciberiutn (a. fort of a cup) fafhioned to the likenefs of 
a flower, with this inscription, SPES, P. R. The 
Hope of the People of Rome. We have already related 
in what manner Hope was- left and preferved in the bot« 
torn of Pandoras box. 



SECT. 5. JUSTICE. 

Justice was defcribed like a virgin, with a piercing 
ftedfaft eye, a feve're brow, her afpe6l awful, noble, 
and venerable. Alexander fays, that among the Egyp- 
tians (he had no head, and that her left hand v/as ftretch- 
ed forth and open. The Greeks called her AJiraa y as 
was faid before. 



sect. 6. piety. 






Attilius, the duumvir, dedicated ~a chapel to Piety 
at Rome, in the place where that woman lived, who fed 
her mother in pnfon with the milk of her breafts. The 
ftory is this : b The mother was punifhed with impri- 
fonment ; her daughter, who was an ordinary woman, 
then gave fuck ; fhe came to the prifon frequently, and 
the gaoler always fearched her, to fee that (he carried 
no food to her mother : at lait fhe was found giving 

a Syntagm. 1.x. * Plin. Hift. Nat. 1. 7. c, 36. 



( 3^7 ) 

fuck to her mother with her breafts. This extraordi- 
nary piety of the daughter gained the mother's freedom ; 
and they both were afterward maintained at the public 
charge, while they lived ; and the place was confecrated 
to the Goddefs Piety. There is a like example in the 
a Grecian hiftory, of a woman, who by her breafts 
nourifhed Cymon, her aged father, who was imprifoned, 
and fupported him with her own milk. 



SECT. 7. MERCY. 

The Athenians erected an altar to Miferlcordia, Met* 
cy\ b where was firft eftablifhed an afylum, a place of 
common refuge to the miferabie and imfprtuijate. It 
was not lawful to force any thence. When Hercules 
died, c his kindred feared fome mifchief from thofe whom 
he had afflicted ; therefore they erected an afylum, or 
temple of mercy, at Athens. 



SECT. 8. CLEMENCY, 

Nothing memorable occurs concerning the Goddefs 
CLmcncy, unlefs that there was a temple erected to Cfc- 
mentia Cafarh 7 The Qkmency of Ccfar> as we re^J in 

* Plutarch. 



SECT. 9. CHASTITY. 

Two temples at R.ome were dedicated to Chajiity\ 
the one to Pndiciiia Patricia, which flood in the ox- 
market \ the other to Pudic.it: a PIebia\ built by Virginia^ 
the daughter of Aldus : for when ihe, who was born of 
a patrician family, c had married a plebeian, the noble 
ladies were mightily incenfed, and banifhed her from 

a Val. Max. 1. 3. b Paufan. in Attic. c Serv. in JEn. Sc 
* Ib VkaCseiaris. e Liv. 1, 10. 



{ 3°8 ) 

their facrifices, and would not fuffer her to enter into* 
the temple of Pudicitta, into which je-:atorian families 
only were permitted entrance. A quarrel arofe upon 
this among the women, and a great breach was made 
between them. Thn- induced Virginia y by feme extra- 
ordinary action, to blot out the difgrace ftie had receiv- 
ed; and therefore fhe built a vhapel in the long ftreet 
where flie lived, and adorned it with an altar ; to which 
ihe ihvited the plebeian matrons, and complaining to 
them that the ladles of quality had ufed her fo barba- 
roufly : 1 dedicate (fays fhej this altar to Pudicitia Ple- 
beia ; and 1 defire of you that you will as much adore Chaf* 
tity, as the men do Honour ; that this altar may be followed 
by purer and more chajle votaries than the altar ^Pudicitia 
Patricia, if it bepojfibk. Both thefe altars were reve- 
renced almoft with the fame rites, and no matron, but. 
of approved chaftity, and who had been married but 
once, had leave to facrifice there. It is likewife faid~ 
in hiftory, that the women, who were contented with 
one marriage, were ufually rewarded with a a crown 
of chaftity. 



SECT. IO. TRUTH* 

Truth, the mother of Virtue^ b is painted in gar- 
ments as white as fnow ; her looks are ferene, pleafant, 
courteous, cheerful, and yet modeft ; fhe is the pledge 
of all honefty, the bulwark of honour, the light and 
joy of human foctety. c She is commonly accounted 
the daughter of Time y or Saturn; becaufe truth is dis- 
covered in the courfe of time: but Democritus feigns that 
flie lies hid in the bottom of a well. 

2 Corona pudicitias. Val. Max, 1, a> b Phiioft, b Heroic, et 
A^p. c P-lut« in Quaeft, . 



{ 3^9 ) 



SECT. IT. MENS. 

. 

Good Senfe^ or Unhrjiandlng ( Mens) was made a 
Goddefs by the Romans, s that they might obtain a found 
mind. b An altar wns built to her in the Capitol, by 
M. Mmilius. c The prater Ai : iliu$ vowed to build a 
chapel to her; which he performed when he was, upon 
that account, created duumvir. 



SEGT. 12, CONCORP. 

We fhall find by d the concurrent teftimony of ma- 
ny, that the Goddefs Concordia had many altars at fe ve- 
ra! times dedicated to her ; but (he was efpecially wor- 
shipped by the ancient Romans, Her image held a bowl 
In her right hand, and a horn of plenty, or a fceptre 
from which fruit feemed to fprout forth, in her left. 
c Thefymbol of her was two right hands joined together, 
and a pomegranate. 



sect. 13. PEACE. 

Pax was honoured formerly at Athens with an altan> 

* as Plutarch tells us. At Rome (he had a moil magni- 
ficent temple in the Forum, begun by Claudius and fi- 
nifhed by Fejfafian \ % which was afterward con fumed in 
a fire under emptor Conmiodus. She was clefcribed in 
the form of a matron., holding forth ears of corn in her 
hands, and crowned with olives and laurel, or fometimes 
rofes. Her particular fymbol was a caduceus, a white 
flaft born by ambafladors when they go to treat of 
peace. 

a Aug. de Civ. Dei 1. b Cic Nat, Deor. 2. c Liv. 22 et 23, 
« Liv. 1. 9. P'ut. in L. Gracch. Suet, in Tib. e Lii. Gyr. fynt. 3, 

* Piut. in Cimon* * Herodot. 1. 2. 



{ 3« ) 



SECT. 14. HEALTH. 

The Goddefs Salus was fo much honoured by the 
Romans ^ that anciently feveral holydays were appointed 
in which they worshipped her. a There was a gate at 
Rome called Porta Salutarily becaufe it was near to the 
temple of Salus. Her image was the figure of a woman 
fitting on a throne, and holding a bowl inlier right 
hand. Hard by flood her altar, a fnake twining round 
it, and lifting up his head toward it. The Augurium 
fSalutis was formerly celebrated in the fame place ; which 
was intermitted for fome time, and renewed again by 
Auguftus. b It was a kind of divination, by which they 
begged leave of the Gods that the people might pray for 
peace ; as though it was unlawful to pray for it, before 
they had leave. A day in every year was fet apart for 
that purpofe, upon which none of the Roman armies 
might either march or engage. 



SECT. 15. FIDELITY. 

Fidelity, c fays St. Augujlin, had her temple and 
altar, and facrifices were performed to her. They re- 
prefented her like a venerable matron fitting upon a 
throne, holding a a white rod in her right hand, and a 
great horn of plenty in her left. 



a 



sect. 16. liberty. 

-As the Romans were, above all things, careful of 
their liberty, efpecially after the expulfion of the kings, 
when they fet themfelves at liberty, c fo they built a 
temple to Liberty, among the number of their other 
Goddeffes. And Cicero tells us, that Chdius confecrated 
his houfe to her. 

a Macrob. Saturn. 1. c. 16. b Dion. 1. 27. Ang. Pollutian. 

Mifcel. c. 12. c De Civ. Del 4- d Caduceus. e LiL Gyr. 

2 



( 3" ) 

SECT. 17. MOtfEY. 

The Romans invoked Pecunia as a Goddefs, that they 
might be rich. They worfhipped the God sEjculanus 
and his fon Argentinus % that they might have plenty of 
bra is aod filver : and etteemed Mfculanus^ the father of 
Argentines, becaufe brafs money was uied before filver. 
/ wonder, a fays St. Aujujlin, that Aurinus zuas not 
made a God afier Argentinus, becaufe filver money zvas 
follovued by gold. To this Goddefs, Money, O how 
many apply their devotions to this day ; wh.-.t vows do 
they make, and at what altars do they importune, that 
they may fill their coffers ! If you have thcfe Gods s b fays 
Menc.ndcr, Gold and Silver at home, afk whatever you 
pleafe, you Jhall have it^ the very Gods themf elves will he 
tat your Jervice. 

sect. 18. MIRTH. 

Lycurgus ridiculoufly erected an image, among the 
c Lacedemonians, to the God R'fus. The Tbeffalonians^ 
of the city of Hypaia, every year .facrificed to this God 
with great jollity. 



SECT, 19. THE GOOD CENIUS, 

The God d Bonus Genius^ had a temple in the way 
that leads to the mountain M&nalus^ as fays Paufanias. 
At the end of the fupper, they offered a cup to him, 
filled with wine and water ) which was called e the grace 
tup. Some fay that the cup had more water than wine$ 
others Fay the contrary. 

a Miror autem quod Argentinus non genuit Aurinum, quia et 
aurea pecunia iubfecuta eft. De Civ, Dei, ). 4.. b Hos Deos Au- 
rum et Argentum i\ dorni habeas, quicquid vales, Jogr?, tibi omnia 
aderunt; ipfcs habebis ve! rninifh antes Deos. Ap. Stob. or. de laude 
ami. c Plut in Lycurgo. d AyaOo^ She;, e AyaSS 

A&ipcvoe, poculum boni Genii. 



{ 3*2 ) 



CHAPTER II. 

SECT, X. THE VICES AND EVIL DEITIES. 

I CALL thofe Evil Deities which oppofe our happi- 
r\ek, and many times do us rnifchief. And firftj of the 
Vicesy to which temples have been confecrated. 

SECT. 2. ENVY. 

That Envy is a Goddefs, appears by the confeffion 
t>f Pallas, who owned that (he was a/lifted by her, to 
infeft a young lady, called Aglauros, wiih htr poifon. 
"Ovid defcribes the a houfe where file dwells, in very 
elegant verfe, and afterward gives a moft beautiful des- 
cription of b Envy herfelf. 

a Protinus Inwdite nigra fqualhnlia tabo 

T<'ffa pei-t. Domut rfiimis in vallibus antri 

Abdita, fole car ens ^ nee ulli pervia <vento 5 

< Trifiis 9 et igna<vi plenijfimaj rigor •<> ; ei qua 

Igne <vacet femper, cdligifte jemptr abundet. Met, X* 

Then ftraight to Envy's ceil fhe bends her way, 

Which all w ; .th putrid gore infecled lay. 

Deep in a gloomy cave's obicire recefs, 

No bams could e\r that hocrid manfion blefs j j 

No breeze e'er fann'd it j but about it roli'd 

Eternal woes, and ever lazy cold 5 

No fpark ffeotfe there, but everlafting gloom> 

Impenetrably dark, obfctir'd the room. 

b tailor in ore fedet 5 macies in cor r ore toto 5 

Nufquam red a acles 3 tivent rub'igne d ntes 5 

Pecloraftlle -went-, lingua eft fufftifa *i eneno\ 

Rifus abejl^ nifi quern wjt mover t dolor s. 

Necfruiurfvmno^ <vig -Ian:: 1 us exe'va curtsy 

Sedvidtt i'lgratosy intabejHtque v^endo^ 

Succejfus bminum : carpit'que, et carpi tur una j 

Suppitciumqae fuum efi, IbkL 

A deadly palenefs in her cheeks was feen 5 

Her meagre (keleton fcarce cas'd wirh ikin 5 

Her looks awry 5 an t -flatting fcoul 

Sits on her brows $ her teeth defornVd and foul $ 



( 3*3 ) 



SECT. 3. CONTUMELY AND IMPUDENCE. 

The vices Contumely and Impudence, were both adored 
as Deities by the a Athenians : and particularly, it is faid f 
they were reprefented by a partridge ; which is efteemed 
a very impudent bird. 



SECT. 4. CALUMNY. 

The Athenians erected an altar to Calumny* b Apel- 
les painted htr thus: c There fits a man with great and 
open ears, inviting Calumny, with his hand held out, 
to come to him ; and two women, Ignorance and Sufpi- 
tion, (land near him. Calumny breaks out in a fury; 
her countenance is comely and beautiful, her eyes fpar- 
kle like fire, and her face is inflamed with anger : fhe 
holds a lighted torch in her left hand, and with her right 
twifts a young man's neck, who holds up his hands in 
prayer to the Gods. Before her goes Envy^ pale and 
nafty ; on her fide are Fraud and Confpiracy ; behind her 
follows Repentance, clad in mourning and her clothes 
torn, with her head turned backward, as if (he looked 
for Truth, who comes flowly after. 

Her bread had gall more than her breaft could hold j 
Beneath her tongue black coats of poifon roll'd ; 
No frniles e'er fmooth'd her furrow'd brows, but thofe 
Which rife from common mifchiefs, plagues, and woes s 
Her eyes, mere Grangers to the Tweets of fieep^ 
Devouring fpite for ever waking keep ; 
She fees blefsM men with vaft fucceffes crownM, 
Their joys diftracl her, and their glories wound ; 
She kilis abroad, herfelPs confum'd at home, 
And her own crimes are her perpetual martyrdom. 
Paufan. in Attic. Cic. d-e Leg. 1. Theophr. de Leg. & Ides* 
apiul Diogen* < Lucian. lib. de non temere ciedendis calumniis* 



{ 3*4 ) 



SECT. 5. FRAUD. 

Fraud * was defcribed with a human face, and with 
a (erpent's body : in the end of her tail was a fcorpion's 
fting : fhe fwims through the river Cocytus^ aad nothing 
appears above water but her head. 

SECT. 6. DISCORD. 

Petronius Arbiter^ where he treats cf the civil war 
between Pompey and Cefar, has given a b beautiful des- 
cription of the Goddefs Difcordia. 



sect. 7. FURY. 

Fury is defcribed fometimes chained, fometimes 
raging and revelling with her chains broke : but c Virgil 



Bocat. in Gen. Deor. 

*> Intrtmuere tula-, ac fciffo Difcordia cnne 
Bxiuiit ad -uperos Styg'mm caput. Hujus in or* 
£oncretus fa hgms 9 co> ■ u 'ague lumin a flu bant 4 
Stabant aratdfcabrd rubigine dcntrs 5 
Tabo H.gua ftuensy obfejfa d y -aco ibus or a : 
Atqur inter oto lacera'am pttlore <v(jitm, 
Sangui earn tremua quatubat iampada dextra* 
*The titimpets found, arvJ with a difmal yell 
Wild Dilc rd riles from the vale of hell. 
From h<-r fwell'd eyes thene '.an a briny flood, 
And clotted gore upon her vtfage iiood j 
Around her head fe pent<ne e'f-locks hung, 
And ({reams of bice I flowM from h-r ih\t tongue^ 
Her tattef'd clothes her yelkrv (kin betray 
(An emblem of the bread on, which they lay) 
And bran I'fh'd tfame* her trembling hand obey* 
c .,, .- furor impius in' us 



Sgf-vafd m Jiifer a>ma, et centum *vin8u$ ahenis 
Pojl Urgurn nod) y f remit horridus ore cmento* 

— "« — — - Within fits inn ioup war 

Ci) curled arms, bound with a ihouf<*nd chains, 
And horrid wah a bloody mouth* complain*. 



} 



JEn* 



( 3i5 ) 

choofes to deferihe her bound in chains, although 3 Pe- 
tronius defer; bes her at liberty, unbound. 

SECT. 8. FAME. . 

* Pausanias and c Plutarch fay, that there were 
temples dedicated to Fame, She is finely and delicately 
defcribed by Virgil, which defcription I will fin-join d , 
for it deferves not only to be remembered, but tran- 
fcribed into all books as there is occafion. 



Furor abfitpiis, ceu liber, kabenis 



Sar.guin urn late tollit caput $ oraque mlie 

Vulneribus couftjfa Omenta cofjide <velat. 

Jiaret de ritus la va Mavortius umho 

hmumerabilibus tells gravis % af qui flagranti 

Stipite Jex??'<i minax terns Uucendta poriat. 

Difordefd Ra^e, from brazen fetters freed, 

Afcends to earth with an impetuous freed : 

Her wounded face a bloody helmet hides. 

And her left ami a battered target guides ; 

Red brands of fire, fupported in her right, 

The impious world with flames and ruin flight, 

Paufan. in Attic. « Plut. in Carn'io. 

d Fama, malum quo non aliud vehcisis uUam, 

Mnbititate vget, virefque acquit it eur.d^. $ 

Parva metu priim ; mox fefe a'tollv. in a -ras, 

Ingrediiurque fc'c 9 ft caput inter 'nub la condit % 

litam terra par-r.s, v a in i at a Dtcrum, 

Extremam [ut perbikent) C<zo Euceladoque fororcm 

Trogettuii ; pedibus celerem ti pe*aicibu$ ai:s : 

Monfl urn h'.-rrrndum, in ens ; cui quo 1 fufti corf ■:■> ' e plam*e 9 

Tot vigiles cculi fubtgtx (imrabiu di 'Ja) 

Tot Hngu*, tQii.u-.771 era jc .or.; , toifubrigii qnret* 

Node vela? coed medio temegw rain 

S ridens, nee dulci dedinat lumina ft 

Luce fedet cvjios, uut \umtni culmiue itct : , 

Turribus am aliis, ttmqgnas ..-■ bes : 

Tarn fell pravique tenax, qitam nun da vert* JEn, a, 

Fame, the great iU, f om frriali beginnings grows, 

Swift from iht fiirtf, ar,d ev\y moment brings 

New vigour to her flights, new pinions to her wings. 

Soon grows the pigmy to gigantic nze, 

Her tecton earth, her roiebeau in the fk:es. 

P 2 



( 3'6 ) 



sEer. 9. FORTUNE. 

Why was Fortune made a Goddefs, fays a St. Au* 
gujiin^ fince fhe comes to the -good and the tad without 
any judgment ? She is fo blind, that without diftindtion 
fhe runs to anybody ; and many times fhe pafles by th-ofe 
that admire her, and (licks to thofe that defpife her. So 
that b Juvenal had reafon to fpe<ik in the manner he docs 
of her, Yet the temples that have been confecrated to 
her, and the names that' (he has had, are innumerable : 
the chief of them I will point out to you. 

She was fiyled Aurea or Regia Fortuna, and c an 
image of her fo called was ufually kept in the emperor's 
chamber \ and when one died, it was removed to the 
palace of his fucceflor. 

She was worfhipped in the Capitol under the d title 
©f Bona; and in the Efquilia, under the title of Mala* 

Servius Tullus had in his court a chapel dedicated to 

Enrag'd aptnft the Gods, revengeful earth 

Produced her la 11 of the Tjtanian b j th. 

Swift is hei walk, more fwift her winged hade, 

A monftrous phantom, honible and vaft ; 

As m.my plumes as raiie her lofty Might, 

£0 many piercing eyes enlarge her fight ; 

Millions of op'ning mouths to Fame belong, 

And evVy mouth is furniftfd with a tongue j 
*> And round with NfVnittg tars the fifing plague is hung. 

She 6 Is the peaceful univt rfe with cres ; 

No (lumbers ever cloie her wakeful eyes 5 

By day from lofty tow'rs her head fhe (hews, 

And fpreads thro* trembling crouds diiaftrous news. 

With court informers haunts, and royal ipies, 

Things done relates, not done fhe feigns, and mingles truth with 

Talk is her hufinefs, and her chief delight [hes : 

To tell of prodigies, and caufe affi ight. 
* Aug. de Civ. Dei 1. 

b Nullum numen abeft fi fit prudentia ; fed te 

Nosfacitws, Fo>iuna t Deam> cceloque locamus* Sat* 20» 

Fortune is never worihipp'd K y th^ w le ; 

Bu*r (he, hy fools let up, ufurps the ikes. 
e SparL in Severo. G>r. fynt. 15, d Piin. ct Cic, 



\ 



JPa 9 v 1,6 




( 3^7 ) 

a Fortuna Barbata : ftie was called Brevisiov Parva hi 
the Cane place. 

She is alfo called Ctsca, blind. Neither is fee only, 
fays b Cicero, blind herfe'f, but fee many times makes 
thofe blind that enjoy her. 

In fame intcripuons fee is called c Confer vatrix* 
The pra-tor |& Fidvius FLiccus, in Spain, when the 
laft battle was fought with :he Celtiberi, vowed a chapel 
to 1 Fortuna Eg uejlr is ; bee aufe he in the battle com- 
manded the bridles to be t ken off the horfe?, that they 
might run upon th- enemy with the greater force, and 
violence, by which he got the victory, 

Fors Fortuna, or c Forth Fortuna, was another of her 
names; and fee was worfeipped by thofe who lived 
without any art or care. 

She had a chapel near the temple of Venus, where fee 
W< s called f Mafcula and s p iritis, mafculine. 

She was called h -Muliebris, becaufe the mother and 
the wife of Goriolanus faved the city of Rome. And 
when her image was confecrated in their prefnee, \ it 
fpoke thefe words twice : Ladies, you have dedicated me 
as you Jhould do. k Yet it was not lawful for all matrons 
to touch this image, but for thofe only who had not been 
married twice. 

Mammofa, either from her feape, or becaufe fee fup- 
plies us with plenty. 

Servius Tullus dedicated a temple to Fortuna Ohfcauens, 
becaufe fee obeys the wifees of men. The fame prince 
worfeipped her, and built her chapels; whe^e fee was 
called Primigema^ l becaufe both the city and the em- 
pire received their origin from her ; alfo Priva'a, or 
m Propria, becaufe fee had a chapel in the court, which 
that prince ufed fo familiarly, that fee was thought to 
go down through a little window into his houfe. 

a P!ut. mQuaeff, b De Armenia. c Ap. Gyr. fym. i$ 

d Vide Liv. 1. 41, 42. c idem 1. 27. f Plutarch, de Fora 

Rormm. g O/id. Fad. 4. h Dion. 1. 8. i Rite me, Mi- 

Uonse, dedicaftis, Aiig. de Civ. Dei 4, Val. Max. I, 2. * | e ,^ 
hi JEn. 4.. ] Plutarch. a Ibid. 



( 3*8 ) 

Her temple at Pranejie^ * from which fhe was called 
Pranejiina, was more famous and notable than all the 
red ; becaufe very true oracles were uttered there. 
- Dwiitian confederated a chapel to b Fortuna Redux. 

In ancient infcriptions fhe is named c Stata* 

To d Vhgo Fortuna the little coats of the young girls 
Were prefented, 

Laftly, file was called e Fifcata, or Vifcofa^ becaufe 
we are caught by her, as birds are with birdlime $ in 
which fenfe Seneca fays, f kindnejjes are birdlime* 



SECT. 10. FEVER. 

, Fhbrts, Fever^ had her altars and temples ?n the 
palace, s She was worfhipped that fhe fhould not hurt: 
and for the fame reafon they worfhipped 'all the other 
Gods and God defies of this kind. 

Fear a'nd Palenefs were fuppofed to be Gods, b and 
, woi (hipped by Tullus HoJldius\ l when in the battle 
between the Romans and the Vejentes it was told him, 
that the Albans had revolted, and the Romans grew afraid 
and pale : for in this doubtful conjecture, he vowed a 
temple to Pallor and Pavor. 

The people of Qadara k made Poverty and Art God- 
defTes ; becaufe the firft whets the wit for the difcovery 
of the other, 

NeceJJity and Violence had their chapel upon the Aero* 
Corinth us : but it was a crime to enter into it. 

J!A. Marcel/us dedicated a chapel to Tempejlas, with- 
out the gate of Captna^ after he had efcaped a fevere 
tempeR in a voyage to the ifland of Sicily. 

a Liv. I. 5*. Sueton. in Domit. c. 15. b xMart. I. 3. c Ap. 
Gyrnli. d Arnobius 2. adverius Gerite? . e Plntaih . in 

Qoaeii. f Beneficia funrvifcofa. De Benefices. * Cic. 3. de 

Nat. e^ 2 de Leg. h Aug. de Civ, Dei 4.. * Liv. 1. j, 

k Airian cpud Gyr. fynt. 4. 



( 3^9 ) 



SECT. II. SILENCE. 

Both the Romans and Egyptians worfliipped the 
Gods and Goddelles of Silence. The Latins particu- 
larly wo? (hipped a Anger onia and Tacit a, whofe image 
(they fay) flood upon the altar of the Goddefs Volupia^ 
with its mouth tied up and fealed j b becaufe they who 
endure their cares with filence and patience, do by that 
means procure to themfelves the greateft pleafure. 

The Egyptians worfliipped Harpocrates^ as the God of 
Silence^ c after the death of OJiris. He was the fon of 
I/is. They offered the firft fruits of the lentils and pulfe 
to him. They confecrated the tree perfea to him ; be- 
caufe the leaves of it were ftiaped like a tongue, and the 
fruit like a heart* He was painted naked, in the figure 
of a boy, crowned with an Egyptian mitre, which ended 
at the points as it were in two buds ; he held in his left 
hand a horn of plenty, while a finger of his right hand 
was upon his lip, thereby commandingyz/W^. 

And therefore I fay no more; neither can I better be 
filent, than when a God commands me to be fo. How 
vain have I been, and troublefome to you, Palaophilus? 
I acknowledge my fault, and fhall fay no more for 
fhame. 

P. But I muft not be filent; for, dear fir, your ex- 
traordinary civility to me, as well as your great merit, 
commands me at all times to fpeak and write of you 
with honour, to exprefs my gratitude as much as I can 
that way, if I am not fo able to do it in another. 

» Macrob. Sat. Plut. in Numa. Plin. 1. 3. b Q^od, qui 

fuos angores (unde Angeronia difta eft) aequo ansmo ferunt, perve- 
niunt ad maximum voluptatem* < Epiph* 3. contra Haeiefes* 



INDEX. 



ABEONA, or Adeona, a guar- 
dian goddefs to grown pet Tons, 
290 

■Abjyrtus % torn to pkces by his 
fitter Medea, 273 

Achelous, turns him r elf info a fer- 
pent, then into a bull, and is 
conquered by Hercules, 270 

Acheron, one of the infernal ri- 
vers, :12 ' 

Achilles, his birth and education ; 
invulnerable, fave only in the 
foot, 294 j hid by his mother to 
prevent his going to Troy, and 
difcovefcd by Ul'yfTes ; kills Hec- 
tor, and is himfeif killed by Pa- 
n's, 295 

A:idalia y a title of Venus, 101 

Aconitum, wolfsbane, grew fhft 
out of the vomit of Cerberus, 
269 

Aclaon, turned into a deer by 
Diana, and torn in pieces by his 
own dogs, 188 

Adonis, the gallant of Venus, kil- 
led by a boar, 113$ his blcod 
turned into the flower called A- 
nenapiie, 1 1 4 

A-iraJlaa, the fame with Neme- 
fif, one of the gcddeffes of juf- 
tfce, V7 5. 

Ad/viptiiii, gods of lower rank 
and ui-gnity, 6 

Abacus, one of the infernal judges, 

JEcafior, an oath, only ufed by 

vomen, 279 
JEdepol, an oath, uftd both by 

me^i and women, 279 
JEgeon, one of the giants, 236 
JEgeuS) drowns himfeif in thefea, 



wh'ch from him was afterward 

called (he JEgbm lea, 274 
AEgis, the mieid of Jupiter, 13 
JEgina, debauched by Jupiter in 

the mape of fire, 15 
Aello, one of the Harpies, 242 
Molus, the god of the winds* 147 
JEfculanus, one of tne gods of 

wealth, 311 
JEfculap'tus , liis birth, education, 

and wonderful ikll in phyfic; 

he reft ores the dejd to lire, and 

Jupuer, on Pluto's complaint, 

(bikes him dead with thunder, 

284 5 he is woj (hipped as a god 3 

his lour children, 285 
JEfon, the father of jalbn, when 

very old and decrepid, reftored 

to youth by Medea, 273 
Mtciy the father of Medea, and 

king of Colchis, 272 
JEtbra, the wife of Atlas, 290 
JEtnaus, a title of Vulcan, 141 
Agamemnon, chofen general a- 

gainft Troy, and at his return" 

murdered by his wife CI y tern - 

neiira, 279 
Aganippe*^ and Aganipfddes, 

common names of the Mutes, 

172 - Nymphs ot Phcebu-, 201 
Agfujftus, and Agejilaus, names 

of Pluto, 225 
Agenoria, a guardian goddefs to 

adult peiibns, 259 
Aglaia, one of the Graces, 113 
Sgraus, a ttame of Ariilaeus, j ?$ 
Ajax, -kills himfeif, and hisbiood 

is turned into the violet, '297 
Arus Locutius, a tutelar god to a- 

dult perfbns, 261 
Albion, a giant killed by Hercules, 

270 



INDEX. 



Alcidrs, a name of Here u lee, 265 
Aldikoe, tur ed into a bat* 63 
Acm-ena, deceived by Jupiter* 

who transformed himfeif into 

the fnape of her huflband A;i> 

phytrion, 15 
AUdiOy one of the Furies, 231 
AkBrjon, <*:ned im&A cork, 74 
Ajma, and Alt>ix i titles of Ceies, 

163 
Abnus f and A'umius, titles of 

Jupiter, 22 
Alofus, one of the giants that 

warred a j?imt heaven, 237 
A } ph£iiii attempts Diana, but is 

diJappomted, 1 8 8 
Amaltbaas horn, defcribed, 13, 

271 
Amazons, military women, de- 

fcribtd, 2? 5 j fubdued by Her- 
cules and Thefeus, 276 
Am*ar;vyli#, faciifices offered to 

Cere^fe/-' 
Am l iroJia$jMvz\s in honour of 

Bacchus, 61 — A daughter cf 

A'lvs, 324 
Amice, a name of Venus, 99 
Amnwn, or Mammon, a name of 

Jupiter, iS 
Am; hitn, builds the walls of 

Thebes by the rrmfic of his harp j 

this table explained, 293 
Amphymt?, the wife cf Neptune, 

206 
AttadyQmene, a name of Venus, 

JOi 

A ciiia, holy AVelds kept in the 

temple of [ylars, 77 
Jvdro^eda, delivered by Per feus 

from a (eatiionfie 1 , 2^2 

Angtr :fia 9 a tutei i\ go. kiefs to 

adu't peri ns, 260 
Angcrunia, a gudv e;s of h'ence, 

3' 9 
Ar.tceus, a g'ant overcome by 

Jicicuits, 269 
Astros, a name of Cupid, 111 



Ant evert a, a tutelar goddtfs to 

women in labour, 257 
Anthia, a name of Juno, 82 
Antiope, debauched by Jupier In 
the fhape of a faryr, 1 5 
Anubisy an Egyptian god with a 

dog's head, 300 
Aonidts, the Mules fo called, 171 
Apaturia, festivals in honour of 
Bacchus, 62 — A title of Venus, 
ico 

Avhrodah, a name of Venus, iot 

Apis, a god worshipped by the 
Egyptians in the fhape of an ox, 
300 j a description of him, 303. 

Apollo, hfs image, 2^ ; his pa- 
rentage 28 \ place of birth, ad- 
rmrable endowments, and me- 
morable aclionsj 295 his feveral 
mmes 33 5 what was meant 
by this fable, 38 

JJrachfie, turned into a fpider by 
Minerva, 93 

Ares, Mars fo called by the. 
Greeks, 72 

A'eopogus, Mars' hill fo called, 
brcaule Mars was theje rried for 
inceir and rrinrcfer ; capita! crimes 
always tried there, 72 

Arropagiia^ judges of the great- 
ell integrity, 72 

Arethufa, courted by Alpheus, 
and turned into a fountain whole 
water lhixes with the river Al- 
pheus in Sicily, 201 

Ayi<ya 9 a name of Juno, 82 

Argonaut &> J axon's companions* 
who went with him to fetch- the 
gulden tieeee. 271 

A g ntinm > a goi of wraith, 31X 

Argus 9 fent by Juno to keep Io, 
So 5 i killed by Mercury, .and 
turned by J tino in, 6 a peacock, 8 1 

A i'dne, in love win lh kus, 
and. af'eiw^d* marked to Bac- 
chus, Hy a horn- her crown was 
mare a contteliaiton, 275 

?5 



INDEX. 



Atio??, an admirable muflcian, caft 
into the lea, and carried fafe to 
land by a dolphin, 293 
A* ifitfit!) a rural god, 185 
A*mata, a title ot Venus, 100 
Art, worfhipped as a goddefs, 318 
A'calaphus, turned into an owl, 

Afeclifi, games in honour of Bac- 
chus, 62 

Afiarte, a title of Venus, ico 

Afleria, ravifbed and carried away 
by Jup ; ter, in the fliape of an 
eagle, 3 6 

Ajhrope, a 'daughter of Adas, 
290 

Aft r act) the pi i .eels of juflice, 
174, 306 

Atalanta and H ppomenes, un- 
i ltunaie lovers, their ftory, 107 

Aphonias, minders his fon Lear- 
chus, 213 

Aihentiy a n .me of Minerva, 90 

A ias 7 fu (fains the heavens on his 
jmouU'eis, 2S9 ; is turned in*tp a 
flor'e by Pcifeus ; his children j 
the meaning of this fable, 290 

Ar< us, kills and feeds upon his 
wife's childs en, 240 

Atr'pos, one of the Fates, 231 

A }S, Attes, or At.i'its, a favou- 
rs of Cyhele, errafculates hirri- 
feK and is turned into a pine, 
158 

AtjS, the fon of Ooefu?, born 
dumb, and gains his fpeech by a 
fright, 138 

Avnn< s t a lake on the borders 
of hell, 220 

A vi¥\ uncus, a tutelar god to a- 
club bei f< ns, 261 

Atfg#d*) his liable contain? three 
thciiKuid oxen, and is e'eanfed 
in one day by Hercules, 268 

/iqj'fiu; or, -a. title of IViapus, 1 84 
A-i a&i a title of Fortune, 3 1 6 
Aurora, ha description, and de- 



fcent, 120; carries Cephalus 
and Tithonus into heaven, 121 
AutoljcuSy a notorious thief, 193 

B. 

Baal, a name of Jupiter, 18 

Babylon, the walls of it, one of 
the feven wonders of the world, 
42 

Bacchanalia, feftivals in honour 
of Bacchus, 63 

Baccha, prieftefTes of Bacchus, 
61 ; nymphs of Bacchus, 201 

Bacchus, his image, 52 ; his birth, 
53 ; his feveral names, 55 5 his 
exploits, 59 ; the facrifkes of- 
fered to him, 60 ; the hiftorical 
meaning of this fable, 64 $ the 
moral ienfe of it, 66 

Balms, one of rhe horfes of A- 
chiiles, 242 

Barbata, a title of Venus, 100 j 
and of Fortune, 3, i 7 

BaJJarides, nymphs of Bacchus, 
201 

Bati us, turned by Mercury into a 
ftone called Index, 51 

Bcel, Bceiphego*, Beelzebub, Bel- 
scemeti) names of Jupiter, 18 

BelidiS, the fifty daughters of Da- 
naus, who killtd their hufbands- 
on the wedding- night, 239 ; the 
punifhment they futfer for it in 
hell, 240 

B idler ophon, his admirable chaf- 
tity expofes him to many dan- 
gers ; he catthes Pegalus, and 
on his back < ; efiio}s the Chime- 
ra, for which Jobases gives him 
his daughter' in marriage j this 
fuccefs makes him vain and in- 
foment, for which Jupiter ilrikes 
him with madnefs, 283 

Belter* phen's letters, thofe which 
any man carries tcw4iis own pre- 
judice, 283 






INDEX. 



Belkrus, king of Corinth, killed 

by Bellerophon, 282 
BelLca, a pillar before the temple 
of Bellona, over which the he- 
rald threw a fpear when he pro- 
claimed war, 71 
Bellona, rhe goddefs of war, 70 
Bellonariii prieft? or Beiiona, 70 
Belus, king of Affyria, the fir ft to 
wlu»m an idol was iet up and 
worfhipped, 3 — A name of Ju- 
piter, 18 
Beneficium, accounted a dcfjty, 261 
Berecynikia, a title of Cybele, 154. 
Bergion, a giant llam by Her- 
cules, 270 
B.biis, fails in love w'th her bro- 
ther Caunus pines away for 
grief, and is turned into a foun- 
tain, <p 
Bicefi, and Btfrons, names of Ja- 
nus. 134 
Biformis, and Bmater, names of 

B.cchus, 56 
Beared Erjmanihus, tamed by 

He cults, 267 
Bo r ma, courted by Apollo, 31 ; 
drown* btrfetf, but i> afterward 
made irmnuita!, 32 
Bona., a title of Fortune, 316 
Bona D a, a title of Cybeie, 155 
Bows Damon, 0% Genius, a title 

of Pn -pus 185 
Bot.us Genius, worshipped as a 

god, 350 
Br^areus, one of the giants, 2-17 
Br -vis, a title of F rune, 5*7 
Br mo, a name of Hecate, or Dia- 
na, 1 92 
Bri au , and Bromius, Dames of 

B icchus, 56 
B 1 omartu, made a goddefs by 

Diantn, 192 
B':niutGS, a litle of Jupiter, 13 
B U'»a, a name of .Bacchus, 6^ 
BrunuAia, fe (rivals in honour of 
Bacchus, 6a 



BuSofiiS) a name of Hecate, or 
Diana, 192 

Bubona, a deity preuding over 
oxen, 204. 

B ge.es, a name of Bacchus, 56 

Bull, of a great fjze, tamed by Her- 
cules, 268 

Bulla, a golden ornament worn 
about the necks of the Roman 
youths, 25 1 

Bw.aa, a name of Juno 9-z 

Buj]ru, a tyrant that offered hu- 
man iacnficcs to his father Nep- 
tune, facrificed by Hercuies, 
269 



Cahiriy or Caberi, priefts of Cy- 
beie, 160 

Cabalinus Tons, the horfe-foun- 
tain, 2S2 

Cacus, a fon of Vulcan, and a 
m_'(t notorious robber, 1435 
killed by Hercules. 143, 270 

Cadmus banifhed, buil.>s the city 
of Thebes, and fows the teetn of 
a frpent in \ke ground trom 
which armed men fpr-ng nn, 16 5.. 
he and his wife Hrsm-ne are-r 
turned into lei pent;-, 1 7 ^ the- 
meanmgot this fable, ij 

Caduceur, the wand of Mercuryy 

Caca, a title of Fortune, 317 
Caculus, a robber, Vqicapi's on, 

144 

Ca*u, a woman that turned her- • 
i ir intvj a man 21* 

Cai '-f^iaris, ana Caprotina, names 
of Juno, 82 

Galifio, debauched bv Jupiter un- 
der the (hape of Diana, turned" 
into a hear, and iua.it: a cqwliel- 
lation, 1 5. 

Cailiopc, one of the Mules; 169. 

Calumny, worshipped as 3 god*- 
dels, Vi 



INDEX. 



Cal^va, a title of Venus, ioo 

Cambyfes, wounds Apis with his 
fword, 303 

Camilius, Cafmilfus, or Cadmil- 
ius, a name of Mercury, 48 

Camiliy and Camilla?, ail hoys 
and girls under age fa called, 48 

Cami-tna, a tutelar goddefs to 
young perfcns, 291 

Canephjria, facri rices offered to 
Bacchus, or Dinna, 61 

Canes, a name of the Furies, 231 

CanopuSy an Egyptian god, fights 
with Ignis, a god of the Chal- 
deans, and vanqu'fhes him, 214 

Cantbarusy the name of Silenus' 
jug, 182 

CapitoIiiiUSy a title of Jupiter, 18 

Cardua, a domeftic goddefs, 248 

Carmenta, the fame with The- 
mis, 173 — Another, a famous 
prophetefs of Rome, 174 5 and 
a tutelar goddefs to infants, 258 

Camay ox Caniea, a tutelar god- 
defs to infants, 259 

Cajfiope, or CaJJiopeia, made a 
confteliation. 2^3 

CafialidtSy the Mufes fo called, 
1.72 

Cafior and Pollux, twins, their 
birth, 277 ; their actions ; they 
tore immortality between them ; 
sue made the conftellation Ge- 
mini, 278 

CatiuSy a tutelar god to adult per- 
fcns, 261 

Cek&ta, a daughter of Atlas, 290 

CeltfiQy one of the Harpies, 242 

Celefial Gods, thole or the high- 
err, dignity, 6 

Ceiffiial Nymphs, their offices, 
199 

Centaurs, half men and half 
horfes, 24> j overcome by The- 
feus, 275 

Centipeda, a title of Jupiter, 22 

Cepbalus, carried into heaven by 
Auicra, who fends him back to 



his wife Procris, and he kills 
her unawares, 121 

Ceraunius, a title of Jupiter, 20 

Cerberus, a dog with three hea is, 
223 ; conquered and brought . 
up from hell by Hercules, iG% 

Cerecdia, faenfiecs offered to Ce- 
res, 166 

Ctre%, her image, 760 5 the ufe- 
ful arts (lie taught men, 162 $ 
the facrifices to her honour, 166 

Chalcea, festivals in honour of 
Vulcan, 141 

Charities, the three Graces, 1 1 3 

Chary bdif, a ravenous wonun 
turned into a guif, 21-7$ the 
meaning of this fable, 2 1 8 

Charon, the ferryman of hell, 
221 

Chajliiy, worfhipped as a goddefs, 
307 

Chiwara, a ftrange monfter, kil- 
led by Beilerophon, 245, 283 ; 
the meaning of this fable, 283 

Chhne, has twins by Apollo and 
Mercury 5 contemns Dian «'s 
beauty, and is therefore (hot 
through the tongue, 19: 

Chiron, a centaur, his excellent 
/kill in phyfic, and teaches the 
art to ./Efcuhpius j appointed 
tutor to Achiiles, and initrucls 
Hercules in agronomy ; wound- 
ed by one or Hercules'" arrows, 
and made the compilation Sa- 
gittarius, 2 So 

Chlorisy married to Zephyrus, 
196 

Cinxia,^ name of Juno., 83 

du€y ik famous forceteis, banim- 
ed for poifonirig Ivv hu(bamJ 5 
falls in love with Glaucus, and 
turns her rival Scylla into a fea- 
monlter ; entertains UlyflTes, and 
tu» ns ins companions into hearts, 
bui reports them to their former 
/bapes, 45,5 the meaning of this 
fable, 4.5 



INDEX. 



Cbheridef, or Cuhiriades, the 

Mules fo called, 171 
Ci'h-ronia, a name of Juno, 82 
CL'rviger, a title of Jam*?, 135 

;r,, vvorihipped as a god- 

dds, 3-7 
C/0, one of the Mufes, 169 
CI tbo, one of the Fat^s, 2:0 
Clowns of Lvcia, turned into 

fiogs by Latona, 1 19 
Cluacna^ a name of Vtfius, ioo 
Cut/ms, or Clau/ius, a name of 
• Janus, 1 37 
Cl, : .emnrfira. kills her hufband 

Agamemnon, and is killed by 

her fon Oreftes; 279 
Cljtu 7 turned into a lunfiower, 32 
Clyfsr'is, defkmred by Jupiter in 

the fit ape of an ant 15 
Coc\tu-^ one of the infernal rivers, 

222 
CoUirtHy the goddefs of the hills, 

2 04 

Coioffus of Rhodes'* one of the fe- 

ven won:! 'ES of the world, 4.1 
Ctf/w/) /#.'/ HComti a iia.oxCom- 

fiialia, gam=s in honour-of the_ 

domeftic go s, 250 
C;m[iic,s, d imeH c gods, 549 
Concord t wcrfhij ped.as a go idefs, 

347 ; x 

Confutes t mperior gods, 6 — Do- 
mett c god-, 2^9 
C ,1 f'^acr- 1 :it:e of Jupiter, 13 
C'jiferuaix-.Xi a title of Fortune, 

3,7 
Coajvalia, games in honour of 

Nep'une, 2.^9 

Co-ifu. ( y anmvof Sep^une. 209— 
A tutelar goddefs to adult* per - 
fons 161 

Con.ume'y> wo fnippd as a god- 
del ,313 

Cor ?ns 9 a daughter of Alas, 
290 

C\r;^iru the fame with the Tri- 
in the tempte < f A olio, 36 

Corybantes, prietts of Cj btle, j 59 



Croma, feftlvals in honour of Sa« 

turn, 129 
Cvnia, a tutelar goddefs to mfanls, 

Cu; id, his decent ; two different 
C lipids mentioned by the poets, 
in ; h : s m'ghty power 112 

Cure'ts* piiejtsof Cybele, 159 

Cur it} gi Lvmtifi a name ot Ju- 
no. 83 

Crjls, a lire of Jupiter, 19 

Cybelt) her image, 153 j her 
name?, 1 54 ^ her Jacnfices, 
158; her prielts, i 59 

Ceops, the iervams of Vn!can> 
142 5 rjeiiroyed by Apollo, 30 

GpJUnius, or Cylliu^ a name cf 
Mercury, 52 

C\K:tius< a title of Apollo, 34 

CjporijjuSy a beautiful y.uh 
turned into a cypreis-t ee, 37, 
3S0 

C p is , Cy p t\g , C • /> r og £ /, ?£ r Cr- 
iter is, and Cythtrea^ names of 
Venus, 100 

Cyry£ polace, one of the feven 
wonders of the world, 43 

D. 

Ddrdahts § a famous artificer, his 
■ -ntions 5 is /hut up m a !a« 
bymth, but fljes out of it with 
artificial wings, 46 

D demon Bonus , a name of Bac- 
chus, 56 

Doiiae. corrupted by Jupiter, kl 
the form of a gulden &ow<er, 
34, 28 1 ; btiovrd by king Po- 
lydecles, who educates her fen 
Perfeus* 28 r 

Dann:de! y the fifty daughters of 
Danaus, who killed their huf- 
bands on the wedding nsgbt, 
^39 

Daphne, turned : n'<* a laurel, 31 

Da hyrhii a title of V.nus, ico 

Da' by a goddcl's not Wviihipp-d, 
*33 



INDEX. 



Decima, one of the Fates 231 

Dtianira, the wife of Hercules, 
occafions his death, 271 

Delius, Delphicus, and Delphinius, 
names of Apollo, 34 

Delos, at fir It a woman, then a 
floating ifiandj afterward a fixed 
one called alio Ortygia, 117 

Defpoina, a title of Proferpine, 
227 

Deucalion, king of ThefFaiy, re- 
flores the race of mankind de- 
ftroyed by a deluge, 288; the 
meaning of this fable, 289 

Veverra, a .tutelar goddefs to 
breeding women, 256 

Diana, her image, 187 5 the fame 
with the Moon 5 188 ; her names 
and offices, 1 29 5 her temple at 
Ephefus, one of the Cevtn won- 
ders of the world, 42 — One of 
the nuptial goddefles, 255 —.A 
tutelar gcddeis to women in 
labour, 257 

Diana 1 'auric a , a goddefs to 
whom men and women were of- 
fered in facrifice, 280 

Diclynna, a name of Diana, 192 

Didymaus, a name of Apollo, 

Dtejfittr, a name of Jupiter, 21 
Dii Confetti es 9 luperior deities, 6 
DH Minor urn Gentium, fubordi- 

nate deities, 6, 2? r 8 
Dii Indigetes and Adfcriptitii, 

gods thai once were men, 263 
D'wdymene, or Dindjme, a name 

of Cylxle, 1 54 
Dlomedes, a tyrant of Thrace, 

fubdued by Hercules, and given 

for food to his hones, 2 / >8 
Donyfia, feltivajs in honour of 

Bacchus, 63 
Dionyfius, Dicnyfi'Sy and Ditby- 

rambus 9 names ot Bacchus, 56, 

57 
Di'te, a nam'' of the Furies, 231 
Disj, a mme of Pluto, ia + 



Difcordy worfhipped as a goddefs, 

Dodona's grove, defcribed, 19 
Dodonaus, a name of Jupiter, 19 
Dolius, a name of Mercuty, 52 
Dymiducus, and Domitius 9 nup- 
tial gods, 255 
Domina 9 a title of Proferpine, 

227 
Doris, a nymph of the fea, 200 
Dreams, by what ways they are 

conveyed to men, 234 
Druida, prietts among the Gauls, 

200 
D>yades 9 nymphs of the woods, 

500 
Duellona y a name of Beliona, 70 

E, 

Echo, debauched by Pan, 179; 
pires away for love of Natciflfus, 
and her bones turned into ifones, 
202 
Educa, or Edufa 9 a tutelar god- 
dels to infants, 259 
Egeria, a title of Juno, 84 — A 
tutelar goddefs to women in la- 
bour, 257 
Eleclra, a daughter of Atlas, 290 
FJicius, a name of Jupi.er, 19 
El us, Elehus, and Eleutberios, 

names of Bacchus, 57, 58 
Eloiaes, nymphs of Bacchus, 201 
Eievfinia, a name of Ceres ; fa- 
crihees to Ceres, and to Profer- 
pine, 166 
Ely/mm, defcribed, 246 
Empuja', Gorgon s,. delcribed, 242 
Enaymioti, a gallant to Luna, 191 
Envy, worihspped as a goddefs, 

312 
Ey alius, a title of Mars, 73 
Epk ales, one of the giants, 237 
Epitenad) (acn rices offered to 

Bacchus, 61 
Ej>iftro[Jjia t a name of Venus, 

103 
Eqxefris, a title of Fortune, 317 



INDEX, 



Erato, one of the mufes, 170 
Ergatis, a name of Minerva, 91 
Erichtbonius, Erichtheus, or E- 
richtbonicus, a fon of Vulcan, 
and the inventor of chariots, 141 
Erinnys, a name of the Furies, 

232 
Ertf.chtbon, punifhed with perpe- 
tual hunger, fo that he devours 
his own flefti, 165 
Eros, a name of Cupid, tii 
Erycina, a name of Venus, 101 
Eteocles and Polynices, brothers 
that hated and killed each other j 
on the fame funeral pile burnt, 
and the fiame divides, 245 
Eudora, a daughter of Atlas, 290 
E-vius, Evous, Evan, and Eu- 

cbius, names of Bacchus, 57 
Eumenidcs, a name of the Furies, 

231 
Euphrojyne, one of the Graces, 

1,3 
Europa, carried away by Jupiter 

in the fbape of a bull, 16 
Euryale, one of the Gorgons, 

242 
Euterpe, or Euterpta, one of the 

Mufes, 170 

F. 
Fabaria, the calends of June, 

259 
Fabulinus, a tutelar goddefs to 

infants, 259 
Faith, wormipped as a goddefs, 

305 
Fame, worfhipped as a goddefs, 

3I 5 
fafcelis, a title of Diana Tauri- 

ca, 280 
Fafcinum, a name of Priapus, 185 
Fates, a defctipnon of the three, 

230 j their offices, 231 
Fatv.a, and Fauna, names of 

Cybeie, 155 
Fauns, nearly the fame as fatyrs, 

rural gods, i S3 



Famus, or Fatuellus, the hufbanc! 

of Fauna, or Faiuella, both 

were Ikilled in prophecy, 183 
Fear, worfhipped as a god, 318 
Fever, worfhipped as a goddefs, 

3 r8 
Februus, a name of Pluto, 225 
Februa, facrifkes of purgation, 

84, 225 — One of the nuptial 

goddefTes, 256 
Februahs, Februaia, and Februa , 

or Februla, titles of Juno, 84. 
Fer cuius, a domefh'c god, 248 
Feretrius, a name of Jupiter, 19 
Feronla, 2l goddefs of the woods, 

197 
Ferula, the walkingftafF of Sile* 

nus, 182 
Feffonia, a tutelar goddefs to a* 

dult perfons, 260 
F.delity, worfhipped as a goddefs* 

310 
Flamen Pomonalis, a prieft that 

only ferves Pomona, 198 
Flora, the goddefs of flowers, 

196 — One of the goddeffes of 

corn, 205 
Florales, or Floralia, feafts in 

honour of Flora, 196 
Fluonia, a title of Juno, 84 
Flwviales, nymphs of the rivers, 

100 
Fans CabaUinus, the Mufes 1 foun- 
tain, 282 
Fornax, a goddefs of corn, 206 
Fortune, wormipped as a goddefs, 

316 
Fors, or Fort is, a title of Fortune, 

317 
Fraud, worfhipped as a goddefs, 

Fulminator, and Fulgens, names 
of Jupiter, 20, 23 

Funeral Deities, 262 

Furies, a deicriptton of the three, 
231; their office, 232 j what 
is meant by this fable, 231 

Fury, worfhipped as a goddefs, 3 14 



INDEX, 



GalantliSy turned in<o a weafel, 

G ataxia, the milky-way in the 
heavens, why Co called, 4.7, 

Gtf/#, the pnefls of Cybele, their 
mad behaviour, 154; the fea Ion 
of their na&e, and their offices, 

*|7> 159 

Ganymede, carried from Mount 
Ida to heaven by Jupiter, in the 
■inapt of an eagle, 1 5 

Gates, m the palace of Somnus, 
through which falfe and true 
viiions came to mankind, 233, 

Gemi 1, one of the conciliations 
in heaven, the lame with Caftor 
and Pollux, 27 8 

Geniior, a name of Jupuer, 20 

Genii, the guardian angels of men, 
ibmetimes the fame with the La- 
res, and with the Daemons, 
252; tbdr images, and the la-, 
crirkes offered to them, 253 j 
their office^ 254 

Geryort, a monfter with three bo- 
dies, 243 ; overcome by Hercu- 
les, 268 

Giants, 1 heir defc ent, 2355 en- 
deavour to depofe Jupiter, but 
are dettroyed by him, 236 

Gfaucopis,' a name of Minerva, 
94 

Giaucus, a fiflierman, made a fea 
£><*, 213 

Gnoffis, a tit 1 3 of Anadne, 275 

Golden Age, defcribed, 127 

Golden lieece, defcribed, 272 

Gorgons] their names and delcrsp- 
tion, 242 

Graces, three fitters, their defcent 
and dcfcription, 113 

Grace tup, tilled with wine and 
water, and drank off to the Bo- 
nus Genius, 31 1 

Gradivas, a title of Mars, 73 



Gragus, and Grapfias, names of 

Jupiter, 20 
Greek Let ters 9 by whom invented, 

17 

H. 

Hides, a nnme of Pluto, 225 
Hares Marlia, a tutelar godJefs 

to adult ptrlons, 261 
Halcjone, a daughter of Aths, 

290 
Hamadryades, nymphs of the 

wood?, 200 
Hartie^, their names and defcrip- 

T; on, 24.2 
Hurpocra'es, the god of filence, 

Health, wortmpped as a goddefs, 

2.IQ 
Hebe, the goddefs of youth, her 

birth 5 made cupbearer lojapi- 
- ter 5 but for an unlucky fall is 

turned out of her office, 8 8 
Hecatr, why Duma was called by 

this name, 189. 191 
Helena, the mud beautifij virgin 1 

in the wo hi, runs away with 

Paris j af r bis .ieadi manits 

his brother Deiphobus, and then 

betrays him to Mtnelaus, 310 
HUcon, the MuC-s' mount, zt? 4 
H licotiides, or Heilconiades, the 

Mules, 10 called, 171 
HH, defcribed, 21 9 
II. lie, drowned in ihtt fea which- 

from her s fmce called the Bel- 

lefpont, 272 
Hllefyoniiacus, a tide cf Pria- 

pus, 184 
Hraia, facrifices offered to Juno,, 

82 
Hircules, h's birth, 264; his 

names, 265 ; his labour^ a66 ; 

hi* deadi 271 
Hercule, H rele, or H rcules, an, 

oath, tiiken onl) hy men, 279 
H'-rma, (tames of Me. cm v fet up. 

fcr the direction ol travellers, 5.1 



INDEX. 



Htrmaphroditus and Salmads, 
made inro one perfon, called a 
Hermarhrodre, 50 

Htrmathtna, images ufed among 
the Romans, 52 

J/ rmesy a name of Mercury. 48 

Mermione, a tutelar deity, 74 — 
The daughter of Meneiaus, pro- 
m trd to Oreftes, but married to 
Pynhus, 279 

Hfinne, the daughter of k : ng 
Laonudon, delivered from a fea- 
montter by Hercules, 270 

Helper, or Hefperugo, ihe evening 
ftar, 292 

He perns, the brother of Atlas, 
turned into a ftar, 292 

Hrfp rides, the three daughters of 
Hefperus, in whole garden were 
golden apples, guarded by a 
dragon, which Hercules kills, 
and takes away the fruit, 268, 
292 

Hind, with brazen feet and golden 
horns, hunted and caught by 
Hercules, 267 

Hippiu-, and Hipp:dromus, names 
of Neptune, 209 

Hippocamii,* the horf-s of Nep- 
tune's chariot, 209 

Hippocrtne, the Mules' fountain, 
282 

fiippecretiides, the Mutes fo call- 
ed, 171 

Hippdjte, queen of the Amazons, 
married to Thefeus, 276 

Hppolytus, the fon of Theihis, 
his exemplary chaftity ; h killed 
by a fall from his chariot, and 
reftored to life by /Efcolapius, 
276 

Hippomcnes and A'alana, unfor- 
tunate lovers, their Itoiy, 107 

Hppna, a goddefs prefixing over 
horf -s and tables, 204 

Hifonus, the firit name of Bel- 

Icroplion, 282 



Hippotades, a name of JEolm 9 

'47 
"HiifypliU, queen of Lemnos, has 

twins by Jafbn, 272 
Hb'cus, the reputed father of Ori- 

< n. 208 
Horn -ynus, a name of Jupiter, 

20 
Honor ius, a tutelar god to adult 

persons, 261 
Honour, woiihipped as a god, 

305 
Hopt, found at the bottom of 

Pandora'' s hoy, 142, 287, 306 5 

wcrfhipped as a goddel?, 306 
Hopiqfmia, a title of Juno, 84 
H phfmius, a title of Jupiter, 84, 
H ra, ci H;rta, a tutelar goddefs 

to acfujt unions, 2 A o 
Hora, or fours, their defcent and 

offices, 41 
Horte Jis y a f ltle of Venqs, 101 
forus, a name of the Sun, 40 
H r 'Jt i'tna, a goddef- of corn, 205 
Hyacinihus, killed by Apollo with 

a quoit, 30 
Hyatttsjfevwn of VJas* daughters, 

290 ; why they weie called by 

this name, 291 
Hjas, the ion of Atlas, devoured 

by a lion, 291 
Hydra, a mor.ftrcus ferment, kill- 
ed by Hercule?, 267 
Hy^itta, or ianitas, a daughter 

of iSlcutap'us. 2S5 
Hjas, a favourite of Hercules, 

? ^o 
Hmenaus, the god of marriage* 

1 11 

I. 
lacchus, a name of Bacchus, 57 
%ani, a place at Rome, where 

ufurers met, 1 34 
Janitor, a title of Janus, 135 
lantbe, the wife of Jphis, 302 
Janus, his image, 1 3 3 \ his names 



INDEX. 



arid anions, 1345 in all facilfi- 
ces, prayers are fir ft offered to 
him, 136; his temple open in 
time pf war, but (hut in nme of 
peace, 137 ; the meaning of this 
fable, 139 — A tutelar god to 
new-born infants, 258 

Jafo, a daughter of iEfcuIapius, 
285 

Jajon, makes an expedition to 
fetch the golden fleece, and de- 
bauches the queen of Lemnos, 
272 j gains the fleece by the af- 
fitlance of Medea, whom he 
marries, but afterward forfakes 
her, arjd marries Creufa, 273 

Icarus, flies with artificial wings, 
but the fun melts them, fo that 
be falls into the fea, and is 
drowned, 46 

Ida a Mater, a name of Cybele, 

*«? 

Jdai DaByll, priefts cf Cybele, 

160 
Idalia,. a name of Venus, 101 
Idolatry, whence it had its rife, 

a 5 where it was firfr. exerciied, 

Ignis, a gcd of the Chaldeans, 
fights with the Egyptian god 
Canopus, and is vanquished, 
214. 

hr.perator, a name of Jupiter, 20 

Impudence, worshipped as a god- 
defs, 313 

Jnachis, a name of Ifis, 301 

Incubus, and Inuus, names of Pan, 
176 

Indigetes, gods of an inferior rank, 
and dignity, 7 

Jno, a fea goddefs, 213— A nup- 
tial goddefs, .256 

Inter cidona, a tutelar goddefs to 
breeding women, 256 

Jnterduca, a title of Juno, 84 

Jo, Jupiter's intrigue with her, 
and by him turned into a cow, 
So j after her death worfhipped 



by the Egyptians, and called lG$ r 
81, 300 

I laus, affifts Hercules, for which, 
when become eld, he is reftored 
to youth again, 267 

hie, beloved by Heicules 271 

Iphiclus, twin brother to Hercules, 
264 

Iphigenia, carried to be facrificed 
to Diana Taurica, but is f pared, 
and made her pneftefs, 2$p 

Iph'is, a beautiful virgin, turned 
into a man, 301 5 marries Ian- 
the, 302 

Iris, the fervant of Juno, her pa- 
rentage and oMices, 785 never 
fent but to promote frrife and 
diffention, 79 

lringes, the daughter of Pan, 179 

lfis, a goddefs worfhipped by the 
Egyptians, 81, 301 

Judges of hell, their names and 
characters, 234 

Juga, a title of Juno, 84 

Jugat'wus, a nuptial god, 255 

Juno, violated by Jupiter in the 
ihape of a crow, 14 -, her image, 
and parentage,, 7 8 ; her children, 
and,, difpofuicn, 80 5 her feveral 
names, 82 the ngnification of 
this fable, 86 

Juno In] em a, a name of Profer- 
pine, 227 

Juno Lucina, a tutelar goddefs 
to women in labour, 257 

Juno Perfet'ta, or Adulta, a nup- 
tial goddefs, 255 

Junones, the guardian, angels of 
women, 86 

Junonius, a title of Janus, 135 

Jupiter, many of them, and of 
different parentage, but the moll 
famous thefon of Satgrn j where 
born, and by whom educated, 
125 his image, 105 his war 
with the giants, 13; his fhame r 
ful debaucheries, 145 his names, 
i8j his. itatue at Olympia, one 



INDEX. 



«f the. feven wonders of the 
world, 42 ; the fignification of 
this fable, 24- 

Jttfittr Sccundus, a name of 
Neptune, 226 

Jupiter Tertius, Inftrnus, Sygius 9 
names of Fluta, 26 

Jupiter Perftflus, or Adultus, a 
nupuai god 255 

Jujiice, woifliipped as a goddefs, 
306 

Juvenilis, or Jwventas, a tutelar 
goddefs to youths, ^59 

Ixion, kills his filter Z38 5 at- 
tempts to ravifli Juno, and begets 
the Centaurs j his punilhment 
in hell, 239 



Labynnfby made by Daedalus, 45 
Lachefis, one of the Fates, 431 
Lacima, a title or Juno, 84 
La3ura 9 01* Laclucina, a goddefs 

of corn. 205 
Lamitr, Gorgons, defcribed, 242 
Laom< don, king of Troy, breaks 

the promife he had made, for 

which Hercules deihoys Troy, 

270 
Lojis % or LapideuSy a title of Ju- 

p'tei, 20 
Lares, domeftic god?, worfhipped 

in the roads ar.d ftreets, 250 
Larorium, the place where the 

Lares wtre worshipped, 251 
Later anus, a domett ic god, 254 
Latialis, a title of Jupiter, 20 
Lai,m, and Latini, Italy and 

Italians, (b called, 126 
hato ia y devoured by Jupiter, and 

has Apollo and Diana by him, 

117; pun? flies Niobe, for her 

pride, 1 1 8 j turns the clowns of 

Lycia into frogs, 119 
laverna, the goddefs of thieves, 

261 
Lautia, a name for prefents made 

to ftrangers, 24 



Learchut, killed by his father A- 

thamas, 213 
Leda, abufed by Jupiter in the 
fliape of a fwan, 15 ; the chil- 
dren (he had by him, 277 
Lenausy a name of Bacchus, 58 
—The month of January fo cal« 
Jed, 62 
Lethe, a river of hell, 247 
Levana y a tutelar goddefs to new- 
born infants, 25 8 
Leucofwy one of the Syrens, 215 
Leucotbeay the fame with Ino, 

213, 256 
Leueoihoe, buried alive for her in- 
continence, and turned into a 
tree, bearing frankincenfe, 32 
Liber,* and Liber Pater y names, 
of Bacchus, 58 
Libera* a name of Proferpine, 

227 
Liberty, worshipped as a goddefs, 

310 
Libitina, the goddefs of funerals 5 
alfo a name for the grave itfeif, 
2*2 
Lihiiina-'ii, officers that buried 

the dead, 262 
Lig&a, one of the Syrens, 215 
Limnades, nymphs of the lakes 

and ponds, 200 

Limomades, nymphs of the mea- 
dows and fields, 200 
Linigera, a title of Ifis, 301 
LijTo, by fome accounted a fourth 

Fury, 232 
Lucetius, a title of Jup : ter, 21 
Lucifer, the morning ftar, 29a 
Lucilia, a title of Juno, 84 
Lucina % a name orjuno, 84 ; and 

of Diana, 192 
Lunciy why Diana was called by 

this name, 189, 190 
Lupercusy a name of Pan, 176 
Lupercalia, feftivals in honour of 

Pan, 177 
Luperciy the priefts of Pan, 177 
Ljceus, a name of Bacchus, £$ 



INDEX. 



Lycaon, king of Arcadia, turned 

into y wolf for his inonftrous im- 

pier*, 14. 
JLyctus, a name of Bacchus, 58 5 

ami of Pan, 176 
Lycum coixnsy turned into frogs 

by La ton a, 119 
Lycurgus, cuts cff his own legs, 

€4. 
Lygdus, the father of Jphis, 301 

M. 

Manades, female companions of 

Bacchus, 55 
Macbaon, a fon or .^Bfculapius, 

Maia, a daughter of Atlas, 290 
Mala y a title of Fortune, 316 
Mammofa, a title of Ceres, 163 j 

and of Fortune, 3 (7 
Manageneta, a tutelar goddefs to 

women in labour, 258 
Manes, the fame with Genii, 254 
Mantuma .anu pt '13 1 god 1 1 e fs , 2 5 5 
Marina, a name of Venus, 101 
Marine Gods, 207 
Marine Nymphs > 200 
Mar J 3 his i m a g e , 6 9 ; his de fcen * , 
715 his names, 72 , his adul- 
tery with Vejms. 74 j the ftory 
of his ion Tereus, 75 j facrifices 
offered to him, 77 
Marftas, challenges Apollo in 
n hi he, is overcome by him, and 
turned into a river, 32 
Martins, a trie of Jupiter, 21 
Mafcuia, a title of Fortune, 317 
M^iura, a geddefs of corn, 209 
UatU'la, a nuptual ^cdJels, 256 
Manjcrs, a name of Mais, 72 
Maufolus" tomb, one of the kven 

w< nd~rs of :he world, 42 
Medea, a f>rcercfs, the wife of 

Jaion, her exploits, 273 
Meditrina, a tutelar goddefs to 
adult perfons, whofe iacrifices 
arfc- called Meditriualia } %do 



Medufa, debauched by Neptune, 
and her hair changed into makes, 
91— One of the Gorgons, 242$ 
her head fixed on Minerva's I 
ftiield, 87 
Mega a one ff die Furies, 231 
Mchercules. o\ Me herculean oath, ! 

11 fed only bv men. 279 
Melanis, or Melanis, a name of 

Venus, 101 
Melenger, his adventures, T94 
Melia, nymphs of the fields, 200 j 
Melicerta, made a tea god, 113 
Melius, a name of Hercules, 26 8 I 
Mellona, the goddefs of honey, 

206 
Melpomene, one of the Mules, 

170 
Memnon, killed by Achilles in a 
duel 5 the place where he fell is 
turned into a fountain, and his 
body into a bird j his (tatue ut- 
ters mufical founds, 122 
Mena, a nuptial godde:s, 256 
Mentha, Pluto's midrefs, turned 

into mint, 229 
Mercury, bis 'mage, parentage, 
offices, and qualities, 4.7 5 his 
a£t ons, 5 ■ 
Mercy i worshipped as a goddefs, 

Meretrix, a name of Venus, 102- 
Merope, a daughter of Atlas, 

290 ; married to Sif prn'S, 291 
Metra, Meftra, or Mefire, the 

daughter of Eniic'nhon, who 

could transform hetieif into any 

fhape, 2t 1 
Meiroa, Iacrifices offered to Cy~ 

b :!-, 155 
Midas, gwes an unjufr fentence 

againft Apollo, for which his 

ears are turned into the ears of 

an afs, 33 ; his covetoufnefs 

proves his ruin, 60 
Migonitis: a title of Venus, 102 
Milky way, in the heavens, how 

made, 47, 265 



INDEX. 



MlmalloneSy female attendants on 

H icchuSt 56 
\Miner<va, her birth, 83 j her 
itn^ge, S7 ; h^r contention with 
N ptune about naming A hens, 
8X 5 her names. 89 5 the mean- 
: ing of th s fabie, 9 y 

Minos, one of the infernal judges, 
• 14 

Minotaur, defer ibe^, 45 ; over- 
come by Thefeus, 2-4 

Minufcularii, gods of" an inferior 
rank, and dignity, 7 

Minuii. gods of the lowed order 
and jank, 7 

Mirth, worshipped as a goddefs, 

iy 

Mifcsllanei, gods of the 1 weft 

rank and degree, 7 
; Mithra s a name of the Sun, 40 
Momus, his defcent, and ceniori- 

ouj ci ipoiition, 149 
Monet a, a title of Juno, 85 
Money, worfhippd as a goddefs, 

311 
Mofes, thought to be the fame 

w.th Ba chu?, 64 
Morpheus, the [ervant of Somr.us, 

he bungs ro people their dreams, 

Mors, the goddefs of death, 233 
Morta, one of th- Fates, 231 
Mu ^iber. or Mm cifer, a n<.me of 

Vu can, 141 
Murcia, a n me of Venus, 102 

—A tutelar goddefs to adult 

peribns 260 
Muj'caiuSy a tide of Jupiter, 21 
MujeSy their birth and character, 

168 5 ihe.r n.unes, 169 j tneir 

number, 17 1 
Mufica, a title of Minerva, 93 
Muiinus, a 10 ptial god, 255 
Myrmidones, men made from 

arts, by Jupiter, 234. 
Myrrha, commns mceft with her 

father, and is turned into a tree> 

104 



Naiades, or Nat its, priefhfles of 

Bacchus, 61 — Nymphs of the 

fountains, 200 
Ncpaa, nymphs of the g r oves 

anci tallies, 233 
Narcijfus, falls in love with h's 

o.vn mi tge, 203 ; pines aw <y»and 

is turned in< 5 a daftb ',il, 2 4 
Na/cio, or Natio> a tutelar god- 

dels to infants, 288 
NebrodiS, a name of Bacchus, 64 
Ntcffity worfhipped as a god« 

drift, 318 
Nmaan Lion, k lied by Hercu- 

left, 267 
Nemrjis, a goddefs of juftice, vio- 

lat d by Jupiter in the (hape of 

a go*.fe, .75 
N ptune, hs name and defcent,* 

20-; his £tions, 20? 5 his 

ch id en, 2 ,0 
Nereus, a lea god, 200— A fa- 
- m us propter, 21 3 
Nereides, or Nerina,\<z\ nymphs, 

2 30, 21 3 
Nerio, or Nerione, the wife of 

!Vlar% 71 
Nejus, the centaur, killed by Her- 

ciiks, 271 
N cephorus, a t tie of Jupite-, 21 
Night, v\ov nipped as gcddHs, 233 
Nimrcd, luppoied to be the lame 

wuh Bacchus, 64 
Ninus kmg of Aflyria, the fir ft 

idolator, 3 
Niobe, mined by h?r pride and 

felf- conceit, 1 8 , ttup rved w.th 

gr ef for the lofs of all htr criU 

d\e^ 9 and tu.ned into a ttone, 

NifuSy turned into a fparrmvk, 

2 t 7 

Nixii Dii, tutelar deitirs to wo- 

m^n in labour, 2 ^,8 
Nodofus, or Nodotus, a god of 

corn, 205 



INDEX. 



Nomitts, a name of Apollo, 2 8, 

35 5 and of Ariftaeus, 185 
Nona, one of the fates, 23 1 
Nov enfiles, gods brought to Rome 

by the Sabines, 7 
ifotf, the moil ancient of all the 

deit-es, 233 
Nubigena, the Centaurs fo called, 

240 
Numeraria, a tutelar goddefs to 

adult perions, 260 
Nundina, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
fants, 259 
NuptiaHs, a title of Juno , 85 
Ny&ilius, a name o{ Bacchus, 58 
Nyclimene, commits i n ce i t w it h 

her father, and is turned into an 

owl, 103 
Nymphagetes, a name of Neptune, 

201 
Nymphs, celeftial, terreftrial, and 

tnanne, 199 
Nyfaus, a name of Bacchus, 58 



Ohfequens, a title of Fortune, 317 
Occator, the god of harrowing, 

204 
Oceania, and Oceanitides, fea 

nymphs, 200 
OceanuS) a fea god, 213 
Ocypete, one of the Harpies, 242 
Oedipus, explains the riddle of 

Sphmx, 244 ; kills his father, 

marnes his mother, falls dif- 

tracled, and tears out his own 

eyes, 245 
O/ympius, a name of Jupiter, 22 
Omphale, queen of Lydia, makes 

Hercules I pin, 271 
Opertus, a name of Pluto, 136 
Overturn, the place ^here Cybele's 

lac. ihces, called Operianea, were 
*' Offered up, 156 
Opigena, a tide of Juno, 85 
Opis, a name of Diana, 19 2—- A 

tutelar goddefs to new-born in« 

fan is, 258 



Opitutus, or Opitulator, a name 
of Jupiter, 22 

Ops, a name of Cy^ele, 1 54 

Or bona, a tutelar goddefs to adult 
perlbns. 260 

Orcus, a name of Pluto, 2? 5 

Oreades, or Orejliades, nyrr.pbs 
of th^ mountains, 201 

Orefies, kdls his mother Clytem* 
neltra and her gallant ^Egilmus t 
alfo Pyrthus, for marrying his 
fweetheatt Hermione, 279 

Orgia, realls of Bacchus, 63— 
Sacrifices to Cybele, 157 

Orion, his ftrange birth, 2985 
kdled for his arrogance by a. 
fcoipion, and made a conftella- 
tion, 299 

Orpheus, his parentage, and ama* 
zing lie ill in mufic, 292 , he 
overcomes the Syrens, 21 5 ; ob- 
tains Junydice, his wife, from 
hell, but lofes her again 5 re- 
folves never more to marry, for 
which he is torn In pieces ; his 
harp made a con (reflation, 2935 
the meaning of this fable, 216, 

Ortygia, the ifland Delos called 
by that name, 117 

Ofcilla, fmall images of Bacchus, 
hung on trees whiie his feftivals 
were folemnizing, 62 

Ofcophoria, facrifices to Bacchus, 
61 

Ofiris, king cf the Argives, quits 
his kingdom, and travels into 
Egypt, where he marries Io, 
299 ; killed by his brother Ty- 
phon, 300 ; the lame with Apis 
and Serapis, and alfo thought 
to be the Sun, 300 

OJJilago, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
fants, 259 

Othus, one of the giants that war- 
red again ft heaven, 237 

Ouragus, a name of Plmo, 225 



INDEX* 



P. 



PaBolus, a river whefe fand is 

go d, 60 
Ptean, a name of Apollo, 35 
PaUmon, a fea god, 213 
Palenefs, Pallor, worfhi^ped as a 

god, 318 
Pa/*?/, the goddefs of fhepherds, 

19 5 
Palilia, or Pa- ilia, facririces of- 
fered to Pales, 195 
Pallas, the fame with Minerva, 

9 9 . 90 
Palladium, an image of Minerva 

th.it fell from heaven, 90 
Pallantias, a name or Aurora, 

121 
Pan, the chief of the rural gods, 
1765 his defcent, and image, 
377 j hisaclion^ and inventions, 
178 ; i he meaning of this fa- 
ble, 178 
Panic fears, what they are, and 

whence fo called, 177 
Pandora, the firft woman, fafhion- 
ed hy Vulcan 5 her box, and the 
miichiefs that came from it on 
mankind, 142 
Pantheon, its defcription, 1 
Paphia. a fide of Venus, 102 
Parca, the Fates fo called, 230 
Paris, his defcent and birih, 109; 
de eirhires who is the fa* reft of 
Juno, Mmei va, and Venus, 1 ro; 
runs away with Helena, who 
Was betrothed to" Menelaus, 
which occalions the war et vetn 
the Greeks and Trojans, in 
wh ch Paris is killed by Phdoc- 
tetes, no 
Parnaffides, the Mufes fo called, 

Parthenos, or Partbenia, a title 
of Juno^85 5 an^ of Mimrva, 

9 l 

Panhenope, one of the Syrens, 

521 

Pariunda> a nuptial goddefs, 255 
% 



Parva, a title of Fortune, 317 
Pa/ipkae, fails in love wan a 
bull, an>i biings forth a Mino- 
taur, 45 j the meaning of this 



fable, 4.5 
Pafithea, a name of Cybele, 155 
Pafitbeo, a daughte: of Atlas, 290 
Patelina, a goddefs of corn, 205 
Pate liar ii. gods of the loweit or- 
der and rank. 7 
Patulcius, oj Patulacius, a narrre 

of jar.us, j 37 
P amentia, a tutelar goddefs to in* 

fants, 259 
Pa<vor, wo; (hipped as a god, 318 
.P<2#, Peace, woi ihipped as a god- 
defs, 309 
Pegafus, the Mufes' horfe, his 
birth and defcription, 2S2 \ is 
caught and rode upon by Belle- 
rophon, and afterward placed ia 
heaven among the liars, 283 
Pegafides, the Mufes £0 called, 

171 

Pelias, fends Jafon to fetch the 
golden fleece, 272, ; is torn to 
P'eces by his daughters, 273 

Pellonia^ a tutelar goddefs to a- 
oult prrfons, 260 

Penates, dorr.eftic or houfehold 
gods, three ranks and degrees 
of them, 249 ; Penates, fome- 
times limply aken for a dwel- 
linghoufe, 2sO; delcription of 
their images, 250 

Penelope, the wife of UIvfTes, 
296 j a molt lemarkabie exam- 
pie of ch%rhty, 29 % 

Pentheus, torn to pieces by his 
mt her and filters, 63 

PerfeBa, a title of Juno, 85 

Perfea, a tiee dedicated to Har> 

no rates, 319 
Perfeus, h\* defcent, 281 5 re- 
ceives p e'en's hom the gods'; 
delivers Andromeda from a iea- 
monder, arid nwrYiVs her j ton- 
queis the Gorgons, ftr^kes o£f 



INDEX. 



Medufa's head, and turn? At- 
las into a rock 5 he, Andiomeda, 
and her mother Carhopeia a»e 
made conftclidtions, S82 

ttridymenuSy one that could 
transform himfelf into any fhape, 
and wa c killed by Hercules when 
in the (ha e of a fly, 211 

P< r'un *a y a r.upt'al goddefs, 255 

feffinun~ia y -a goddefs whole image 
was a fiKpciefs Utile, 103— A 
nami- of Cvbele, 1 57 

Vhxara % foicits her ion Hippoli- 
ius to wickedr.ef-, but in vain, 
276 

P bat* on, the fen of Sol, ohta'ns 
leave to dr\Q the chaijoi of the 
S'ls f© o $ day, 43 $ overthrows 
ir, by whxh the htaven and the 
earth are k' on fire, and he is 
by Jupiter (Vtuck with thunder 
into rht rive i Po 44$ h-s filter s 
turned nto pop ar-s 44 5 the 
meaning of th's iable, 44 

Pbal i y images fet up in honour 
of B rch s c6 

Phal I a, feaft s in honour of Bac- 
chus, 66 

Pbctiius, a name of Prispus, 185 

Phataus, a name of Apollo,* 34 

Fhiiuthm //, the fon of Apollo, a 
famous mufxian, j 93 

Phiu.mtla \ fee Tereus. 

Phoe-us* a name of Apollo, 55 

Phltgttbon, or* Punpbttgetbon, 
ore cf the infernal rivers, the 
fiieams of which are fire, 222 

Pbugjtih burns the temple of A- 
jpolio, and is punifhed for it in 
hell, 238 

Pborcus> or Pborcjs, a ion of 
Neptune, ? 10 

Pboj}bcrus, the morning ffar, 291 

Picumnui a rural god, 205 

Purid.Sy 01 Puri*> the Mufes fo 
called, 171 

JP/V ), woi (hipped as a goddefs, 
306 



Pi umnus, a rural god, 205 ; and 
a tutelar god to breeding women, 
256 

Pirithousy the trend of Thefeos, 
torn to pieces by Cerb rus, 275 

Pifiovy a name of Jupiter, 22 

P ciadcSy ieven of Atlas* daugh- 
ters, 290 ; why they were cailed 
by this n me, 291 

PI tone y the wife of Atlas , 290 

P exatiS) a daughter of Atlas, 
590 

PluiOy the king of hell, his de- 
scent, 223 j iteals away Piofer- 
pine, 224, 227 j his 1 ames, 
224 ; his office and power, 226 

P!uu< 9 the god of riches, 226 

Pitt-vim^ a name of Jupi'er, 22 

PodalinuSy a ion of iEiculapius, 
285 

Poena* accounted a diety, 261 

Pollux ; fee C a ft or, 

Polyhymnia , Pol,m»ia 9 or Polym* 
Tieia^ one of the Mufes, 170 

P lynices 5 fee Eteocits. 

Po< phemus* a ion of Neptune, 
and a great robber, 144 

Poljxena, at her marriage with 
Achilles caufes him to he killed, 
and is iacrficed to appeafe his 
ghofr, 295 

Pomona, tnegoddtf- of fruit, 197 

Pantia, a m>me of Venus, 112 

Pcpukna, or Populonia, ?l title of 
Juno, 85 

Porrima, or Poft<vetta 9 a tutelar 
goddefs to women in labour, 

*57 

Porta Libittnay a gate at Rome, 
through which dead bodies weie 
carried to be burnt, 262 

Ponbmeus, or Portitor, a name 
of Charon, 221 

P rtumnusy a lea god, 213 

Po,eidon 9 a name oi Neptune, 
?o8 

Por amides, nymphs of the riws, 
200 



INDEX. 



to'tna, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
fants, 2 59 
Povrfty, wof (hipped as a goddefs, 

3,8 " # ■ 

Pradator, a name cFJupiter, 22 

Pranejlina, a title of Fortune, 
318 

Praflites, the fame with Genu, 
254. 

Priapus, the god of the gardens, 
bis birth and deformity, 1S4— 
One cf the nuptial gods, 25^ 

Primigen'ui, trixata, and Pro- 
pria, names of Fo? tune, 317 

Procris, married to Ctphalus,and 
killed accidentally by him, 121 

Progne ; fee Tereus. 

Promeibeus, makes a man of clay, 
and animates him *iih fire ftolen 
from heaven, 142, 2865 pun- 
ifhed by Jupiter for his theft, 
287 ; freed from his punimment 
by HerciTes, 2^8; the meaning 
of this fable, 288 

Pronuba, a title of Juno, 85 

Propeptides, the firft proftitutes, 
turned into ftones, 104. 

Propylaa, a name of Hecate, or 
Diana, 191 

Proja, or Prorfa^ a tutelar goddefs 
to women in labour, 257 

Proferpine, a goddefs of com, 
205 j her defcent, and how car- 
ried away by Pluto, 2275 is 
fought for by her mother Ceres, 
who obtains from Jupiter that 
Proferpine mail be fix months 
with Piuto, and the other &x 
with her in heaven, 218 5 the 
meaning of this fable, 229 

Proteus^ a ion of Neptune, who 
could transform himfeif into 
"any (hape, 2 1 1 

Putatitii, gcieof an Inferior rank 
~ and Order, 7 

ItygmaWon, falls in love with an 
ivory ftatue, which, when turned 
into a woman, he marries, J04 



Pylades, the friend of Oreftes, 

Py'ofis, a title of Minerva, 94. 
Pyramid* of Egypt, one of the 

(even wonders of the world, 42 
Pyramus and T hi/he, unfortunate 

lovers, their (lory 105 
Pyrrba, the wife of Deucalion, 

288 
PyrkvSy killed by Orele« foe 

marrying Hermione, 279 
Pythius, a/iame of Apollo, 36 
Py \bo % a daughter of Atlas, 290 

<^ 

Quadrifons, a name fometrmes 
given to Jan*s, 134, 1 35 1 

%uies 9 a tutelar goddefs to adult 
peifons, 260 

^uictuf, a name of Pluto, 225 

Quirinus, a title of Jupiter, 223 
and of Mars, 7 3 

R. 

Rat tones Lihitin*, an account of 
the dead, not unlike our Bills 
of Mortality, 262 
Refius, a title of Bacchus, $% 
Redux, a title of Fortune, 318 
Regia, a title of Fortune, 316 
Regina, a title cf Juno, 85 
Regnator, and Rex, titles of Ju- 
piter, 23 
Rbadamanthus, one of the infer- 
nal judges, 234 
Rhamnufia, the fame with Nemc- 

fis, 175 
Rhea, a name cf Cybele, 154 
Ridtv.s, a title of Venus, 101 
Robtgus, a god of corn, whofe 
feftivals are called Rob^alia^ 

Rumia, a tutelar goddefs to in- 
fants, 259 

Runcina, the goddefs of weeding, 
205 

Rural Gods and Goddfjfes, 17S 

Rujina, a rural deity 204 



INDEX. 



Sabazia, rnyfterious rites of Pro- 
ferpine, 227 

Salacia, a name of Amphitrite, 
208 

Salii, priefts of Mars, 73 

Saiifubfulus, a title of Mars, 73 

Salmoneus, imitates Jupiter's 
thunder, for which he undergoes 
a fevere punifhment in hell, 239 

Sa'us, Health, worshipped as a 
goddefs, 348 

Sanitas, or Hygiaa, a daughter 
of ^Efculapiusj 285 

Satory and Sarritor, rural gods, 
204. 

Satyrs ', priefts of Bacchus, 61 ; 
a defoiption of them, 182 

Saturn, Wis image, family, and 
aclions, 124.5 devours all his 
male children, 125; taken pri- 
foner by Titan, but fet at liberty 
by Jupiter, 1265 depofed by 
Jupiter, flies into Italy, and re- 
duces the wild people to civil fo- 
ciety, 126 ; his names, 128 ; fa- 
crifices offered to him, 129 j the 
hiftorical meaning of this fable, 
130 j the philofophical meaning 
of it, 13,2 

Saturnalia, feftivals in honour of 

Saturn, 129 
Scoteia, a title .of Venus, 102 
Scylla, the daughter of Phorcus, 
courted by Glaucus, and turned 
by Circe, her rival, into a mon- 
ger, 45, 216 j throws herfd fin- 
to the fea and becomes a rock, 

Scylla, the daughter*or wii"d*§ :"- 
ins her country, by cutting off 
her father's purple lock of hair, 
and is turned into a lark, 217 

Scylla and Cbarjbdis, the meaning 
of that fable, 218 

Seta, or Segetia, a goddefs of 
corn> 204. 



SeleBi Dii, the Jupreme gods, 6 
Semele, beloved by Jupiter, 54 \ 
through her own ambition is def- 
troyed by his embraces, 55 
Stmones, gods of the loweit order 

and rank, 7 
Senfe, or Mens, worfhipped as a 

goddefs, 309 
Sentta, a tutelar goddefs to youths, 
260 ' I . 

Serapis, or Sorapis, an Egyptian 

god, the fame with Apis, 300; 
Silence, the gods and goddkiTcsof 

it worshipped, 319 
Sileni, pnefts of Kacchus, 61 
Sdcnus, the companion of Bac- 
chus, 181 
. Silvanus, a god of the woods, 180 
Sir tns, their description, 2145 
overcome by Orpheus, and tui n- 
el into ftones, 21 5 j the expli- 
cation of this fdble, 216 
Sijypbus, how pumfhed in hell for 

his robberies, 239 
Sleep-, worfhipped as a god, 233 
Soogena, a title of Juno, 84 
Sol* a name of Apollo, 33 5 and 

of the Sun, 40 
Solvizona, a name of Diana, 257 
SomnuSi the god of fleep, 233 
Sofpita, a title of Juno, 86 
Safer, or Servator, a title of Ju- 
piter, 23 
Sphinx, a monfter that tore many 
in pieces for failing to explain 
her riddle, and on Oedipus re- 
folving it (lie deftroys herfelf, 
244 
Spolia Gpirha, the fp^ils which 
one general takes from another 
in battle, 19 
Siabilitor, and Stator, names of 

Jupiter, 22, 23 
Stata, or Statua Maier, a tute- 
lar goddefs to adult perfons, 261 
Stata, a title of Fortune, 318 
Statanus, or S'atulinus, a tutelar 
goddefs to infants, 259 
3 



INDEX* 



SteWe, a fancy boy turned into an 
evet by Ceres, 165 

StercuUus,' StercuUus, Stercutus, 
or Sierquiiuuus, a rural god, 
205 

Sterol ius> a name of Saturn, 128 

StbenG, one ot the Gorgons, 242 

, Sihenobtea, endeavours to entice 

Bellerophon to adultery, but is 

iclecled, snd therefore kiils her- 

k\f, 283 

Stunula, and Stremta, tutelar 
goddefTes to acluk perfons, 260 

StymrbaUdes, birds that feed on 
human fiefh, deilroyed by Her- 
cules, 267 

Styx, one of the infernal rivers, 

212 

Suada, a nuptial goddefs, 255 
Sucula, feven of the daughters of 

Atlas, called alfo Hyadts, 290 
Sumtnanus, a name of Pluto, 225 
Sun, his defcent and names 40 j 

his anions 41 5 his children, 41, 

Sjn hrfis, a cloak vorn only by 
gemlrmen, 1 ^c 

Sy r ln x. a n\ mph, crurted by Pan, 
but Hies from him, and s turned 
into a bundle of reeds* 179 



'Tacit a., agoddefs of filence, 319 
Tanalus, kills and drefTeski* fon 

Pel-'ps, 2405 his mijhment 

for i in hell, 24-, ; the meaning 

of this table. 241 
Tauriceps, or Taw vermis, a name 

of Bacchus 56 
Tayqetf, a daughter of Atlas, 

290 
foldings, p; iefts of Cyhde, 159 
TelegonuSs the Ion or UlvrTes by 

Circe, "97 
*Telemactus, the fun of UlyfTes by 

Penelope, 298 
Telethuja, the mother of Iphis, 

301 



Tempeflas, wor (hipped as a gcd- 
defs, 318 

Versus, marries Progne, falls in 
love with her filler Philomela, 
debauches her, and cuts cut her 
tongue, 75 ; me informs Prcgne 
of this villainy by needlework, 
and to revenge themfelves they 
kill and drefs Itys, whom his 
father Tereus teed* on for fup- 
per, 76 ; Progne becomes a fpar- 
row, Philomela a nightingale, 
Tereus a hoopoe, and itys a 
pheaiant, 77 

< 7erg im ina> a title of Diana, 1S9 

Terminus, a rural god, 186 \ hts 
faenfices called TermhmUa, 187 

Terpficbore, one of the Mufes, 
170 

Terrejlrial Gods and Goddejfes, 
124 

Ter refrial Ny mpbs,' 00 

T ; <dia, one of 'he Graces, 113— 
Tne of the Mufes, 170 

Tbeo Jamas, kiiied by Hercules, 
270 

1 he feus, his parentage, and efcape 
from Crete, 2745 he and his 
friend Prirhous gc down to 
hell, 275 , his other adveniures, 
276 

Tbefmofb:riri, facrifkes offered 
to Ceres, 166 

Tbi/b- and P>ramus % unfortunate 
levers, thir fioiy, 105 

Tboas, kng of Taurica Cherfo- 
r.efus, appoints Iph genia prief-' 
tels of ; uman facrifices, and is 
afu-rw and kiile i, 280 

Tbyades, B-cchus' companions, 
<^5 , an.1 his nymphs, 201 

T.'yovfus, a name of Bacchus, 5S 

Tire/ias, lofes his fight, and ob- 
tains the gift of prophecy, 91 

Tifipbone, one of the Furies, 23X 

luan, or Titanus, transfers the 
kingd m ot the woi'd to Saturn, 
125 ; takes Saturn prifoner, but 



INDEX. 



is afterward overcome by Jupi- 
ter, 1265 the chief of the Titans, 
238 

Titans, make war on Jupiter, and 
are fubdued, 238 

*littonus, marries Aurora and 
obtains immortality, 1215 grows 
weary of life and is turned into 
a grashopper, 122 

Titjus, one of the giants that 
waned againft heaven, 237 

Dorians , and Tonitrualis , names 
of jupiier, 23 

Trieterica 9 facrifkes to Bacchus, 
61 

Triformis, a title cf Diana, 189 

Triorulus, or Tricphtbalmosy a 
name cf Jupiter, 24 

Trip>ole?nus, educated by Ceres 
in an extraordinary manner, and 
Jem by her to teach men hul- 
feandry, 164. 

Tripos, m Apollo's temple, 36 

Triton, the fon and companion of 
Neptune, 212 

Tritonia 9 a name cf Minerva, 92 

Triumphus, a name of Bacchus, 

Trivia, a name cf Hecate, or 
Diana* 191 

Troy the walls of it built by the 
ronCc of Apollo's harp, 30 - y the 
cny taken and pillaged by Her- 
cules, '70; deiiroyed by the 
Grecian?, no 

Truth, worshipped as a goddefs, 
308 

TuUlvta, or Tutulina, a goddefs 
of com, 205 

Tyche* a daughter of Atlas, 290 

Tyndarls, a name of Helena, 277 

TjnJarida, the children of Tyn- 
darus, 277 

Tyndarus, king of Laconia, the 
hufband of Leda, 277 

Typhoms, or Typbon, one of the 
giants that warred againit hea- 
utr, 236 



Vacunci) a tutelar goddefs to adult 
perfons, 260 

Vaiitanus, or Vaticanus, a tute- 
lar "goddefs to infants, 258 

Vallonia, the goddefs of the v al- 
lies, 204 

Vejovis, Vejupiter, and Vediur } 
titles of Jupirer, 24 

Ve> iia, a name of Ampbitrite, 

2C8 

Venus, her image, 97 5 her 6eC- 
cent 98 5 htr marriage, and her 
feveral names, 99 5 her a6tions, 
103 ; her companions, 11 1 ; the 
explanation of this fable 114*— 
One of the nuptial goddiTes, 255 

Vergilix, the lame with Pleiades, 
29 \ 

Verticordia, a title of Venus, 103 

Veriumnus courts and obtains 
Pomona, 1985 has power to 
transform himielf into any fhape, 
198, 21 1 

Vefci, gods of the lowett rank and 
order, 7 

Vefper, Vefperugo> the evening 
(tar, 292 

Vejia, thr- Elder, the oldeft of the 
godderTes, and the fame with the 
Earth, 150 

Vefia, the Younger, the fame with 
Fire, 1515 the explana ion of 
this febje, 152 

Vefia, why round tables were fo 
called, 150 

Vefial Fire, how preferved perpe- 
tually by the Romans, 151 

Vibtiia, a tutelar goddefs to adult 
perions, 260 

Vines, fi ft planted by Bacchus, 
aid the art of pruning them fir It 
taught by an afs, 59 

Vioexce, worshipped as a goddefs, 

Vir ius, a name of H'mpolytus* 
*77 



1XDEX. 



Firginenfs, ^r\d Viriplaca, nuptial 
go defies, 255 

Virginia^ daughter of Aulus, de- 
dicates an akar to Pudicitia Ple- 
beis, 307 
Virgo i a title of Fortune, 318 
Firilis, a title of Fortune, 3 1 7 
Virtue, woriliipped as a goddefs, 

Fife at a, or Vifccfa, a title of 

Fortune, 318 
Vitula, a tutelar goddefs to adult 

perfens, 260 
Vljjles, hs defcent, marriage, and 

various adventures, 296 
U?iderfand'mg, cr Senfe, wor- 

(hipped as a goddefs, 309 
Unxia, a title e f Juno, 86 
Vclumnus, and Fclumna, tutelar 

dei r ies to adult perform, 261 
Folupia, a tireiar geddefs to adult 

perions, 260 
Folufm, a goddeA of corn, 205 
Urgus, a name of P'mo, 225 
Urania.) one of the Mies, 170 
Vulcan, his birth, defcent, and 

enip ] oymenr, 140 ; courts Mi- 

neiv3, but is rejected, 141 j 



marries Venus, who is falfe to 
his bed, 74, 141 ; makes the 
firft woman, who is called Pan- 
dora, 142; his fervants, 1425 
his children, 143 ; the fignifica- 
ticn of this fah'e, 145 
Fultama, feafts in honour of Vul- 
can, 141 

W. 

Walls of Babylon, one of the fe- 
ven wonders cf the world, 42 

Wonders cf the World, ieven par- 
t cu arly lo called, 41 

Wife Men of Greece, their names 
and chaiaders, 37 



Xanikus. ore ot the horfes of A« 

chillesj 242 
Zenia, a name for prefents madt 

to llran^ers, 14 



Zagteus, a title of Bacehus, 64 
Zephyr us, his defcent, 942 
Zeus, a name of Jupiter, 24 



END. 



[M. Erown, Priiiter, St. John's •% arc] 



Books printed for W. Bent, and the other Proprie- 
tors of this Work. 

A Short Xntrodu&ion to Englifh Grammar: with 

Critical Notes. By the late Robert Lowth, D.D, A New 
Edition, corrected and revifed, Price is 6d. 

The Juvenile Speaker : or Dialogues, and Mifcella- 
neons Piters in Profe and Verfe, for the Improvement of Youth in 
the Art of Reading. To which is ?dded a Lift of Books proper for 
the Inflrucuon and Amufement of Youth. The Third Edition, 
cor reeled. Price 2s. 

The firrr. edition of this work, was prior to our Review ; we arc 
happy, in an opportun'ty of commending the fecond ; and think it 
well deferves to paTs to a third. The fubjoined lift of b- ok% is ju- 
dicioufly made, and cannot fail of being highly ufeful. B>itiflj Crit* 

A Short Syftem of Polite Learning : being a concife 

Intro<Ju61ion to he Arts and Sciences, and other Blanches of ufeful 
Knowledge. The Second Edition, corrected and enlarged. Pi ice 2S. 
This little hook contains fome definitions, and an explanation of 
a few genera! principals in the different art 1 and icieuces and is a 
refpectaMe compilation among that clafsof books to wnich it belongs. 
Analyical Review. 

A Compendious Hiftory of England, from the Inva- 

fion by the Roman**, to the War with France in I" 7 *?}. Neatly 
printed in fmal! 12 mo, and embellifhed with full length Portraits of 
all the Kings am! Qgeeps who have reigned fince the Conqueft, beau- 
tifully engraved on Wood by Bewick. Price is 6d. 

A Dictionary of the Bible ; or, an Explanation of 
the proper Names and difficult Words in ibe Old ami New Tefta- 
ment, accented as they night to be pronounced. With other ufeful 
Particulars for thofe who would undeftami the Sacred ciip ures, 
and read them wirh Propriety. The Second Edition, corrected and 
enlarged, Pi ice 2s 6d. 

w e confider fh;s work as valuable, and likely to be of advantage 
to numbers : in refpect to pronunciation, it does not appear to vary 
in many inflames from gene.ai and more approved cultom : ^t the 
fame time it affoiMs more real and fubfrant-al ferVce by the ieveral ex- 
plications and oM'rrvarions which occur under the numerous terms 
collected. — Perfons who a.e acquainted w-th thefe fubjecls, may often 
find benefit from iiich a work ; and to the generality of readers- it 
may be highly ferviceabie. Monthly Rev* 



Books printed for W. Bent, &c. 

A Key to Polite Literature, or Compendious Dic- 
tionary ot Fabulous rlntory. Containing the Characters and prin- 
cipal Actions afcribed to the Heathen Deities and Heroes ; with the 
Manner in which the Ancients represented the Deities and Heroes, 
Virtues and Vices) in their Pain rings, Statue , and Gems : and 
fome Ace unt of their principal Poers. Intended for the Afllfrance 
of thole who would ur.derftand Mythology, Poetry, Painting, Sta- 
tuary, and Theatrical Entertainments. The Sixth Edition, corrected. 
Price 2S 6d. 

The Rule of Life, in Se!e£t Sentences : CoIIeded 
from the greateft Authors, ancient aild modern,) The eleventh 
Edition, corrected, with Additions. Price 3s. 

The Precepts, Maxims, and Reflections contained in this Book, 
exhibit a Picture of Human Life, wherein the Papons, Follies, 
and Foibhs of Mankind, are delineated and expreiTed in their pro- 
per Colours : Virtue is let forth in the molt amiable Light, and Vice 
expoied in its natural Deformity. 

A Hiftory of England, in a Series of Letters from a 

Nobleman to his Son. To which are added, Two Letters on the 
Study and Biography of the ancient and modern Britifh Historians. 
A new and enlarged Edition, continued down to the Peace of 1802. 
In two Volumes, i2ino, Price 8s. 

This Edition has the words " Entered at Stationers' Hair' in 
the Titlepage 5 and the Public are cautioned againft fpurious edi- 
tions, which do not contain the Continuation, nor the additional Two 
Letters. 

The Contemplative Philolbpher : or, Short Eflays on 
the various Objects of Nature throughout the Year j with Poetical 
Diultiations and Moral Reflections on each Subject. In two Vo- 
lumes, with Frontifpieces. Price 9s. 

As a family book fov thofe who have little leifure for reading, or 
who have children for whole mental improvement they are anxious, 
the Contemplative Pbilofopher may be very acceptable. Readers of 
a matuier age may well beitow their time in a perufal of it. The 
eflays difplay considerable reading, a cultivated underitanding, and a 
good heatt.— - Monthly Review for Jan, 1801. 

Liturgia : or the Book of Common-Prayer, in Latin ; 
with the Administration of the Lord's Supper, the Catechifm, the 
Pfalms of David, and the Articles of Religion. Printed with a 
mew letter, on a tine paper, in a neat pocket volume, price js. 6cL 



Books printed for W. Bent, &c. 

The Elements of Heraldry ; containing the Defini- 
tion, Origin, and hiftorical Account cf that ancient, ufeful, and 
Entertaining Scitnce; the divers Sorts of Coats-ofarms in ufe 5 a 
Defcripticn of the feveral Marks, Tinctures, Lines, Figures, Charges, 
Ornaments, Sec. the Laws of Heraldry ; a Dictionary of technical 
Terms, Sec, and interfperftd wiih the natural Hiftory and allegorical 
Signification of the feveral Sp cies of Birds, Beasts, Fifties, Vege- 
table?, Sec. compnfed in the Treatife. By M. A. Porny, French 
Matter at Eton College. The fifth Edition, with confiderable Al- 
terations and Additions, and an entire new Set of Copper-plates, 
which, i W W* other Us, contain above 500 Examples of Ef- 
cutcheons, Arms, Sec, Oclavo. Price 7s. 

Spence's Polymetis abridged, or a Guide to Claflical 

Leaning j being an Inquiry conceding the Agreement between the 
Works of the Roman Poets and the Rema ns of the Ancient Artiffs. 
With an introduction, containing the Cnaraclers of the Latin Poets 
and their Works j the Growth and Decline of the Polite Arts among 
the Romans j and the Ulefuir.eA cf Antiques toward explaining the 
Ciailks ; wi-rh Renrnk- on the Defecls of Modern Allegonlts and 
Artitfs tor want of a true Idea ot the Allegories f the Ancients, and 
of their Scheme f Machinery, or Interpofjri n of the Gods. By 
Nicholas Tindal, M. A. Tne S>xth EJition : corrected. II- 
]uitrited by twnty- eight Prints fiom or ginal Antiques, and parti- 
cularly adapted to the Ufe of Schools. Price 4s. 

M. Corderii Colloquia Seledla ; or Sele& Colloquies 
<©f M. < oidicr : Better adapted to the Capacities of Y< uth, and fit- 
ter for B gm .rs in the Latin Tongue, than any Edition of his 
Colloquies, ora:>y ctner Book yet published. Containing — I. The 
Colloquies in Latin from a correct Edition publifhed ai Hague ; 
but w ; th the Wo ds placed in the Oder of Conftrucfion — II. 
An Englifh L-teral Tcnflan n, in a new Method ; by wh ; ch the 
Scholar cannot miiiake what Engl-ih W 01 ds belong to the Latin ; 
and to prevent a fa fe P» enunciation he Latin Words are accented. 
—III. An Analyiis, or Grammatical Refolntion of the Latin Words 
in the Colloquies. By Samuel Loggon, A.M. The Fif- 
teenth Edition, Price ib. 6d. 

The Works of Virgil tranflated into Englifli Profe, 
as near the O iginal as the different Idioms of the Latin and Eng- 
lifh Languages w'll allow. With the Latin Text and Order of 
Conftruc~tion on the fame Page ; and Critical, Hiftorical, Geogra- 
phical, and Claflical Notes in Englifh. Publifhed originally by 
Joseph Davidson, A New Edition, in Two Volumes, Octavo, 
Price 14s. 






Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: Jan. 2005 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 
1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



§ 



MM 



Wmm 

m 







